Geometric Designs
Recognizing and
Analyzing Geometric
Shapes
POLYGONS
A polygon is a two-dimensional shape
with straight sides. It can be classified
according to the number of its sides, such
as a three-sided shape called triangle
and four-sided shape called
quadrilateral. Others are pentagon,
heptagon, hexagon, and so on.
POLYGONS
Polygons are either regular
or irregular. If all angles are
equal and all sides are equal,
it is regular; otherwise, it is
irregular.
POLYGONS
a. These segments are called
its edges or sides, and
b. the points where two edges
meet are the polygon's
vertices or corners.
POLYGONS
c. The interior of the polygon
is sometimes called its
body.
d. Polygons are either
concave or convex.
POLYGONS
e. The interior angles of a polygon
are the angles inside the shape.
f. In general, for a polygon with n
sides, the sum of the internal
angles is equal to (𝑛 − 2) ×
180°
CONVEX POLYGON
A polygon that
has no angles
pointing inward.
More precisely, no
internal angles can
be more than 180.
CONCAVE POLYGON
A polygon with
one or more interior
angles greater than
180 degrees
SIMPLE POLYGON
A polygon has
only one
boundary and
never crosses
over itself.
COMPLEX POLYGON
A polygon intersects
itself.
Different Types of Polygons
THREE-DIMENSIONAL or 3D
The geometry of a three-
dimensional space, the kind of space
we live in. It is called three-
dimensional or 3D because there
are three dimensions: width, depth,
and height.
SOLID
Solids have properties, such as
a. Volume - think of how much
water it could hold.
b. Surface Area - think of the
area you would have to paint.
SOLID
NON-POLYHEDRA OR
NON-POLYHEDRON
Describes any geometric
solid that has
curved surfaces, or a mix
of curved and flat surfaces.
CONE
Made by rotating a triangle.
The triangle has to be a right-
angled triangle, and it gets rotated
around one of its two short sides.
The side it rotates around is the
axis of the cone. It has a flat base
and has one curved side.
CYLINDER
A 3D solid object bounded
by a curved surface and two
parallel circles of equal size at
the ends. The curved surface is
formed by all the line segments
joining corresponding points of
the two parallel circles.
SPHERE
A perfectly round object in a
3D space. It is non-polyhedron
because the surface is completely
round. It is perfectly symmetrical
with no edges or vertices. All
points on the surface are the
same distance from the center.
TORUS
A solid formed by
revolving a small circle along
a line made by another
circle. It has no edges or
vertices and, therefore, it is
not polyhedron.
POLYHEDRA OR POLYHEDRON
a. Describes a geometric solid that has
all flat faces (but the faces don’t
have to be the same size or shape).
b. Must have at least 4 faces (but there
is no limit to how many faces they
can have).
PLATONIC SOLID
A convex polyhedron whose faces
are all congruent convex regular
polygons. None of its faces intersect
except at their edges, and it has the
same number of faces that meet at
each of its vertices.
TETRAHEDRON
4 faces
4 points/vertices
6 edges
HEXAHEDRON
6 faces
8 points/vertices
12 edges
OCTAHEDRON
8 faces
6 points/vertices
12 edges
ICOSAHEDRON
20 faces
12 points/vertices
30 edges
DODECAHEDRON
12 faces
20 points/vertices
30 edges
EULER’S FORMULA
Euler’s Formula deals with three-dimensional [Link]
states that
F+V-E=2
where
F - is the number of faces,
V - is the number of vertices
E- is the number of edges.
EULER’S FORMULA
This formula works only on solids that do
not have any holes and do not intersect
itself. It cannot also be made up of two
pieces stuck together, such as two cubes
stuck together by one vertex. The Euler’s
formula works on the platonic solids.
Verify the Euler Formula for each of the regular polyhedron
by supplying the necessary information in the table below.
POLYHEDRON FACES VERTICES EDGES F+V–E=2
TEDRAHEDRON
CUBE
OCTAHEDRON
DODECAHEDRON
ICOSAHEDRON
PRISM
A polyhedron whose sides are all flat. It
has the same cross section all along its
length, and its shape is polygon. All the
prisms are classified as either regular prism
because the cross section of each is a regular
polygon or irregular prism because its cross
section is an irregular polygon.
Pyramid
Pyramid is a polyhedron made
by connecting a base to an apex.
There are many types of
pyramids, and they are named
after the shape of their base.
Pyramid