Traffic Management – Module 2 (Midterms)

RB CAWIS

Course Outcomes: Familiarize the different concepts of traffic management.

Module Objectives

 Appreciate the functions of traffic ecology and economy in traffic management.

 Familiarize the procedures in dealing with traffic violators and directing traffic.
 Know the different traffic laws and understand the basic regulations of driving.

A. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENT

The study with potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban

environment due to scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities
carried out, air population, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion
which therein.
Kinds of Environmental Effects of Urban Transportation
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Dirt
4. Visual intrusion
5. Loss of privacy
6. Change in amount of light
7. Neighborhood severance, both physical and sociological
8. Relocation
9. Distraction during planning and construction
10. Accident Experience
11. Pedestrian Journey
12. Congestion and other Benefits to vehicles

External Factors that Influences the Existing Future Behavior of Population

1. Rapidly increasing population growth.

2. Rapidly increasing urbanization.
3. Rapidly increasing motorization.
4. Industrialization and technical modernization.
5. Improvement of the transportation network that is the street network and the public
transportation facilities.

To limit traffic and to improve the efficiency and quality of service of buses and transport

1. Pedestrian scheme should be introduced whenever possible to improve the environment

and safety for pedestrians. The use of non-carbon emitting vehicles should be
encouraged like bicycle whenever practical.
2. Motor vehicle reduction scheme should also be introduced.

Presidential Decree Nr. 1181

It provides for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles
and for other purposes.

Letter of Instruction Nr. 551

 It directs the law enforcement agencies to implement the pollution control program.
[Link] ECONOMY

It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Traffic operation
is designed to expedite the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic congestion
during rush hours in any given locality adversely affect the economic status of the commuting
[Link] aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil prices in the world
market. Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to minimize the ill effect of rising prices
of basic [Link] resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of travel
but the productivity of an individual as well.

Learning Activity 1

In not less than 250 words, explain the important functions that that traffic ecology and
economy perform in traffic management.

OFFICER-VIOLATOR RELATIONSHIP

In officer-violator relationship, the first reminder for an officer in traffic enforcement is to

establish pleasant relationship with the offending motorist or pedestrian.
ALL MEN ON THE DEPARTMENT SHOULD BE TRAINED TO DIRECT TRAFFIC AT THE
FOLLOWING:
1. Accident Scene
2. Other emergencies
3. Planned social events
4. Regular Point and Integration control
5. Directing Pedestrian movement

TWO OBJECTIVES IN DEALING WITH A VIOLATOR

1. Immediate Objectives- is enforcement action against the driver.
2. Ultimate Objectives- is to change his future driving behavior.

Pleasant Relationship can be accomplished by:

1. The appearance of your uniform, equipment and person, which will create the violator
impression of you. A neat and clean uniform and properly worn, and well-groomed
person will create a good impression.
2. Observance of the following rules when talking with the violators:
a. Get your emotions under control. Don’t appear before him when you are both at the
peak of tension or excitement.
b. Advise the violator the nature of the alleged violation in the manner that he can fully
understand.
c. Allow the violator to talk and explain his side.
d. Be courteous and business like. You may introduce yourself or use only good
morning, Sir or Madam. Using Sir or Madam identifies you identified as gentleman.
e. Request compliance. Use requesting words such as “May I”, “Please” and “Kindly”
when directing the violator.
f. Avoid telling the driver what not to do. If you want him to do something whenever
possible, explain why you want him to do it.
3. Never open your conversation in sarcastic or derogatory way. Avoid such opening as:
a. DON’T YOU KNOW!
b. WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE?
c. WHERE DO YOU THINK YOU ARE GOING?
 d. WHAT’S YOUR HURRY?
4. Be alert at all times for the unexpected, approach the violator with these cases:
a. Take time to get ready.
b. Know what you are going to say to do.
c. Have any equipment you will need such as flashlight, clipboard, or citation pad.
d. Review the facts which lead to your stopping the violator before you gegin to talk.
e. Decide what enforcement action you are going to take before you approach the
violator.

