STS REVIEWER - know for his method of inquiry called

"ELENCHUS"
What is science?
- is a body of knowledge Plato (427-347BC)
- is an intellectual activity - student of socrates
- is a personal and social activity - believe that all substances are made
of earth, air, water and fire
What is technology? - concept of "proof"
- refers to mething, system and devices
which result of scientific knowledge Aristotle (383-322BC)
- student of plato
What is society? - know for his deductive method of
- group of people who agree to live and scientific inquiry
work together - believed through careful observation

CHAPTER 1 In Egypt, the city of ALEXANDRIA

ANCIENT WORLD became the center of scientific
knowledge
Stone tool
- is the earliest known technology First important scientific text from Africa
- used by humans during the stone age is the EDWIN SMITH PAPYRUS (medical
text about surgery method)
Agricultural Revolution
- started in the middle east In China
- In this period, human started to - compass, ships, ceramics, and metal
develop sundried bricks, ceramics, were developed
mortars and even metal products. - Greate wall (220-206BC) is the
greatest achievement
By the end of the Agricultural
Revolution MIDDLE AGES
- copper, bronze, and iron had been - around 530AD, the development of
developed S&T decline as it qas affected by wars,
- development of CERAMICS was disease and etc.
prospered
- Wheels were developed for In India
transportation - mathematics and medicine well
- Writing was invented advance
- Greatest discovery is the importance
After the Agricultural Revolution of ZERO-IN MATHEMATICS
- led to the rise of civilization
- infrastructures has been built such as Islamic civilization, they develop
irrigation, roads, and bridges astronomical table, and new chemicals
such as borax
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
- dominized by greek and roman Science was revived in Europe by
civilizations Emperor Charlemagne
- he ordered the establishment of
Ionian School of Philosophy schools which became the centers of
- introduced by earliest from of knowledge and discovery
scientific method (based on reasoning
and observation) MODERN AGE
- the age of discovery and exploration
Socrates (470-399BC) started
Ships and Compass
- two most important development Beginning of the modern S&T in the
Philippines was brought by the
Microscope Spaniards. They established school,
- advance during the renaissance hospital and research facilities.
- for understanding the microorganisms
and many types of disease - 1905, The Bureau of Science was
established (main research facility
Another period emerged starting from during WW2)
the publication of Carolus Linnaeus'
works on biological classification - 1906, The Philippines Journal of
Scientific was established to report
"Enlightenment" by Sir Isaac Newton scientific findings and observations
(1643-1727) His work, PRINCIPIA
established the foundation of modern- - 1933, the Philippines Legislation
day physics passed an Act establishing the "National
Research Council of the Philippines" to
STEAM ENGINE promote scientific research
- invented by James Watt (1736-1819)
in 1765 - 1947, the Bureau of Science was
replaced by the Institute of Science
- New lifestyle, hobbies and habits
emerged due to advances in - 1957, the Science Foundation of the
communication, clothing, Philippines was established to promote
transportation, and entertainment Science among Filipinos
during modern age
Filipino Inventions
- Plastics were invented in 1940s and 1. Videoke (Roberto Del Rosario)
1950s 2. Videophone (Gregorio Zara)
3. Medical Incubator (Dr. Fe Del Mundo)
- The structure of the DNA was 4. E-Jeepney (Leonard S. Sarao)
discovered in 1953 by James Watson 5. Superkalan (Narciso Mosuela)
and Francis Crick supported Rosalind
Franklin CHAPTER 2

- The development of computers, Intellectual Revolutions can be defined

internet, software, and other digital as the historical changes in the thought,
technologies. "Digital revolution or beliefs, and social institutions
Information Age"
Scientific Revolution (16th to the 18th
In the Philippines century) when people began using
- the history of S&T has no clear observation, experiment and reason to
beginnings understand nature and the universe

- Filipino used simple stone and metal NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)

