1. Define computer network?

A computer network is a collection of interconnected autonomous computing devices for

sharing resources and information.
2. Advantages and dis advantages of networks?

Advantages of network:-
(a) We can share resources such as printers and scanners.
(b) We can share data and access files from any computer.
Disadvantages of network:-
(a) If there is any problem in the server, then no communication can take place.
(b) Network faults can cause loss of data.
(c) If there is no privacy mechanism used, then the entire network can be accessed by an
unauthorized person.
3. list the components of computer networks?
Host /Nodes , servers, Clients, network hardware, communication channel, software,
network services.
4. Types of network based on geographical spread.
LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN

5. Types of network based on components?

Peer to peer (P2P) networks
Client – Server Networks
6. Note: LAN
1. Local area network
2. Small computer network connect up to 1km
3. Used in office, building, factory
4. Used for resource sharing such as printer, modem, hard disk
5. Data transfer rate is high in LAN.(10Mbps to 1Gbps)
6. Lan connect hosts through wires like Ethernet cables, fibre optics or WIFI.
7. Lan are secured network and high speed data transfer.
7. Note: WAN
1. Spread across countries
2. Largest WAN in existence is the internet.
8. Note : MAN
1. Metropolitan area network
2. Network spread over a big city (30- 40 km)
3. Cable broad band internet
9. Note: PAN
1. Personal area network
2. Interconnection of information technology device range of 10 meters.
3. Eg : mobile-> laptop-> printer -> tab/PDA(personal digital assistant)
4. Wireless method
10. Note: peer- to – peer
1. popular as home networks
2. used in small companies
3. inexpensive and easy to install
4. termed as non- dedicated servers
5. each computer play as client or a server.
11. Note : Client – server
1. It’s a bigger network
2. Dedicated server / client server/ master slave networks
3. Client computer request and utilize network resources
 4. Server computer dedicated to processing client request.
12. Difference between LAN and WAN

[Link] LAN WAN

1 It is spread over a small area It is spread over a very large area
2 It costs less to set it up It costs higher to set it up
3 It is a single network It is a network of many networks
4 Facilitate information & resource Facilitate information sharing
sharing
13. Difference between client server and p2p networks