IN REQUESTING FOR THE DRIVER’S LICENSE AND VEHICLE REGISTRATION

CERTIFICATE, OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING SUGGESTED PROCEDURES:
1. Do not put your head or arms in the car windows.
2. While waiting for the license, asked the driver: What is your name Sir?
3. Never accept anything other than the paper requested.
4. Ask the papers being requested be removed from the billfold or other container.
5. Have the driver hand the requested papers to you outside the window.
6. Establish the identity of the driver and check the entries of both the license and the
registration papers for any possible fraud, or false identities or falsifications.
7. Do not return the driver’s license and vehicle registration certificate until you are about to
terminate the interview.

IN TERMINATING YOUR CONTACT WITH THE VIOLATOR, OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Explain to the driver what action he must take.
2. Tell him when and where he must appear.
3. Don’t discuss probable bail or probable penalties with the violator.
4. Avoid any naughty suggestion that he should engage in the services of a counselor how
he should plead.
5. When you are certain the driver what he should do, close the interview by:
a. Thanking the driver for his cooperation
b. Explaining how he may avoid further difficulty
6. Help the driver get safely through the traffic.
7. When the violator leaves, do not follow him immediately. He may feel that you are just
waiting to nab him again. Either turns around and patrol in the opposite direction or you
may stay where you are for a moment to decide what to do next.

HOW TO DIRECT TRAFFIC ON THE FOLLOWING:

1. Unsignalized Intersection
2. Signalized Intersection
3. Between Intersection

SIGNALING:
1. Use hand signal to designate your decision to the motorist.
2. Signal must be uniformed and understood by the motorist and pedestrians.
3. Must be clear and positive.
4. Do not give them verbally.
5. Be alert and stand erect on both feet.
6. Look to a person to whom you are signaling.
7. The arm signal should be shoulder high and a full circular motion of the arm.
8. Supplement the arm signal with whistle.
9. Stand sideways to incoming traffic while stopping vehicular traffic.
10. Let your hands hang at side when not using them.
11. Constant weaving of the hand is confusing and served to distract or slow down traffic.
12. When changing phase, maintain a 90 degree turn of the body.
13. If turns are permitted, described the movement to be made with an arc of the man.
 14. To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intend to stop and give him or the
opportunity to stop.
15. The hand signal should be with the arm extend and the palm facing the person to be
stopped.

WHISTLE SIGNALS:
1. One long blast for stop.
2. Two short snappy for go.
3. Three blast to be used for assistance or for the motorist to be attentive.

SIGNALS AND GESTURES FOR DIRECTING TRAFFIC

Objectives
1. Traffic law enforcer assigned to traffic control.
a. Expected to indicate the drivers and pedestrian how, when and where they should
move.
b. An inexperienced traffic law enforcer immediately presents a problem of
communication to the people on what he wants them to do. This lead to chaos or
confusion, and resulted to an impassable traffic law.
2. Purpose of the instruction received is to make the meaning clear to drivers and
pedestrians.
3. Uniformity of signals and gestures
a. To all traffic law enforcers and volunteers.
4. Attire and appearance of a traffic law enforcer directing traffic:
a. Be in the official uniform.
b. Clean shaved, haircut and clean uniform.
c. To enable the motorist and the pedestrian recognize the traffic law enforcer.
d. The manner of his appearance and actions either gains or losses the respect of the
citizens.

