Answer:
2.a. Condensation:
The process by which vapor is converted into liquid by cooling is called condensation.
b. the differences between saturated & unsaturated solution is given below:
Saturated solution Unsaturated solution
i) in a certain temperature the maximum amount i) a solution if the amount of solute dissolved is
of solute that can be dissolved by a certain less than the maximum amount of solute the
amount of solvent is dissolved by the solvent. solvent can dissolve, is called unsaturated
ii) id we add certain amount of solute, it will not solution.
dissolve. ii) if we add certain amount of solute, than this
solution will convert into saturated solution.
c. we know, suspension is such a mixture in which the components are partially separated after keeping
it at rest.
Lemon juice is a mixture of water, sugar and some lemon extracted. All the components are dissolved
and distributed equally everywhere in the juice. If we keep them at rest the components are not
accumulating at the bottom of the pot.
But muddy water is a mixture of mud of soil and water. In which components are not distributed
uniformly. After keeping it rest, comparatively at the bottom of the pot but some accumulating soil
particles are still in floating condition. After keeping rest for more time, small soil particles have
gathering at bottom but the water does not look transparent because still some small soil particles
remain in floating condition.
So, from the discussion we can say, muddy water is a kind of suspension.
d.
a mixture where very small particles of a substance remain in floating or suspended another substance
and even if it is kept at rest it will never gather as sediment, is called colloid. In Collloid the component
which is more in amount is called continuous phase and which remain less in amount is called dispensed
phase.
Milk is a colloid, which is made of water and fat. The small particles of fat are dispersed phase and more
amounts of water particles is continuous phase. Fat particles remains scattered in water which is not
seen by naked eye but with the help of a microscope particles are seen. The size of the existing floating
particle is 1-100 nanometers. If the particle is 1 micrometer or more, the mixture is no colloid but
convert into suspension.
3.
a. liquid-gas solution: A solution where the solvent is liquid and the solute is a gaseous substance is
called liquid-gas solution. E.g. soft drink.
b. universal solvent:
Water is such a solvent which is able to dissolve all kind of substances. Water can dissolve innumerable
inorganic substances except calcium carbonate, silica etc. it can also dissolve many organic substances
like spirit, acetone, acetic acid too. It also dissolves gaseous substances.
c. the process of producing salt from saline water is shown in the below diagram:
d. two components of salt solution is water and salt. We can obtain both the components of the solution
by following method.
We can boil or evaporate the water and salt will left behind as a solid. If we want to collect water, we
can use distillation.
In this process, there is a receiving flask to keep the saline water.
Fig: Distillation apparatus
A condenser is connected with it in which a narrow glass tube is placed inside. To flow cold water on all
sides of the tube there is an inlet tube and outlet tube. At the end of the condenser another spherical
flask to collect the pure water. And glass made adapter to set a thermometer over it to measure
temperature and to connect with the condenser. Also to hold both the flask and condenser there are
stands and clamps.
Now, we will apply heat in the saline water. The temperature of the thermometer increases and
converts to stem. This steam when enters into the condenser then converts into liquid. The condensed
water accumulates in the acceptor flask in drops.
1.
a. solute: the component which is dissolve by the solvent is called solute.
b. the differences between homogenous & heterogeneous mixture are given below:
Homogenous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
i) in this mixture components are distributed i) Components are not distributed uniformly.
evenly. ii) Components can be easily separated from one
ii) components cannot be easily separated from another.
one another.
c. We know
i) Two solutions of same volume, the solution which has comparatively mare amount of solute, is called
concentrated solution. And the solution which has comparatively less amount of solute is called dilute
solution.
ii) On the other hand, the solution which is more colorful is called concentrated solution and the
solution which is less colorful, is called dilute solution.
In fig-A, the amount of solvent is 50ml and solute is 10mg CaSO4 and fig-B the amount of solver is 50ml
but the solute is 15mg. both the figure has same of solvent but fig-b contain comparatively more
amount of solute than fig-a. On the other hand, fig-b looks more colorful than fig-a.
So from the above discussion, we can say fig-b is more concentrated solution then fig-a.
d. in fig-a, the amount of solvent and solute is 50ml and 10mg. but in fig-b the amount of solvent and
solution is 50ml and 15mg. if 20ml water is added in fig-b, than the amount of solvent will more than the
fig-a.
we know the solution with more amount of solvent, is dilute solution and the solution with less amount
of solvent is concentrated solution.
So after adding 20ml in fig-b, concentrated solution convert into dilute and it will be less blue in color.