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Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS)
Syllabus
Module 1
1. Introduction to IKS
(What is knowledge systems, characteristics)
2. Why IKS?
(Macaulay’s Eduction policy and its impact, need for revisiting ancient Indian traditions)
3. Scope of IKS
(Universality of IKS - from micro to macro, development from earliest to 18th century)
4. Tradition of IKS
(Ancient Indian education systems - home gurukul, pathashala, universities and ancient
educational centres)
5. Relevant sites in the Vicinity of the Institute
(Water management system at Kanheri, temple management of Amerbnath)
Module 2
1. Medicine (Ayurveda)
2. Alchemy
3. Mathematics
4. Logic
5. Art of Governance (Arthashastra)
Module 3
1. Aesthetics
2. Ancient Sports
3. Astronomy
4. Architecture
5. Trade and Commerce
6. (Town Planning and Banking)
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Chapter 1: Introduction to IKS
Introduction
The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) is a vast repository of knowledge developed over
thousands of years (millennia). They are rooted in ancient texts such as the Vedas,
Upanishads, Puranas and various shastras which cover subjects like philosophy, science,
mathematics, medicine, architecture and arts.
IKS was integrated as part of The Indian National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which
emphasises on the inclusion of IKS into curriculums of all levels of education.
IKS gives a holistic approach that integrates mind, body, and spirit. A key principle of IKS
is interconnectedness taken from the concept of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, or "the world
is one family". IKS integrates sustainable practices, fosters intellectual diversity,
innovation and critical thinking that is often missing in current model, this equips
students to meet contemporary challenges and encourages innovative research.
Characteristic Features of Indian Knowledge Systems
They are characterised by several salient features that distinguish them from many other
knowledge traditions:
1. Holistic Approach:
IKS does not compartmentalise knowledge but rather emphasises the
interconnectedness of all aspects of existence – the individual, society, nature, and the
cosmos. It integrates different disciplines, often blending science, philosophy, ethics,
and spirituality within a single framework. For example, Ayurveda is not just medicine
but a way of life that considers diet, lifestyle, environment and mental well-being.
2. Philosophical Foundation:
IKS encompasses a wide range of philosophical schools (Darshanas), religious traditions,
and scientific theories that often engaged in debate and critique, yet co-existed and
influence each other. This intellectual diversity fostered a spirit of inquiry towards
different viewpoints.
Darshanas (Philosophical Schools) are further divided into two category: Astika
(orthodox) schools of Indian Philosophy and Nastika (heterodox) schools of Indian
Philosophy. The six Astika (orthodox) schools of Hindu philosophy include Nyaya (Logic),
Vaisheshika (Atomism), Samkhya (Dualism), Prakriti (matter), Yoga (Meditation),
Mimamsa (Interpretation of Vedas) and Vedanta (Upanishadic Philosophy).
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Nastika (heterodox) school includes all those philosophical systems that do not accept
the authority of vedas such as Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka (materialism) and Ajivika
(fatalism).
3. Spiritual and Textual Traditions:
Rich textual traditions such as Vedas including Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and
Athravaveda, along with Upanishads, Puranas and others give insights into varied
realities. Although these are sacred texts that give spiritual guidance they also represent
various aspects such as philosophy, cosmic order, duty, knowledge, righteousness and
conduct.
4. Scientific Contributions:
The Ancient knowledge had a wide array of contributions in the scientific fields. Indian
Mathematics saw the development of decimal system, concept of zero. Astronomy
contributed with calculations of the solar year, lunar year and discovery of celestial
bodies. Traditional system of medicine through Ayurveda gave remedies, diet, therapy
and aided with overall wellbeing.
5. Cultural Diversity:
Given India’s rich heritage and cultural diversity it reflected well in the development of
arts. Language and literature developed with treatise giving definite structure to
linguistics. Classical music were shaped by the ragas (melodies) and talas (rhythm) that
evoke rasa (emotion) in the listener. Performing arts such Natya (drama), bring character
development through expressions and visual art of shilpashastra that gives structure to
various crafts such as sculpture, jewellery making, painting, carpentry and so on. This
diversity in culture is embodied in structured texts that revive the Indian aesthetics.