PRESENTATION
A. Command of traffic
1. Stand where you can be seen
a. Normally in the middle of the intersections.
2. Postures and Stances
a. Show that you mean business.
b. Weight should be the same on each foot.
c. When not signaling, hands hang at sides.
d. Do not face vehicles you authorize to move, stand sideways.
B. Gestures used to stop traffic
1. Point your arm and index finger and look straight to the driver you want to stop. Then
raise your hand only so your palm is towards the driver.
2. Repeat the process for traffic in the opposite direction.
3. Do not lower arms until vehicles from both directions are stopped.
C. Gestures to start traffic movement
1. Stand sideways toward the lanes of traffic you want to move.
2. Point your arm and index finger toward the vehicles you want to start. Hold it until the
driver sees you and with your palm up, swing your hand up and over to your chin.
Bend arm only at elbow.
3. With one side started drop the arm to the side and raise other arm and repeat
process for opposite lane.
4. Use same signals when drivers are moving too slow or are hesitant in moving.
D. Right Turn Gestures
1. Usually required at intersection.
 2. If required for vehicles to the right, point, arm at vehicle and then point in direction he
is to move.
3. Moving vehicles to your left for right turn you may bend your left arm at elbow and
with thumb and forearm indicate movement.
E. Left Turn Gestures
1. Left turn vehicles from your left
a. Stop vehicles from right and direct vehicles making left turn to proceed.
2. Left Turn vehicles from your right
a. Turn around facing direction vehicle will turn and use same procedure above.
3. Streets with only one available moving lane
a. Allow space for cars going straight and turning left.
b. Direct the left turn cars with the proper finger, hand and arm motion
F. Two-Officer Traffic Direction
1. If need for two men
a. If need the first command must be given by the team leader followed by the
member.

Learning Activity 2

If you were the traffic enforcer, how would you maintain your composure in dealing with
traffic violators, most especially those who are uncivil? Discuss your answer in not less than 200
words.

TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES, AND REGULATIONS

REPUBLIC ACTS

R.A. 4136 It is otherwise called as the Land Transportation Code of the

Philippines.
This is the basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines.
It has repealed Act No. 3992 which is the Revised Motor Vehicle
Law.

R.A. 6539 Anti-Car napping Act of 1972

R.A. 8749 Clean Air Act
R.A. 8750 It provides for the attachment of seatbelts for all types of motor vehicles and
impose penalty for the non compliance thereof.
R.A. 7924 The act creating the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, defining its
powers and functions providing funds therefore and for other purposes.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREES
P.D. 96 Regulating the use of sirens, bells, horns, etc., by prohibiting the
attachment of any siren, horn, bell, etc on motor vehicles which produce
unusual or startling sound as well as blinkers and other similar devices
unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP, hospitals
and fire departments and are specially intended for use in emergencies.
P.D. 101 Expediting the methods of prescribing, redefining or modifying the lines and
modes of operations of public utility motor vehicles in the Philippines.
P.D. 207 Declaring as part of the laws of the Philippines the Vienna Convention on
Road Traffic Signs and Signals.
P.D. 612 Requiring Compulsory insurance for all types of motor vehicles against third
party liability as an additional pre-requisite for registration by the LTO.
P.D. 1686 Imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air conditioner.
 P.D. 1181 Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for
other purposes.
P.D. 1605 Granting the Metropolitan Manila Commission certain powers related to
traffic management and control in Metropolitan Manila providing penalties,
and for other purposes.
P. D. 98 Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles.
P. D. 109 Modifying P.D. 98
P. D. 1729 Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to dispose of impounded
motor vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time.
P.D. 1730 Declaring the syndicated printing, manufacture, distribution, possession or
use of fake official Bureau of Land Transportation forms, documents, plates,
and stickers as offenses involving economic sabotage.

LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS
L.O.I. 43 Providing for the removal of all impediments on roads, streets, and highways
such as constructions, stalled or parked vehicles and other movable property
that obstruct free passage. This LOI abrogated city or municipal ordinances
governing the disposition of traffic on city and municipal streets throughout
the country.
L.O.I. 112 Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks from using roads, highways and bridges
whose load capacities are in excess of specific allowable limits.
L.O.I. 229 Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users, or drivers to have in their
possession at all time while driving at least one (1) pair of early warning
device for use when the vehicle is disabled on roads, streets, and highways
or other emergencies compelling the vehicle to be on stop position.
L.O.I. 716 Every motor vehicle to equip at least a pair of early warning device.
L.O.I. 551 Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the Pollution Control
Program.
L.O.I. All owners of private motor vehicles who desire to stop operating or using
1009 their number plates and registration certificates to surrender to BLT.
ADMINISTRATIVE AND SPECIAL ORDERS
A.O.8, s- Requiring the towing and impounding of stalled motor vehicles on public
1968 highways and the imposition of corresponding fees thereof.
A.O. 1 s- Prescribing guidelines and procedures in the implementation of P.D. 96.
1973
A.O. 1, s- Laying down specific rules of action in the imposition of uniform fines and
1975 penalties for violation of the provisions of Republic Act Nr. 4136.
S.O. 101 Enumerating and identifying various city streets where parking is prohibited.

