• Sample results (3)

11

Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics

Thermodynamics Review
Rajesh Ranjan
 Table of Contents
1 Thermodynamics Review

I Thermodynamics Review
 Thermodynamics Review
1 Thermodynamics Review

Perfect gas,

P = flRT
e = cv T
h = cp T
cp ≠ cv = R
cp
=“
cv
R
cv =
“≠1
“R
cp =
“≠1
 Determination of “
1 Thermodynamics Review

nRT
de =
2
de nR
cv = =
dT 2
(n + 2)R
cp = cv + R =
2
cp n+2
“= =
cv n

For Monoatomic gas (He, Ar), n = 3, “ = 53 = 1.66

For Diatomic gas (H2 , N2 , O2 ), n = 5, “ = 75 = 1.4
For Triatomic gas (O3 , C02 ), n = 7, “ = 97 = 1.33
 Laws of Thermodynamics
1 Thermodynamics Review

First Law,
”q = de + ”w
For a reversible system,
”q = de + pd≠
v
Second Law,
”q
ds = + dsirrv Ø 0
T
For a reversible adiabtic (isentropic) system,
”q = 0, dsirrv = 0, =∆ ds = 0
 Important Thermodynamic Relations
1 Thermodynamics Review

Using the first and second laws, for a reversible system-

”q = de + pd≠
v
T ds = cv dT + pd≠v
dT p
ds = cv + d≠ v
T T
For a calorically perfect gas, p≠
v = RT
dT d≠v
ds = cv +R
T ≠
v
T2 ≠
v2
s2 ≠ s1 = cv ln + R ln
T1 ≠
v1
T2 p2
Similarly, s2 ≠ s1 = cp ln ≠ R ln
T1 p1
 Isentropic Process
1 Thermodynamics Review

s2 = s1
T2 p2
s2 ≠ s1 = cp ln ≠ R ln
T1 p1
T2 p2
0 = cp ln ≠ R ln
T1 p1
3 4 cp
p2 T2 R
=
p1 T1
3 4 “
p2 T2 “≠1
=
p1 T1
Similarly, using the cv relation,
3 4 ≠cv 3 4 ≠1
≠
v2 T2 R T2 “≠1
= =
≠
v1 T1 T1
Isentropic Process
1 Thermodynamics Review

3 4“ 3 4“ 3 4 “
p2 ≠
v1 fl2 T2 “≠1
= = =
p1 ≠
v2 fl1 T1

v “ = K(const.)
P≠
Speed of Sound
1 Thermodynamics Review

Û3 4
dp
a=
dfl s
3 4
1 ˆfl
·s =
fl ˆp s
1
·s = 2
fla
 Speed of Sound
1 Thermodynamics Review

For an isentropic process,

v “ = K(const.)
P≠
P = Kfl“
3 4
dp “p
=
dfl s fl
Speed of Sound
1 Thermodynamics Review

Ú
“p 
a= © “RT
fl
1 ·T
·s = =
“p “
 Concept of Mach Number
1 Thermodynamics Review

u
M=
a

a = “RT

� An aircraft flies at a constant Mach number, irrespective of

its altitude. At sea-level conditions, it flies at 127 km/h faster
than at an altitude of 12 km. What is the Mach number of the
aircraft?
Concept of Mach Number
1 Thermodynamics Review
 Compressible Flow
1 Thermodynamics Review

For compressible flows:

• Medium should be compressible
• Mach number should be sufficiently high
 Q&A
See you in the next class!
 • Sample results (3)

11

Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics

Governing Equations
Rajesh Ranjan
 Table of Contents
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

I Navier-Stokes Equations
 Conservation Laws
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

• Mass Conservation
• Momentum Conservation
• Energy Conservation
 Reynolds Transport Theorem
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

• System
• Control Volume
Reynolds transport theorem (RTT)
relates the rate of change in a (control
mass) system to that in a cv, for any
extensive property B.
 Reynolds Transport Theorem
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

- -
- -
dB -
dt - = ˆB -
dt - + Ḃnet
sys cv
rate of change of B in system rate of change of B in cv net flow rate of B
- ⁄⁄⁄ ⁄⁄
dB -- ˆ
- = V +
flbd≠ flbū · dĀ
dt sys ˆt
 Mass Conservation
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