[Link] CLIENT SERVER NETWORK P2P NETWORK

1 Server controls security on network No central control over security
2 Server manages the network No central control over network
3 Data is backed up on server Computer has to back up data
4 High speed process Process will be slow
14. Define internet
1. The internet is a world - wide network of networks.
2. It is an interconnection of large and small network around globe.
3. internet is a super network.
4. A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks.
15. Define Interspace
1. Interspace is a client / server software that allows multiple users to communicate online
with real – time audio, video , text in dynamic 3d environment.
2. Interspace provides advance form of communication on the internet.
16. Define Switching Techniques
Technique by which node of a network transmit data to other [Link] switching technique.
1. circuit switching
2. message switching
3. packet switching
17. note : circuit switching
1. physical connection between source and destination for data transfer.
2. It needs physical copper telephone path from sender to receiver.
3. Its important to setup end to end path between computer before sending any data.
4. Local telephone network is an example of a circuit switching.
18. Note message switching:
1. Source computer sends data to switching office first , store data in the buffer. Then it
looks for free link to another switching office and send data to the office.
2. In this method full message travel across different intermediate hops.
3. It is also known as store and forward.
19. Note : Packet switching:
1. Packet switching divided into packets and packets travel across hops.
2. Data packets are stored in disk
3. All packets are of upper limit on block size.(fixed size) stored in main memory
4. It transfer data on different path.
20. Write the data communication terminologies:
1. Data channel
2. Baud
3. Bits per second(bps)
4. BandWidth
5. Data transfer rates
21. What is Backbone?
A bone is a central interconnecting structure that connects one are more [Link]: spine
of a human being.
22. Define :
1. Data channel: channel is the medium used to carry information from one place to
another.
2. Baud: it is the unit of measurement. i.e information carrying capacity through channel.
3. Bits per second(bps): refers to speed of data transfer, measured using high speed phone
lines or modem.
Thousand bits per second - (kbps)
Thousand bytes per second - Kbps
4. Bandwidth: refers to difference between highest and lowest data transmission channels
Means amount of data transmitted or received per unit time.
High bandwidth channels are called broad band
Low bandwidth channels are called narrowband
5. Data transfer rates: refers to the amount of data transferred per second by a
communication channel or a computing or storage device.
Data rate is measured in bps, Bps/ Baud.
1KB=1024 bytes, 1MB =1024 kilobytes , 1GB =1024 megabytes. 1 TB =1024 gigabytes
23. Components of communication:
1. Sender 2. Receiver 3. Message 4. Communication media 5. protocols
24. Transmission media/communication channels:
It means connecting cables or connecting media.
The cables that connect two or more workstations are the communication channels
2 types of communication media:
1. Guided media – includes cables(twisted pair, coaxial, optical fiber)
2. Unguided media – includes waves through air, water/ vaccum.(microwave ,radiowave ,
satellite, infrared, laser, Bluetooth)
25. Twisted pair cable:
1. Two identical wires wrapped together in a double helix.
2. Types of twisted pair cable exit.
a) The wire come in pairs
b) Pair of wires twisted each other.
3. Twisting of wires reduces crosstalk.
4. Bleeding of signal from one wire to another cause network errors.
26. Advantages & disadvantage twisted pair cable
1. Advantages
1. It is simple , easy to install and maintain
2. It is physically flexible
3. Low weight
4. Inexpensive
5. Easily connected
2. Disadvantage:
1. Incapable to carry signal long distance without repeater
2. Low bandwidth, not suitable for broadband connection
3. 1 Mpbs(without condition) to 10 Mpbs(condition)
27. Types of twisted pair cables : (100 meters length)
1. Unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP)
2. Shielded twisted pair cable(STP)(advantage: offers protection from interference and
crosstalk)
28. Coaxial cable:
 1. It is a solid wire surrounded by one or more foil or wire shields, separated by plastic
insulator.
2. Inner core carries the signal,
3. Used in high speed communication
4. Maximum used in television signals.
5. It is cheap for multi – channel television signals around MAN.
6. Used in large corporation in security system.
29. Types of Coaxial cable:
1. Thicknet: 500 m long
2. Thinnet : 185 m long.
30. Advantages & disadvantage coaxial cable:
Advantages:
1. Its better than twisted pair cable
2. Used in shared cable network
3. Used for broad band connection
4. Higher bandwidth uptp 400Mbps
DisAdvantages:
1. Expensive compared to twisted pair cable
2. Coaxial cable are not compatible with twisted pair cable
31. Optical fiber:
1. It consists of glass like material that carry light from one to another device.
2. LED (light emitting diodes) or LD’s(laser diodes) are used for light
3. Data transmitted is modulated on the light beam
4. The signals are picked and demodulated by the receiver.
5. Very high bandwidth.
6. Ranges between 20 and 150mbps
32. Advantages & disadvantage coaxial cable:
Advantages:
1. Immune to electrical and magnetic interference
2. Suitable for harsh industrial environment
3. Secure transmission
4. Very high transmission capacity