6. Ethical and Social Values:
One of the aspects of is Dharma, which consists of righteousness, ethical conduct, moral
duty, and cosmic order. It promotes universal values like compassion (karuna), non-
violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), purity (shaucha), and self-control (samyama). The
ultimate aim of knowledge in many IKS traditions is not just intellectual development but
also personal transformation and spiritual liberation (moksha) or the attainment of
purusharthas (goals of human life).
7. Experiential and Practical Orientation:
IKS emphasises on Anubhava (direct experience) as a crucial means of acquiring
knowledge. Knowledge is not merely theoretical but is meant to be experienced. IKS
values practical application and the ability to solve real world problems. Many systems,
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like Yoga, Ayurveda and Natyashastra are deeply practical, offering tools and techniques
for overall wellbeing.
8. Sustainability and Harmony with Nature:
Deeply rooted in the understanding of ecological balance, IKS promotes living in
harmony with nature. Concept like Panchabhuta (five elements) highlight
interconnectedness. Traditional practices in agricultural science (Krishi Shastra) and
architectural science (Vastu Shastra) often include sustainable and eco-friendly
principles.
9. Cyclical View of Time:
Unlike linear Western concepts of time, many IKS traditions embrace a cyclical view of
time (yugas, kalpas) and existence (samsara – cycle of birth, death, and rebirth). It implies
that knowledge is rediscovered and reinterpreted across ages, rather than being linear
and progressive. This influences their understanding of history and progress.
10. Education and Transmission of Knowledge:
For millennia, knowledge in India was preserved and transmitted orally through Guru-
Shishya Parampara (teacher-disciple lineage). This necessitated mnemonic techniques,
conciseness (Sutras), and rigorous memorisation. Even after the advent of writing, oral
traditions continued to be vital, ensuring purity and accurate transmission of knowledge.
Conclusion
Indian Knowledge Systems is build on practiced knowledges of ancient India. They are a
treasure trove of wisdom covering wide range of topics such as mathematics,
astronomy, philosophy, governance, arts, architecture, logic, metallurgy and many other
subjects. It craters holistic learning, fostering deeper understanding and inter-
connectedness of various subject matter. This manner of education system does not
compartmentalise learning but is designed for overall cognitive development of an
individual.
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Chapter 2: Why IKS is Important
Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) are a vast and diverse body of knowledge developed in
India over millennia, encompassing philosophy, sciences, arts, literature, and various
practical disciplines. The makes its study rich and multifaceted heritage highly relevant
in contemporary world.
• Preservation of Heritage and Cultural Identity:
IKS represents a vast repository of indigenous wisdom accumulated over millennia. In a
globalised world, it helps individuals, navigate their roots, creating a strong sense of
identity and cultural pride. In a way it protects and preserve traditional knowledge from
being lost in the course of time.
• Holistic Approach to Knowledge:
Unlike modern approaches that compartmentalise knowledge and separate one science
from another. IKS integrates various sciences of mind, body, soul, nature and society as
interconnected. This approach of holistic view, with practical, ethical, and spiritual
dimensions promotes overall complete essence to knowledge and structures a
balanced understanding of life in general.
• Relevance for Future Generations:
IKS provides time-tested insights that can address contemporary issues such as
environmental sustainability, healthcare (e.g., Ayurveda, Yoga), mental well-being, and
ethical living. Its principles offer alternative frameworks for problem-solving and
fostering a sustainable future.
• Spiritual Growth and Ethical Foundations:
IKS is rooted in values like "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (the world is one family),
promoting universal harmony and the well-being of all. It emphasises inner growth on
the bases of ethical values such as non-voilence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya),
compassion (karuna) and respect for all forms of life. These are integrated in spiritual,
religious, cultural and social practices guiding individuals on a path of social harmony,
creating the ground for celebrating diversity and resolving conflicts.