B=m
b = m/m = 1
- ⁄⁄⁄ ⁄⁄
dm -- ˆ
= V +
fl(1)d≠ fl(1)ū · dĀ (1)
dt -sys ˆt ≠
V
By definition, mass of a system is fixed; therefore,
⁄⁄⁄ ⁄⁄
ˆ
fld≠V + flū · dĀ = 0 (2)
ˆt ≠V
Using Gauss Divergence Theorem,
⁄⁄⁄ ⁄⁄⁄
ˆ
fld≠V + Ò.(flū)d≠ V =0 (3)
ˆt ≠
V ≠
V
 Mass Conservation
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

⁄⁄⁄ ⁄⁄⁄
ˆ
V +
fld≠ V =0
Ò.(flū)d≠
ˆt ≠
V ≠
V
⁄⁄⁄ 3 4
ˆfl
+ Ò.(flū) d≠
V =0
≠
V ˆt
Differential Form, 3 4
ˆfl
+ Ò.(flū) = 0
ˆt
 Mass Conservation
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

ˆfl ˆ
+ (flui ) = 0
ˆt ˆxi
or,
Dfl ˆui
+fl =0
Dt ˆxi
Where,
Dfl ˆfl ˆfl
© + ui
Dt ˆt ˆxi
In vector notation,
Dfl
+ flÒ.u = 0
Dt

For incompressible flow

Ò.u = 0
Momentum Conservation
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

ˆflui ˆ ˆ·ij
+ (flui uj ) = + flgi
ˆt ˆxj ˆxj
 Momentum Conservation: Stress Term
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

·ij = ·ijhydrostatic + ·ijdeviatoric

= ≠P ”ij + ‡ij

For Newtonian fluid, stress ‡ij is linearly proportional to strain rate tensor,
A B A B
ˆui 1
ˆui ˆuj 1 ˆui ˆuj
= + + ≠
ˆxj 2
ˆxj ˆxi 2 ˆxj ˆxi
1
= eij + Êij
2
eij presents linear/angular deformation, which is related to stress, while the second
term is vorticity, which is responsible for the rotation of fluids.
 Momentum Conservation: Stress Term
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

‡ij = Cijkl eij

For isotropic and homogenous fluids, the fourth order tensor with 81 unknowns
gets reduced to 2 unknowns:
 Momentum Conservation: Stress Term
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

‡ij = Cijkl eij

For isotropic and homogenous fluids, the fourth order tensor with 81 unknowns
gets reduced to 2 unknowns:
A B
ˆuk ˆui ˆuj
‡ij = –”ij +— +
ˆxk ˆxj ˆxi
A B
ˆuk ˆui ˆuj
= ⁄”ij +µ +
ˆxk ˆxj ˆxi
The first term is related to volumetric strain (identically zero for incompressible
flows), while the second term is related to the rate of deformation (linear or
angular).
 Momentum Conservation: Stress Term
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

Finally, we can use Stokes’s hypothesis, which states that the bulk viscosity of a
Newtonian fluid can be set to zero
2
= ⁄+ µ¥0
Õ
µ
3

Note that Stokes’ hypothesis may not be valid for flows

 Momentum Conservation
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

ˆflui ˆ ˆp ˆ‡ij
+ (flui uj ) = ≠ + + flgi
ˆt ˆxj ˆxi ˆxj

Where A B
ˆui ˆuj 2 ˆuk
‡ij = µ + ≠ ”ij
ˆxj ˆxi 3 ˆxk
 Momentum Conservation (Incompressible)
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

For an incompressible flow, fl=const. and © Ò.u = 0, therefore = µÒ2 ui

ˆuk ˆ‡ij
ˆxk ˆxj

ˆui ˆ 1 ˆp
+ (ui uj ) = ≠ + ‹Ò2 ui + flgi
ˆt ˆxj fl ˆxi
 Non-conservation form
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

