Overview

1. Basic Operating System Theory

2. Operating System – User View
3. Operating System – System View
4. Operating System Utility Programs
5. Types of Operating System
 Operating Systems

• Provide file management and other device or media-related tasks

• Updating operating system software
• Control a network
• Administer security
 Operating Systems

Most operating systems perform similar functions, some of which are illustrated above.
 Operating System Functions
• Starting Computers and Mobile Devices
– If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a power
button to turn it on

Examples of power buttons on computers and mobile devices.

 Operating System Functions

An operating system includes various power options

• Sleep mode saves any open documents and running programs or
apps to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the
computer in a low-power state
• Hibernate mode saves any open documents and running programs or
apps to an internal hard drive before removing power from the
computer or device
 Operating System Functions

• A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and
how information is displayed on the screen
• With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and
visual images
 Operating System Functions

Examples of operating system graphical user interfaces on some computers and mobile devices
 Operating System Functions
In a command-line interface, a user types commands
represented by short keywords or abbreviations or
presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and
instructions

A command-line interface requires you to enter exact spelling, form, and punctuation
 Operating System Functions

• How an operating system handles programs directly affects your

productivity
– Single tasking and multitasking
– Foreground and background
– Single user and multiuser
 Operating System Functions

The foreground application, Microsoft Word, is displayed on the screen. The other applications (Calendar, Google
Maps in Edge, and File Explorer) are in the background
 Operating System Functions

• Memory management optimizes the use of the computer or device’s

internal memory
• Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as
additional RAM
 Operating System Functions

This figure shows how a computer might use virtual memory

 Operating System Functions
The operating system determines the order in which tasks are
processed

Spooling increases both processor and printer efficiency by placing documents to be printed in a buffer media before
they are printed. This figure shows three documents in the queue with one document printing.
 Operating System Functions

• A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to

communicate with a specific device
• Plug and Play automatically configures new devices as you install or
connect them
 Operating System Functions
• A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports
information about various computer resources and devices

The Activity Monitor in this figure is tracking CPU (processor) usage. Source: Apple Inc.
 Operating System Functions
• Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet
connections

Shown here are Internet connection options for desktop and mobile operating systems.
 Operating System Functions
• Many programs, including operating systems, include an automatic
update feature that regularly provides new features or corrections to
the program

An operating system usually includes a means to download and install important updates.
 Operating System Functions

• Operating systems often provide users with a variety of tools related to

managing a computer, its devices, or its programs
– File Manager
– Search
– Image Viewer
– Uninstaller
– Disk Cleanup
– Disk Defragmenter
 Operating System Functions

– Screen Saver
– File Compression
– PC Maintenance
– Backup and Restore
– Power Management
 Operating System Functions
• Some operating systems are designed to work with
a server on a network
• These multiuser operating systems allow multiple
users to share a printer, Internet access, files, and
programs
• A network administrator uses the server operating
system to:
– Add and remove users, computers, and other
devices
– Configure the network, install software and
administer network security
 Operating System Functions

• A user account enables a use to sign in to, or access resources on, a

network or computer
– A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user
– A password is a private combination of characters associated with the
user name
 Operating System Functions

Most multiuser operating systems allow each user to sign in, which is the process of entering a user name and a
password into the computer. Single-user operating systems often use a password to lock an entire device or computer.
 Types of Operating Systems
Table 9-2 Examples of Operating Systems by
Category

Category Name
Desktop Windows macOS
UNIX
Linux Chrome OS

Server Windows Server macOS

Server UNIX Linux
Mobile Google Android Apple
iOS
Windows (Mobile Edition)
 Desktop Operating Systems

• A desktop operating system is a complete operating system that works on

desktops, laptops, and some tablets
– Windows
– macOS
– UNIX
– Linux
– Chrome OS
 Desktop Operating Systems
• The latest versions of Windows offer these features
– Uses tiles to access apps
– Includes the desktop interface
– Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard
– Email app, calendar app, and browser (Edge) included
– Photos, files, and settings you can sync with One-
Drive
– Enhanced security through an antivirus program,
firewall, and automatic updates
– Windows Store offers additional applications for
purchase
Desktop Operating Systems
Desktop Operating Systems
 Desktop Operating Systems
• The Macintosh operating system has earned a
reputation for its ease of use
– macOS
 Desktop Operating Systems

• UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s

 Desktop Operating Systems

• Linux is a popular, multitasking UNIX-based operating system

 Desktop Operating Systems
• Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system designed to work primarily
with web apps

Figure 9-16 Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system by Google.