tools - Polish Astronomer and mathematician

- By 1000AD, Filipinos have developed Heliocentric Model of the universe

GOOD SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY - Sun is the center of the universe
used ships for fishing, trade and
transportation Geocentric Model
- Earth is the center of the universe
- Filipinos have many good weapons, (proposed by Ptolemy & Aristotle)
such as bows, spears, and swords
- Astrology is more important than
astronomy another work of Freud, is the
- Astrology is not real science Interpretation of dreams — dreams are
connected ones experiences.
Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and
Galileo Galilei OTHER REVOLUTIONS:
— these scientist made it possible to 1. Intellectual Revolution in Meso-
understand and explain many Amerixa
phenomena in the universe in a
mathematical way The Maya Civilization is known for its
early studies in astronomy and
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882) engineering. They have know how on
- English scientist paper making and have their own
- His works Origin of Species and writing system the MAYA
Descent of Man, discussed his ideas of HIEROGLYPHICS
the evolution of species and mankind
The Inca Civilization is known for their
- Darwin works suggested that human paved roads, irrigation systems and
are natural and are subjects to the laws quipo
of science
The Aztec Civilization is known for the
- Darwin works suggested that human mandatory education of their children.
are not so different versus other They are also known for their
organisms, that humans, crabs, dogs, chinampas, a way of farming in canals
trees, worms and other organisms are
equal The India Civilization is known for its
steel works. Medicine known as
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) AYURVEDA
- Austrian neurologist whose works in
physiology are considered revolution 2. Intellectual Revolution in Asia
- he was credited for PSYCHOANALYSIS,
THEORY ON PSYCHOSEXUAL The Indonesians learned to construct
DEVELOPMENT and the Id, Ego, and CANDIS in 18th century
Super ego
CANDIS - ar religious structures with
Id both Buddhist and Hindu heritage
- primal, instinctual part of our mind
(gusto agad ng pleasure, walang pake The Japanese development the
sa consequence) traditional KAMPO medicine, which has
Chinese origins
Ego
- rational, logical part that mediates 3. Intellectual Revolution in Middle East
between id and reality (nag iisip ng mas and Africa
tama)
Ibn al-Haytham is considered the
Super Ego "father of optics" due to his studies on
- Incorporate moral principles and social light
norms (alam ang tama at mali)
Jabir ibn-Hayyan is know works in
Freud, rejected the idea of alchemy and metallurgy
"Enlightenment" he suggested that
human have a subconscious and Ibn Sina is known for his works in
unconscious mind which may control medicine especially in the area of
emotion, drive and behavior infectious disease and pharmacology
 innovations to improve existing
In Africa, Egyptian civilization was the products, services, and operations”
most advanced
2. Grants-In-Aid Program
In africa, metallurgy was well - It promotes development in the
developed. This is mainly due to the country, technology transfer,
regions rich deposits of minerals like innovation, human resources
gold, copper and iron development and productivity
improvement.
4. Information Revolution
Infomation revolution 3. Forest Products Research and –
- refers to the change in social, Development Institute
economic, and political role of - This Institute researches wood
information. products, rubber, paper, pulp, and other
- invention of language, writing, and forest products.
printing
4. Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
Language - is associated with the - This institute researches the safe use
beginning of humanity of nuclear energy for medical,
Writing - is important is the rise of agricultural, environmental and
civilization industrial purposes.
Printing - is significant to the rise of
modern civilization 5. Project NOAH (Nationwide
Computers allowed the processing and Operational Assessment of Hazards)
calculation of digital information. - This is a government-funded project
that is currently administered by the
Storage Devices enable storing and University of the Philippines. It aims to
sharing information or data cultivate a culture of preparedness to
decrease risks of casualties during
Optical Communication allowed to natural disasters.
establishment of communication
network and internet technology 6. PCARI Project
- The Philippine-California Advanced
Telecommuting refers to working Research Institutes (PCARI) Project aims
workers to stay with their families while to develop our Science and Technology
working manpower through scholarships,
training, and research collaborations
CHAPTER 3 with top universities and institutions in
California, USA.
Why is S&T important in Nation
Building? 7. Philippine Space Program
- for addressing problems and concerns -The government is funding the National
such as climate change, natural Space Development Program, which
disasters, and epidemics. aims to set the foundation for the
establishment of a Philippine Space
MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND Agency.
PERSONALITIES IN S & T IN THE
PHILIPPINES Three fully functional microsatellites
Diwata-1; Diwata-2, and Maya-1
1. Small and Medium Enterprise - This program is important for national
Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP) security, agricultural development,
- This program is part of the environmental management, and
“nationwide strategy to encourage climate change mitigation, among
MSMEs to adopt technological others.
8. Balik Scientist Program WHAT IS THE GOOD LIFE IN
The program aims to encourage Filipino PHILOSOPHY?
Scientists to return to the Philippines
and conduct research. In philosophy, the good life is the kind
of life that an individual may dream of
DOST was created (1) to provide central living.
direction, leadership, and coordination
of scientific and technological efforts (2) In the ancient times, the aspect of the
to ensure that the results are geared good life was simple because it only
and utilized in areas of maximum entailed having enough food on the
economic and social benefits for the table, having a tribal affiliation, having
people. a family, and shelter.