DRIVER’S LICENSE

Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippine as in other countries is NOT a right but a
privilege granted by the Philippine Government through the LTO based on Republic Act 4136
and BatasangPambansaBlg. 398. Further, it is a privilege which may be suspended or revoked.

Driver’s License, defined:

Any document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification as
provided therefore. It also a public document which has the legal presumption of genuineness.
Types of Licenses

1. International Driver’s License

Bonafide tourist and transients who are duly licensed to operate motor vehicles in their
respective countries may be allowed to operate motor vehicles during their stay but not beyond
90 days of their sojourn in the Philippines.
2. Military Driver’s License
Enlisted military personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned by the government shall
be licensed in accordance with RA 4136 but no license or delinquency fees shall be collected
[Link] licenses so issued shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY”
plainly marked or stamped in red inks across the face thereof. A military driver’s license does
not authorize the holder to operate a privately-owned motor vehicle.
3. Professional Driver’s License
This license is issued to a driver hired or paid for or operating a motor vehicle whether private
use or for hire to the public. Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional
driver.
4. Non-Professional Driver’s License
This kind of license is issued to owners of privately-owned motor vehicles or those
not for hire or paid for driving.
5. Student Driver’s Permit
This kind of document is issued to persons who desire to learn how to drive. A student driver
cannot operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor who may either be a licensed
professional or non-professional driver.

Driver’s Examination

1. The Written Examination

2. The Road Test

Mandatory Drug Test

It is mandatory to all drivers’ license applicants except for student driver’s permit to
pass a drug test conducted by duly LTO accredited drug testing centers.

Driver’s Restriction Code

When the driver is issued a license, the driver’s restriction code is indicated as follows:
1- Motorcycles/Motorized Tricycles
2- Vehicle up to 4500 kgs GVW
3- Vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW
4- Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW
5- Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
6- Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW and below
7- Articulated vehicle 1601 kgs GVW
8- Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs and above GVW

Driver’s Condition

The condition of the driver’s license holder while operating a motor vehicle is indicated
as follows:
A- Wear eyeglasses
B- Drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
C- Drive only with special for lower limbs
D- Daylight driving only
 E- Accompanied by a person with normal hearing
Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles

1. Private (not for hire) – these are motor vehicles used for the personal use of their
owners.
2. Public Utility Vehicles (PUV aka for hire) – these are registered primarily for the
convenience of passengers and other commercial goods, i.e. passenger jeepneys, taxi
cabs, etc.
3. Government – these are motor vehicles owned by government offices and are used for
official purposes only.
4. Diplomat – these are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the
Philippines.

Plate Numbers (Original)

Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate numbers. The letter and
numerical prefixes as well as the assigned colors are based on the date and place of
registrations and purpose of the registered motor vehicle.
1. Green with white background – issued to private or not for hire motor vehicles.
2. Black with yellow background – issued to public utility vehicles.
3. Red (maroon) with white background – issued to government-owned motor vehicles.
4. Blue with white background – assigned for foreign diplomats, consuls and other
foreign dignitaries.
5. Commemorative plates – these special plate numbers are issued for specific purposes
such as fund-raising for government projects and programs.

Learning Activity 3
In not less than 200 words, discuss the requirements and procedures before you could
drive a motor vehicle for a living in the Philippines.

References

Delizo, Darlito G. Traffic Management and Accident Investigation. Wiseman’s Book Trading.
2009
Soriano, Oscar G. Traffic Management and Accident Investigation. NERCES. 2012

“Everyone is a genius. But if you judge a fish on its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life
believing that it is stupid.”
– Albert Einstein