 Server Operating Systems

• Windows Server
• macOS Server
• UNIX
• Linux
 Mobile Operating Systems

• The operating system on mobile devices and many consumer

electronics is called a mobile operating system and resides on
firmware
– Android
– iOS
– Windows (Mobile Edition)
 Mobile Operating Systems
• Android is an open source, Linux-based mobile
operating system designed by Google for
smartphones and tablets

An Android phone and tablet.

 Mobile Operating Systems
• iOS, developed by Apple, is a proprietary mobile
operating system specifically made for Apple’s
mobile devices

An iOS phone and tablet. Courtesy of Apple Inc.

 Mobile Operating Systems
• Windows (Mobile Edition), developed by Microsoft, is
a proprietary mobile operating system that runs on
some smartphones

Phone running Windows (Mobile Edition).

Operating System
An operating system ( OS) is a collection of programs that handle
technical tasks.

OS Functions
• Managing computer resources : such memory, processing, storage, I/O devices,
Monitor system performance, Schedule tasks, Administer security ,Start-up the
computer.
• Providing User Interface : OS allows users to interact with application programs
and computer hardware through a User Interface.
 Graphical User Interface – GUI
 Command Line Interface - CLI
Operating System
• An operating system (OS) acts as the intermediary between the
application and the hardware. (chapter 2)
• Hardware – provide resources (the resources itself)
• Application – solves the problem of the user
• User – utilizes application program to solve their problem
• OS – provide the Hardware resources to the apps. (act as a
platform/environment for application to run on)

User  Application  Operating System  Computer Hardware

 Operating Systems
• Graphical User Interface (GUI) - With a Graphical user interface , you
interact with menus and visual images
Operating Systems
• Command Line Interface ( CLI ) - With a Command-line interface, a
user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions
Operating System
OS Functions
• Running Applications : OS load and run applications such as word
processors and spreadsheets. Most OS support multitasking – the
ability to switch between different applications stored in memory.
For example with multitasking you could have Word and Excel
running at the same time and switch easily between the two
applications.
• Foreground – the program that you are currently working on is described as running in
the foreground.
• Background – the other programs are running in the background.
Operating System Functions
Start and shut
Provide a user Manage Manage
down a
interface programs memory
computer

Establish an
Coordinate Configure Monitor
Internet
tasks devices performance
connection

Automatically Control a Administer

Provide utilities
update network security
4.2 – OPERATING SYSTEM – USER
VIEW
Operating System View
• Operating System is designed both by taking user view and system
view into consideration.
• Operating System view is about what the users and system thinks
about Operating System.
• What OS is to the user & what OS is to the system.
User View
• The goal of the Operating System is to maximize the work and minimize the
effort of the user.
• The user view on the OS is based on the system (interface) being used:
• Single User System - convenience
• User connected to Mainframe or Minicomputer – effective utilization of hardware
• Handheld computers – convenience + efficiency
• Most of the systems are designed to be operated by single user, however in
some systems multiple users can share resources, memory. In these cases
Operating System is designed to handle available resources among multiple
users and CPU efficiently.
User View
• Operating System must be designed by taking both usability and
efficient resource utilization into view.
• In embedded systems(Automated systems), user view is not present.
• Operating System gives an effect to the user as if the processor is
dealing only with the current task, but in background processor is
dealing with several processes.
4.3 – OPERATING SYSTEM –
SYSTEM VIEW
System View
• From the system point of view Operating System is a program
involved/closely related with the hardware.
• Operating System is resource allocator, which allocate memory,
resources among various processes. It controls the sharing of
resources among programs.
• It prevents improper usage, error and handle deadlock conditions.
• It is a program that runs all the time in the system in the form of
Kernel.
• It controls application programs that are not part of Kernel.
4.4 – OPERATING SYSTEM -
UTILITY PROGRAMS
Utility Programs
Utilities are specialized programs designed to make computing easier (eg;
perform maintenance-type tasks)