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Macaulay’s Education Policy (notes done during class)
(Reference only: Historical Context - Initially, the British education policy in India was
quite rudimentary as their main focus was on trade and profit-making. However, with
time, the significance of education was recognized and the establishment of institutes
providing higher education began. These institutes taught Indian subjects in languages
like Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian, with Persian being the court language.
The Charter Act of 1813 marked the first significant step towards modern education in
India. This act allocated an annual sum of Rs.1 lakh for the education of the Indian
populace.
It's worth noting that missionaries were already present in India at this time. They were
involved in the education sector but their primary focus was on religious education with
the aim of converting the local population to Christianity. After the Charter Act, a division
arose among the British regarding the type of education to be provided to the Indians.
While the orientalists believed in teaching Indians in their native languages and using
their own scriptures and texts, another group believed that English education was
superior.
Amidst this debate, Macaulay arrived in India in June 1834, as the President of the
General Committee of Public Instruction (GCPI). Macaulay, a proud Englishman, held his
nation's accomplishments in high regard, whether in the field of science or arts. His
minute on education reflects his strong bias against anything Indian. In his minute,
Macaulay advocated the use of English as the medium of instruction and the introduction
of western education to Indians. Macaulay advocated for government funding to be used
solely for imparting western education and not for oriental education. He proposed the
closure of all colleges where only eastern philosophy and subjects were taught. He also
suggested that the government should focus on educating a select few Indians, who
would then educate the masses. This approach is known as the 'downward filtration'
policy. He aimed to create a class of Indians who would serve the British interests and
remain loyal to them. This class would be "Indian in blood and colour, but English in
tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect."
Macaulay's proposals were promptly accepted by Lord William Bentinck, but he cleverly
deferred its implementation until he was to relinquish his post as governor-general.
Bentinck perhaps wanted to avoid a backlash from some quarters. He nevertheless, did
not shut down oriental learning completely as proposed by Macaulay.
Macaulay’s proposals were officially sanctioned in March 1835. In 1837, English was
made the court language. In 1844, high government posts were open to Indians.
Later the Wood’s Despatch in 1854 regularised British efforts for education in India.
Macaulay won the debate against the orientalists. It wouldn't be an exaggeration to say
that he shaped the course of education in India. - Reference only)
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Need of Revisiting Ancient Indian Traditions
• Preservation of Heritage and Cultural Identity:
IKS represents a vast repository of indigenous wisdom accumulated over millennia. In a
globalised world, it helps individuals, navigate their roots, creating a strong sense of
identity and cultural pride. In a way it protects and preserve traditional knowledge from
being lost in the course of time.
• Holistic Approach to Knowledge:
Unlike modern approaches that compartmentalise knowledge and separate one science
from another. IKS integrates various sciences of mind, body, soul, nature and society as
interconnected. This approach of holistic view, with practical, ethical, and spiritual
dimensions promotes overall complete essence to knowledge and structures a
balanced understanding of life in general.
• Spiritual and Philosophical Wisdom:
Ancient Indian traditions are deeply rooted in spiritual and philosophical wisdoms.
These include philosophical schools (Darshanas) such as Astika (orthodox) and Nastika
(heterodox), religious traditions, and scientific theories that often engaged in profound
insights into human existence, consciousness and the universe.
• Sustainable Living:
Given our times of environmental imbalance, it is indeed time to revisit the ancient ways
to promote healthy and sustainable live for a prosperous environment. Deeply rooted in
the understanding of ecological balance, ancient Indian traditions promotes concept
like Panchabhuta (five elements), agricultural science (Krishi Shastra) and architectural
science (Vastu Shastra) and Ayurveda. These offer alternative frameworks for fostering a
sustainable future.
• Social Harmony and Ethic:
Values such as compassion (karuna), non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), purity
(shaucha), and self-control (samyama), are essential in fostering social harmony. These
are integrated in spiritual, religious, cultural and social practices. Revisiting these
traditions guides individuals on a path of social harmony, creating the ground for
celebrating diversity and resolving conflicts.