Some of the agencies under DOST PLATO

are PAGASA, PHIVOLCS, and NAST. according to plato, good life involves
living in
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical harmony with one’s inner nature and
and Astronomical Services understanding the true nature of reality.
Administration (PAGASA) - provide (overcome negative emotion)
protection against natural calamities
and utilize scientific knowledge as an A virtuous life refers to leading a
effective instrument to ensure the morally good and fulfilling life where
safety, well-being, and economic you do what is right and avoid doing
security of all the people. what is wrong.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and A happy life refers to leading a fulfilling

Seismology (PHIVOLCS) – is a service and enjoyable life where you are doing
institute of the DOST that is principally what you enjoy and avoiding doing
mandated to mitigate disasters that what you don’t.
may arise from volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis, and other PLATO
related geotectonic phenomena. In his famous book The Republic,
Plato observed that to achieve
National Academy of Science & happiness, you must follow your
Technology (NAST) – is the highest moral compass and put yourself first
recognition and scientific advisory body by doing the right things rather than
of the Philippines under the DOST. It things that will bring you immediate
was created to honor and recognize pleasure.
Filipino scientists who made worthy ”The most important thing isis not life,
contributions in the advancement of S & but the good life” Plato said.
T in the country.
SOCRATES
SELECTED INDIGENOUS SCIENCE Socrates believed the good life is
AND TECHNOLOGIES achieved through the pursuit of virtue
Many herbal medicines have indigenous and knowledge,
origins. Many indigenous practices in emphasizing moral integrity and the
resources management have been health of the soul over material wealth.
documented like the “muyong system”
in Ifugao and the “lapat system” in SOCRATES
Apayao. Socrates famously claimed that ”the
unexamined life is not worth living.” He
believed you must reflect on your
CHAPTER 4
actions and beliefs to live a meaningful - is living a good, fulfilling life, a life with
life. a sense of purpose.
- they have the ability to do what they
Virtue, to Socrates, is by understanding want to and be who they want to be.
what is ethical, you naturally do what is
right, because knowing the good leads A Flourishing Person should be..
directly to doing the good. 1. Believes in one selves and his/her
abilities,
ARISTOTLE
According the Aristotle, happiness and 2. Knows about his/her health and how
having a good life is about virtue. He to be healthy, and
considers the end of humans to be the
good life. [Link] self-motivated to achieve the goals
that /he and society value.
According to him, having a good life is
having happiness or prosperity. Egoism is an integral part of Aristotle’s
Ethics.
Aristotle states that the good life
consists in the possession, over the Aristotle teaches that each man’s life
course of a lifetime, of all those things has purpose and that the function of
that are really good for us. Moreover, one’s life is to attain that purpose.
what is really good for any one of us
corresponds to the natural needs. Eudaimonia
- is a property of one’s life when
ARISTOTLE seek to obtain in order to considered as a whole.
live
well? Are Eudaimonia
- Literally means “good spirited”
1) Bodily Goods – health, vitality, vigor, - It’s a Greek term means “Human
and leasure; Flourishing’’
- Coined by renowned Greek
2) External Goods – food, drink, shelter, Philosopher
clothing, and sleep; and Aristotle ( 385-323 BC) described the
pinnacle of happiness that is attained
3) Goods of the Soul – knowledge, skill, by humans.
love,
friendship, aesthetic enjoyment, self-
esteem, and honor. Verification - refers to statements that
are shown to be true
Human Flourishing
- is the ability to live a good life VS

Falsification - is to be understood as the

refutation o statements
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

- Human Flourishing promotes the

growth, evelopment, and holistic well- MARTIN HEIDEGGER
being of ndividuals and populations. • A German philosopher and a seminal
thinker the Continental tradition of
- It promote safety and security in philosophy.
people’s lives. • Widely acknowledged to be one of the
most original and important
Flourishing Person philosophers of the 20th century.
•Heidegger points out, technological through sustainable practices or
objects are means for end charitable giving.
•He strongly opposes the view that
technology is “a means to an end” or “a 2. Healthcare
human activity.”
Healthcare ethics is a highly developed
Ethical considerations field with a strong focus on patient well-
- The ethical considerations are the being and
moral principles and values that guide autonomy.
decision-making and behavior.
The four core principles:
Foundational Ethical Frameworks
Autonomy: Respecting a patient’s right
1. Utilitarianism: This framework to make their own decisions about their
focuses on outcomes. An action is body and care.
considered ethical if it produces the
greatest good for the greatest number Beneficence: The duty to do good and
of people. act in the best interest of the patient.

2. Deontology: For example, a Non-maleficence: The duty to do no

deontologist would argue that lying is harm.
always wrong, even if it leads to a good
outcome, because it violates Justice: Ensuring fair and equitable
a fundamental moral duty. distribution of health care resources.