• Most essential utilities

• Troubleshooting or diagnostic programs
• Recognizes and correct problems
• Antivirus programs
• Guard your computer against viruses
• Backup programs
• Copies of files to restore if necessary
• File compression programs
• Reduces the size of files for more efficient storage
Making IT Work for You – Mac OS X Activity
Monitor
• Has your computer ever just stopped responding? What do you do?
• Mac OS X Activity Monitor is designed to help.
Windows Utilities
Windows Operating Systems includes utilities such as:
• File History
• Can create a backup for your hard drive
• Disk Cleanup
• Identifies and eliminates non essential files
• Disk Defragmenter
• Rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize performance
File History
• Utility program included with Windows 8
• Makes a copy of all files in the libraries, contacts, favorites and the
desktop
• Helps prevent the effect of disk failure
Disk Cleanup
• Identifies and eliminates nonessential files
• Frees up valuable space and improves system performance
Disk Defragmenter
• Files are organized in tracks and sectors
• Tracks – concentric ring
• Sectors – wedge-shaped sections of a track
• Optimize drives - utility program
• Identifies and eliminates unnecessary fragments
• Files become fragmented
• Broken up and stored in non contiguous space

• Rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize operations

Utility Suites
• Combine several programs into one package
• Less expensive
• Popular suites
• Bit Defender
• Norton Utilities
• Kaspersky
4.5 – TYPES OF OPERATING
SYSTEM (OS)
Types of OS
• Three basic categories
• Embedded operating systems – RTOS (real-
time operating systems)
• Smartphones
• Smartwatches
• Video game systems
• Stand-alone operating systems
• Also called desktop operating system
• Network operating systems (linked
computers)
• Windows Server, Linux, Unix
• OS stored on network server which coordinates all
communication between the other computers
Mobile Operating Systems
• Mobile OS
 Embedded operating system
• Less complicated and more specialized for wireless
 Mobile OS resides on firmware. Eg;
• Android
• iOS
• Windows (Mobile Edition)
Mobile OS Features
• Android is an open source, Linux-based mobile operating system
designed by Google for smartphones and tablets

An Android phone and tablet.

Mobile OS Features
• iOS, developed by Apple, is a proprietary mobile operating system
specifically made for Apple’s mobile devices

An iOS phone and tablet. Courtesy of Apple Inc.

Mobile OS Features
• Windows (Mobile Edition), developed by Microsoft, is a proprietary
mobile operating system that runs on some smartphones

Phone running Windows (Mobile Edition).

Mobile OS Features
• Features introduced on Mobile OS are generally the same. Some
example are as the following:
Android • Google Assistant • Face recognition / fingerprint scanner
• Android Pay • Share contact / information using NFC
• Google Play • Speech output assists for disabled
• Google Drive person
• Google Photos • Voice recognition
• Built in heart rate monitor
iOS • Siri
• Live Photos
• iMessage
• Game Center
• Reminders
• Accelerometer
• Maps
Desktop Operating Systems
• Operating systems commonly used by individuals
• Windows – most widely used
• Mac OS – powerful and easy to use
• UNIX – network; originally designed for Web
• LINUX – non proprietary; free from the Web
Windows – Most used OS

WINDOWS 8 WINDOWS 10
• Integrates the desktop OS with • Merges Windows desktop and
its mobile OS mobile operating systems
Mac OS
• Mac OS X runs on Apple
computers
• Two most recent versions:
• OS X Mavericks
• Improved power management
• OS X Yosemite
• New user interface
UNIX and LINUX
• UNIX operating system
• Servers on the Web
• Mainframe computers
• Personal Computers
• LINUX - version of UNIX
• Alternative to windows
• Open source - free
• Google Chrome OS based on Linux
• Focuses on Internet connectivity and cloud
computing
• Speed is determined by the speed of the
Internet
Overview
• Basic Operating System Theory
• Operating System – User View
• Operating System – System View
• Operating System Utility Programs
• Types of Operating System