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• Revitalisation of Artistic and Cultural Expression:
Ancient Indian traditions cover diverse forms of artistic and cultural expression. These
include music such as Caranatic music, Hindustani music; dance such as Bharatnatyam,
Odissi; literature such as epics, pottery, drama; architecture and visual arts in the form of
sculpture and paintings. These forms reflect cultural identities, aesthetics and showcase
rich craftsmanship passed down through generations. Revisiting traditions helps
preserve our own authentic identities and create ground for creative innovation that
amalgamate the two, creating cultural pride.
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Chapter 3: Scope of IKS (scope and the universality of IKS from micro to macro are the
same pointers)
The scope of Indian Knowledge Systems is incredibly broad, encompassing almost
every aspect of human life and knowledge. It includes, but is not limited to, the
following domains:
1. Philosophy and Spirituality:
• Vedas are a collection of texts, considered to be the oldest religious texts dealing with
philosophy and rituals. Vedas consists of Rigveda (containing hymns and prayers),
Yajurveda (on sacrificial rituals), Samaveda (collection of melodies and chants), and the
Atharvaveda (hymns and incantations for healing).
• Upanishads are later Vedic texts. Upaniṣads are also called Vedāntas (the end of the
Vedas). Upaniṣads are explanations of the mantras, concerning with meanings of the
origin of life, the world, the soul, God etc. It is also the basis of the systems of
philosophy.
• Darshanas (Philosophical Schools) are systems of philosophical schools that deal with
logical reasoning, knowledge and metaphysics. Darshanas are of two category:
- Astika (orthodox) schools of Indian Philosophy include six Hindu philosophies.
They are Nyaya (Logic), Vaisheshika (Atomism), Samkhya (Dualism), Yoga
(Meditation), Mimamsa (Interpretation of Vedas) and Vedanta (Upanishadic
Philosophy).
- Nastika (heterodox) school includes all those philosophical systems that do not
accept the authority of vedas such as Buddhism that focuses of liberation from
the cycle of suffering. Jainism deals with non-violence and strict asceticism;
Charvaka (materialism) and Ajivika (fatalism).
2. Science and Technology :
• Astronomy in ancient Indian made advancements in celestial observations, planetary
movements, heliocentric model of the solar system and calculated lunisolar calendar
systems.
• Mathematics based contributions of ancient India include decimal system, concept of
zero, algebra, trigonometry, and calculus (e.g., Vedic Mathematics).
• Metallurgy had advanced techniques in metal extraction, production of iron, smelting
and alloy creation (e.g., Wootz steel).
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3. Literary and Artistic Traditions:
• Epics included Ramayana and Mahabharata, which became the foundational texts in
ancient literature. These texts convey moral teachings, exchange philosophical
dialogues and narratives.
• Literature had flourished giving classics in poetry and dramas (Kalidasa’s Shakuntala).
Classical languages such as Sanskrit and Tamil saw a greater advancement with
regards to grammar and structure (Panini’s Astadhyayi).
• Performing Arts encompasses regional and folk performing arts (e.g.,Bharatnatyam,
Kathak, Odissi, plays, etc.) weaving a rich tapestry of Indian aesthetics. Classical Indian
music intricately delivering ragas and talas, as a medium of emotion and devotion.
• Visual Arts include architecture of the ancient temples and monuments; sculptures
featuring iconography and themes, miniature paintings, frescos (e.g., Ajanta) and
textile (e.g., silk weaving and embroidery).
4. Social Science and Governance:
• Arthashastra is a treatise on state craft attributed to Kautilya (Chanakya) who was the
prime minister and chief advisor of the Mauryan empire. This treatise deals with
governance, economic policy and military strategy.
• Dharma Shastra are texts on law, ethics, and social conduct. Dealing with principles of
justice, morality and well-being, providing a framework of legal systems.
• Environmental Sustainability is achievable through traditional agricultural practices
(Krishi SHstra), understanding of ecology, which emphasizes the concepts of harmony
with nature.