5. Used in broad band transmission
Disadvantage:
1. Installation problem
2. Connecting two fiber or two light source is difficult
3. Connection losses
4. More expensive
33. Types of fiber optic cable:
Single mode – 5km length , bandwidth 10Gbps
Multimode - 1 km length , bandwidth 100 Gbps
34. Difference between guided media:
35. Microwave: (terrestrial microwave)
1. Transmit data without the use of cable
2. Used for long distance
3. It need transmitter, receiver, atmosphere to transfer data.
4. Communication based on antennas mounted on towers
5. The higher tower the grater range.
6. Distance 100km
7. Frequency >3GHz
36. Advantages and disadvantages(microwave)
Advantages
1. Cheaper
2. Freedom from land acquisition rights
3. Ease of communication
4. Used to communicate over oceans
Disadvantages:
1. Insecure communication
2. If the antenna is slight different path, reduces the signal strength
3. During rain, thunder storms signal will be low
4. design, implementation, Maintenance cost will be more
37. radio wave :
1. use radio frequency
2. each radio signal use different sine waves , to separate from each other.
3. It has two parts : transmitter, receiver
4. Use antennas to transmit signals
5. Frequency >1GHz to <3 GHz
38. Advantages and disadvantages ( radiowaves)
Advantages:
1. Mobility
2. Cheaper
3. Freedom from land acquisition right
4. Ease of communication
Disadvanatages:
1. Insecure communication
2. During rain, thunder storms signal will be low
39. Satellite:
1. Satellite is special case of microwave.
2. Satellite use wireless communication
3. It consist dish that function like antenna.
4. Satellite accepts data / transmit from earth.
40. Advantages and disadvantages ( satellite)
Advantage:
1. Covers large area
2. Heavy usage across counties and continents
Disadvantage:
1. High cost
2. High atmospheric losses
3. Over crowing of band width
41. Infrared:
1. It’s a type of transmission uses infrared light to send data.
2. Used in tv, automatic doors, wireless speakers,AC
3. It transmits data through air and propagate throughout a room.(bouncing off surfaces)
4. It a secured one.
42. Laser:
1. Laser transmission requires line of sight.
2. It is unidirectional like microwave
3. High speed than microvaves
4. It has transmitter and receiver
5. It’s a point to point transmission between buildings.
6. Disadvantage : affected by weather
43. Bluetooth:
1. Wireless short range communication technology(30 feet or 10 m)
2. It uses low power radio waves
3. Used in cell phone, smartphone,computer
44. Network topology:
1. Pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is topology.
2. Factors used in selecting topology : cost, flexibility, reliability.
3. Star, bus, tree are major topology.
45. Star topology:
1. central node to which all other nodes are connected by single path.
2. Used in data processing , voice communication
3. We can connect 3270 terminals can be connected
46. Bus topology:
1. Popular topology is bus or linear topology
2. It has single length of transmission medium(coaxial cable ) where various nodes are
attached.
3. This is used in traditional data communication
4. Host in one end and several terminals attached along its length.
5. Data is transmitted in small packets.
6. Each packet contains destination address. To transmit data.
47. Tree topology:
1. Variation of bus topology is the tree topology
2. It uses the combination of bus and star topologies.
3. Used in hierarchical flow of data.
4. The shape of the network is inverted tree with central root branching.
5. Data transmission in the based on packets
48. Ring topology:
1. It is connected to two neighbouring nodes.
2. Data travels in one direction only
49. Mesh topology:
1. Each node is connected to more than one node
2. In can extend using p-p(point to point) network
50. Point to point: (p-p)
1. P-P link relies on two functions transmit and receive.
2. Transmitter and receiver occur over separate wires.
51. Advantages and disadvantages of linear topology (bus) :
Advantages:
1. Short cable length and simple wiring layout
2. Decrease the installation cost
3. Easy to maintain
4. Easy to extend
Disadvantages:
1. Fault diagnosis is difficult
2. Fault isolation is difficult
3. Repeater reconfiguration is necessary
52. Advantages and disadvantages of star topology:
Advantages:
1. Fault detection is easier
2. Failure of a single connection does not affect the entire network.
3. Access protocols being used in a Star network are very simple
Disadvantages:
1. large amount of cable is needed.
2. increases the installation cost more.
3. entire network is dependent on the central node. If the central node fails the entire network goes
down.
53. Advantages and disadvantages of tree topology:
Advantages:
1. P- P wiring for individual system.
2. Supported by more hardware and software venders.
Disadvantages:
1. Length of each segment is limited.
2. If backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down
3. It more difficult to configure and wire.
54. How to identify nodes in computer networks:
Using IP Address and MAC Address.
IP Address( internet protocol address) using TCP / IP protocol to reach the destination
network.
It’s a unique address for host.
Two versions of IP address:
IPv4- 4byte (32 bit) address written in the form of decimal notation,
IPv6- 16byte (128 bit) 8 groups of hexa decimal number separated by (:).
55. MAC Address: (media access control address)
1. Physical address assigned by hardware network card.
2. MAC address is a 6 byte address separated by : colon.
56. Difference between circuit switching and packet switching:
57. Difference between bus topology and tree topology: