ECE 105
Tutorial#2: Motion in 2-D
September 20, 2024.
Khushmeet Dhaliwal
Motion in 2D and 3D
We use position vector ( r )⃗ to describe the
position of an object w.r.t a reference frame.
̂ ̂
r ⃗ = x i + y j + zk ̂
Displacement is the difference between the
initial and the final position vectors.
Δ r ⃗ = r 2⃗ − r 1⃗
̂ ̂
Δ r ⃗ = (x2 − x1) i + (y2 − y1) j + (z2 − z1)k ̂
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion: Motion with a constant
horizontal velocity and a constant vertical
acceleration due to gravity.
Taken from: [Link]
The horizontal component of a projectile’s
velocity is constant. (This means, the
horizontal component of acceleration is zero.)
Taken from: [Link]
Projectile Motion
The horizontal and vertical motions of a
projectile are independent of each other,
except they have a common time.
Horizontal Range (R): The horizontal
displacement of a projectile.
Equations for Projectile Motion
Since the horizontal and vertical components are analysed separately, we
write separate equations for both of them.
Horizontal Vertical
• No acceleration • Constant velocity • Constant acceleration (ay = g)
Δx = vixΔt vfy = viy + ayΔt
1 2
Δy = viyΔt + ayΔt
2
1
Δy = (vfy + viy) Δt
2
2 2
vfy = viy + 2ayΔy
Relations for Projectile Motion
Given the initial velocity v,⃗ we have vx = v cos θ and vy = v sin θ and
we can derive relations as:
2v sin θ
Time of Flight: T =
g
2
2v sin θ v
Horizontal Range: R = v cos θ = sin 2θ
g g
v (sin θ)
2
( g ) 2 ( g )
2 2
v sin θ 1 v sin θ
Height: H = v sin θ − g =
2g
Projectile Motion at complementary angles
Taken from: [Link]
niform circular motion: Centripetal acceleration
Circular Motion
v⃗ = vx i ̂ + vy j ̂ = (−v sin θ) i ̂ + (v cos θ) j ̂
( ) ( )
vyp vxp
− v⃗ =i ̂+ ĵ
circular motion: Centripetal acceleration r r
( r ) (r )
2 2
d v⃗ v v
a⃗ = = − cos θ i ̂ + sin θ j ̂
dt
in - %̂ + " cos - '̂
2
v
" $ a⃗ = 6%
'̂ ?̂ = @̂ = A 3⃗ = 3!$ + 3"$ = cos - $ + sinr - $ =
1 7
" 42#
+ '̂
1 45
Relative Motion
Frame of Reference: Co-ordinate system
relative to which motion is described or
observed.
Relative Velocity: Velocity of an object
relative to a specific frame of reference.
Notation for relative motion
Helpful laws
The Law of Cosines is used to calculate the
magnitude (r) and the Law of Sines is used to
calculate the angle (a).
sin (a) sin (b) sin (c)
Law of Sines: = =
A B C
Law of Cosines: A
2
= B
2
+ C
2
−2 B C cos (a)
2 2 2
B = A + C −2 A C cos (b)
2 2 2
C = A + B −2 A B cos (c)
Problems in 2-D
Problem: A movie stunt driver on a motorcycle speeds horizontally off a
50m high cliff. How fast must the motorcycle leave the cliff top to land
on level ground below, 90m from the base of the cliff where the cameras
are? Ignore air resistance.
Problems in 2-D
Problem: Two projectiles are launched simultaneously from the same
height and at the same speed, v0. One projectile is launched at an angle
above the horizontal and another is launched at the same angle below
the horizontal. What is the difference in the two projectiles’ final
horizontal displacements? Answer in terms of v0, ,
𝜃
𝑎
𝑛
𝑑
𝑔
𝜃
𝜃
Problems in 2-D
Problem: Max's flight from Zurich to Vancouver can be approximated
by a 8,302 km vector due west. The jet that Max is flying on has a top
speed of 700 km/h and there is a 80 km/h wind blowing in the direction
of 60 degrees south of east. What is the shortest amount of time Max’s
flight can take?
Problems in 2-D
Problem: A steel ball that is accelerated on a circular track of radius
72cm reaches a speed of 4.0m/s over three circuits, starting from rest.
How long after the ball starts to move does its radial acceleration equal
its tangential acceleration? How many turns does the ball take for that to
happen? Assume constant tangential acceleration.
Problems in 2-D
Problem: A particle has initial position r0 = (5m, − 3m,0m) and initial
velocity v0 = (0.4m/s, − 4m/s,2m/s) . The acceleration is constant,
2 2 2
a = (3m/s ,4m/s , − 2m/s ). Find the position of the particle after t =
2.5 seconds. What was the magnitude of the particle's displacement
during this time?
Problems in 2-D
Problem: A boat travels along a river with velocity of 5 m/s with respect
to the water. The river flows with velocity of 2 m/s with respect to the
shore. What is the velocity of the boat with respect to the shore when
traveling along and opposite to the river flow?
Problems in 2-D
Problem #4: A car accelerates from rest with constant acceleration
2
a = 0.3m/s , parallel to the flat road. Later on, the car passes over a
speed bump, shaped as an arc from a circle with radius R = 500m .
When the car is at the top of the bump, its velocity vector is parallel to
ground and has a magnitude v = 6m/s . What was the magnitude and
direction of the total acceleration of the car at that moment?