5. Medicine and Wellbeing:
• Ayurveda which stands for science of life is an oldest systems of medicinal practice. It
carries a holistic system of medicine focusing on balance, diet, lifestyle, and herbal
remedies. Other medical systems include Siddha and Unani.
• Yoga practices the physical, mental, and spiritual well-being through techniques like
meditation, asanas (postures, and pranayama (breath controls).
In essence, IKS offers a profound and comprehensive body of knowledge that extends
beyond mere academic disciplines. Its importance lies in its ability to provide a culturally
rooted, holistic approach in understanding the world and addressing its challenges,
thereby enriching modern education and social well-being.
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Development of IKS from earliest times to 18th century CE
The development of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) is a continuous and evolving
process spanning millennia, characterized by periods of remarkable innovatio, and
transmission. From its earliest roots, it developed into a sophisticated and multifaceted
body of knowledge. Here's a chronological overview of the development of IKS from
the earliest times to the 18th century CE:
1. Ancient Period (Earliest Times to 6th century BCE)
• Indus Valley Civilization (3200 - 1300 BCE) : While no deciphered written records
exist from Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), archaeological evidence suggests advanced
practical knowledge in the areas of urban planning and architecture (e.g. grid systems,
great bath, granaries); metallurgy (e.g. casting technique); agriculture; standardised
weights and measures and; art and craft (e.g. seals, statutes, pottery).
• Vedic Period (c. 1500-500 BCE): Vedas are the sacred texts that contain religious
hymns, scientific inquiry, philosophy, and practical knowledge. Vedas as the primary
source of ancient knowledge it consists of :
- Rigveda that deals with cosmology.
- Yajurveda gives details on rituals and sacrificial procedures, geometry for altar
construction.
- Samaveda contains melodies and chants.
- Atharvaveda deals with healing, medicinal plants and practical life.
- Upanishads are the philosophical culmination of the Vedas, focusing on metaphysics
such as the concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (individual self) and
their unity.
- Vedangas are six auxiliary disciplines essential for understanding Shiksha (Phonetics),
Kalpa (Ritual), Vyakarana (Grammar), Nirukta (Etymology), Chhandas (poetic meters),
and Jyotisha (Astronomy/Astrology).
• Development of Darshanas (Philosophical Schools):
Rise of Astika (orthodox) schools:
- Nyaya (Logic) developed an elaborate systems of logic.
- Vaisheshika (Atomism) an atomistic system of metaphysics (understand the physical
world through logical analysis.)
- Samkhya (Dualism) the theory of Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter).
- Yoga (Meditation) Patanjali's Yoga Sutras gave practices for mental and spiritual
discipline.
- Mimamsa (Interpretation of Vedas) focus on ritual and Vedic interpretation.
- Vedanta (Upanishadic Philosophy) various schools interpreting the Upanishads.
Rise of Nastika (heterodox) schools:
- Buddhism emphasized on a pragmatic approach to suffering and liberation.
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- Jainism focused on strict asceticism and non-violence.
- Charvaka deals with materialist and skeptical school.
2. Classical Period (6th century BCE to 6th century CE)
This period is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of India due to immense strides in
sciences, arts, and literature.
• Arthashastra (c. 4th-3rd BCE): Kautilya's treatise on statecraft, economics, military
strategy, law, and administration.
• Mathematics saw advancements such as concept of zero, decimal place value system,
calculated Pi to four decimal places, developed trigonometry (sine tables), and
proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system was introduced by Aryabhata.
• Metallurgy advanced in techniques that yielded rust-resistant Iron Pillar of Delhi
(4th-5th CE), showcasing mastery of iron processing.
• Medicine (Ayurveda) texts such as Sushruta Samhita (c. 4th BCE) detailed surgical
procedures, and Charaka Samhita (c. 2nd CE) focused on internal medicine.
• Education was established by major monastic universities such as Nalanda, Taxila, and
Vikramashila, which attracted knowledge seekers from across Asia. With the advent of
Christianity and missionary works, India saw a rise in western education, thereby
facilitating cross-cultural exchange of knowledge.
3. Medieval Period (6th century CE to 18th century CE)
• Development of Regional Languages and Literature such as Tamil, Kannada, Telugu,
and Bengali saw an emergence in literary traditions, encompassing poetry, epics, plays
and treatises.
• Bhakti and Sufi Movements emphasized on personal devotion, leading to a rich
devotional literature in regional languages, contributing to moral, spiritual and ethical
knowledge.
• Indo-Islamic Synthesis was evident in areas of knowledge such astronomy, Unani
medicine and Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• Architecture flourished under various dynasties creating regional aesthetics and
diverse temple architectural styles (e.g., Nagara, Dravida, Vesara, Indo-saracenic).
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Traditions of IKS
(Similar as the above mentioned topic - Development of IKS from earliest times to 18th
century CE. Points to cover
1. Ancient Texts and Scriptures: write Vedic period
2. Darshana schools
3. Science and Mathematics: to cover astronomy, mathematics, medicine (Ayurveda)
4. Additionally write about yoga
5. Additionally Guru-Shishya Parapmpara
Ancient Indian Education System: Home Education, Gurukul, Pathshala & University
• Home Education: Basis of ancient Indian education began at home as a primary
source of education. Children receive foundational learning through their families and
communities. This informal education is integral in character building, practical skills,
rooted in cultural and religious practices. It is an observation based learning. Children
learn moral values, vocational skills through oral traditions domestically. However this
form of education does have its limitation, nevertheless it is significant in socialisation
and building moral compass.
• Gurukul: Gurukul system is a prominent manner of education. Its a system where
students live in ashrams with their guru (teacher). It has a holistic approach towards
learning. Based on religious teachings of the Vedas learning hymn and chants but also
included secular teachings such as philosophy, astronomy and grammar. The teaching
method uses oral traditions, practicals and debate. Its rooted in guru-shishya
parampara ( a sacred teacher-student relationship). The system is supported by
gurudakshinas by the student families. Gurukul system is an elite manner of learning
but has its limitation as it is not for all but mainly for Brahmins.
• Pathashala: This system is a community-based learning, critical in education and
providing opportunities for non-Brahmins. It is Vedic based learning through acharyas
or pandits however it does not detail on the scriptures. It deals with general sciences
and ethics but prominently deals with artists traditions and practical skills for
craftsmanship. The language of instruction is Prakrit, language of the masses and is
intersection based learning emphasis is given to hands-on experience and
apprenticeship.
• Universities and the Ancient Educational Centres: are centres of intellectual debate
creating scholarly environment with comprehensive learning. These centres foster
critical thinking, intellectual inquiry and application of knowledge. Most prominent
ones are:
- Taxila University: One of the oldest universities, flourishing from around the c.5th
century BCE. It was a centre of learning for subjects like theology, grammar, medicine,
military science, commerce and statecraft. Chanakya is said to come from Taxila. It
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attracted students and scholars from Greece and Persia contributing cultural
exchange and intellectual dialogue.
- Nalanda University: A prestigious centre of learning whose legacy still remains.
Founded during the Gupta period (5th century CE) and patronised by several other
dynasties such as the Pushyabhuti dynasty and Pala dynasty. It was a renewed
Buddhist monastic mahavihara and the first residential university. It provided wide
range of knowledge such as Buddhist scriptures and philosophy, logic, grammar,
medicine, languages, astronomy, mathematics, and the arts. It housed a vast library
that had Sanskrit texts that were later transmitted to East Asia by Chinese monk
travellers. It attracted scholars and students from across Asia, especially Buddhist
monks, thus fostering multicultural exchange.
Conclusion
The education systems in Ancient India followed an overall development of the
individual, straits right from home. The teachings are based on morals, ethics, religion,
sciences, languages and arts. The ancient practice of education was in itself holistic and
complete, as well as interconnected with other knowledge systems.