3. Virtue Ethics: Instead of focusing on CHAPTER 5

actions, this framework centers on the
character of the moral agent. What is Human Augmentation?
- refers to the technologies that
4. Rights-Based Ethics: This framework enhance human productivity
asserts that all individuals have certain
fundamental rights, and an ethical Types of Human Augmentation
action is one that respects these rights. 1. Bionic ans Prosthetic (artificial limbs)
- it makes possible for amputees to
Ethical Considerations in Different enjoy the benefits of replacement limbs
Fields that can be controlled via slightest
muscle movement
1. Business
2. Brain Computer Interface
Ethical considerations in business go - a (BCI) is a technology that allows a
beyond legal compliance. they involve human to control a computer,
how a company treats its employees, peripheral or other electronic device
customers, and the environment. with their thoughts

Transparency and Honesty: Being 3. Neurotechnology

truthful in advertising, financial - is any technology that has
reporting, and communication. fundamental influence on how people
understand the brain ang various
Fairness: Ensuring fairwages, hiring conscious thoughts
practices, and treatment of all
stakeholders. Robotics & AI in the
Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR): healthcare/industry
Acompany’s responsibility to act in a
way that benefits society, such as
Robotics is a branch of engineering and
computer science that involves training Bill Joy (1954)
and programming machine to replicate - American computer scientist who co-
for human actions founder of Sun Microsystems, wrote
“Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us”
Robots are programmable machine that (2000) warning that 21st-century
are usually able to carry out a series of technologies genetics, nanotechnology,
actions and robotics (GNR) could endanger
humanity’s survival.
3 laws of robotics by isaac asimov
- a robot may not injure a human being - He feared humans may become
- a robot mush obey the orders given to obsolete or extinct due to dependence
it by human being except where such on intelligent machines.
orders would conflict the first law
- a robot must protect its own existence Main Ideas
Joy’s concern began after meeting
Challenges in implementation Ray Kurzweil, who predicted
•data privacy concerns humans will merge with robots for
•high costs immortality (The Age of Spiritual
•need for skilled personnel Machines).

Joy also studied ideas from Ted

CYBORGS & TRANSHUMANISM Kaczynski (Unabomber) and Hans
Moravec, who warned that
The word ‘cyborg’ was coined by machines might surpass and
Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline replace humans.
(1960)
The New Luddite Challenge
The term ‘Cyborg’ arose as a short form If machines become more intelligent
of ‘cybernetic organism’ which entity than humans:
made up of both biological and Option A: Machines make all
technical elements. decisions humans become
dependent and powerless.
Neil Harbisson Option B: Humans retain control
- first human cyborg only an elite few control
- implanted antenna technology, others become
useless or extinct.
Transhumanism
- use technology to enchance human Either way, human freedom and
cognition survival are at risk.
Goals: Extend health span, enhance
intellect and strength, control emotions. Joy’s Major Arguments

Roles of Transhumanism  Self-replicating technologies

- Nanotechnology – study of controlling (GNR) are more dangerous than
atomic and molecular scale nuclear weapons because they
- Biotechnology – involves the use of can multiply uncontrollably.
living things engineering, tech, and in  Robotics may lead to humans
medicine. uploading themselves into
- Cognitive Science – understanding and machines but Joy questions
enhancing brain processes. whether these beings would still
be human.
CHAPTER 6  Genetic engineering could create
WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US new species and widen inequality.
  Nanotechnology might cause the Misinformation – spreading false data or
“gray goo” scenario of self- fake news
replicating nanobots destroying Lack of oversight – no accountability in
ecosystems. automation.
 Humanity is too arrogant to think Al misuse - biased algorithms
it can perfectly control these Autonomous technology – machine
inventions. acting without human control.

Joy’s Conclusion

 Humanity should limit or abandon

risky technologies like GNR before
they destroy
 Though they promise happiness
and immortality, no invention is
worth risking human extinction.

Automation and Job Loss

Job automation; replacing human labor
with computers, robots, or Al systems.
Causes: Technological progress, e-
commerce, efficiency drives, and
globalization.
At-risk sectors: Manufacturing, clerical
work, customer service, transport, and
healthcare.
Effects:
 Economic inequality and
unemployment.
 Skills gap and reduced trust in
technology.
 Increased productivity but fewer
jobs.

Risks of Artificial Intelligence

 Bias and discrimination
 Cybersecurity and data privacy
issues
 Environmental impact
 Job loss and lack of accountability
 Misinformation and manipulation

Biotechnology
- Uses living organisms or biological
systems to make useful products.
Risks: Health hazards, environmental
damage, ethical and governance issues,
and potential misuse (biosecurity
threats).

Ethical Dilemmas in Technology