ˆflui ˆ ˆp ˆ‡ij
+ (flui uj ) = ≠ + + flgi
ˆt ˆxj ˆxi ˆxj
L.H.S
ˆflui ˆ ˆui ˆfl ˆ ˆui
+ (flui uj ) = fl + ui + ui (fluj ) + fluj
ˆt ˆxj ˆt ˆt ˆxj ˆxj
A B A B
ˆui ˆui ˆfl ˆ
= fl + uj + ui + (fluj )
ˆt ˆxj ˆt ˆxj

A B
ˆui ˆui ˆp ˆ‡ij
fl + uj =≠ + + flgi
ˆt ˆxj ˆxi ˆxj
 Non-conservation form
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

A B
ˆui ˆui ˆp ˆ‡ij
fl + uj = ≠ + + flgi
ˆt ˆxj ˆxi ˆxj
Dui ˆ·ij
fl = + flgi
Dt ˆxj

The above equation is Newton’s second law: (Mass * Acceleration = Force)

 Euler’s Equations
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

For inviscid flows, the viscous terms are zero.

ˆflui ˆ ˆp
+ (flui uj ) = ≠ + flgi
ˆt ˆxj ˆxi
 Role of Mach Number in Compressibility
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

Asssuming 1D steady flow without any body force, we get

d dp
(flu2 ) = ≠
dx dx
=∆ fludu = ≠dp
Further, for isentropic flow,
dp
a2 =
dfl
Therefore, fludu = ≠a2 dfl

du dfl
M2 =≠
u fl
 Role of Mach Number in Compressibility
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

du dfl
M2 =≠
u fl

Change in density is proportional to velocity change with M 2 as a proportionality

constant.
If M < 1, change in density is small.
If M ƒ 1, change in density is equal to the velocity change.
If M > 1, change in density is greater than the velocity change.
For, M > 0.3, flow should be treated as compressible.
N-S Equations (Incompressible)
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

ˆ
(ui ) = 0 (4)
ˆxi
ˆflui ˆ ˆp
+ (flui uj ) = ≠ + ‹Ò2 ui (5)
ˆt ˆxj ˆxi
 How to get p
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

• The Navier-Stokes equations do not have an independent equation for pressure

• For compressible fluids, p is a thermodynamic pressure. Mass conservation is a
dynamic equation for density. Pressure can then be computed from density
using an equation of state
• For incompressible fluids, p is a mechanical pressure. Mass conservation
becomes a kinematic constraint on the velocity field: we then have no dynamic
equations for both density and pressure
� How to estimate pressure for incompressible flows?
 N-S Equations (Incompressible)
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

Pressure-Poisson Equations
ˆflui ˆ ˆp
+ (flui uj ) = ≠ + µÒ2 ui
ˆt ˆxj ˆxi
In vector form,
ˆflu
+ Ò.(flu u) = ≠Òp + µÒ2 u
ˆt
Take a divergence of the momentum equation and use conservation of mass,
ˆflu
≠Ò.Òp = Ò. + Ò.(Ò.(flu u)) ≠ Ò.(µÒ2 u)
ˆt
=∆ Ò2 p = ≠Ò.(Ò.(flu u))
 N-S Equations (Incompressible)
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

Pressure-Poisson Equations

Ò2 p = ≠Ò.(Ò.(flu u))
Ò2 p = ≠f

In 2-D,
1 2
Ò2 p = ≠fl u2x + 2uy vx + vy2

• First Step: solve the momentum equations to obtain the velocity field for a
known pressure (the divergence of the velocity might not be zero)
• Next Step: solve the Poisson equation to obtain an updated/corrected
pressure field, forcing the divergence to be zero
 Conservation Vs Non-conservation form
1 Navier-Stokes Equations

ˆ (flu)i ≠ (flu)i≠1
(flu) ¥ (6)
ˆx x
ˆu ˆfl ui ≠ ui≠1 fli ≠ fli≠1
fl +u ¥ fli + ui (7)
ˆx ˆx x x
Conservative form (2) is a telescoping series.

(flu)1 ≠ (flu)0 (flu)2 ≠ (flu)1 (flu)3 ≠ (flu)2 (flu)n ≠ (flu)n≠1

+ + + .... +
x x x x
(flu)n ≠ (flu)0
=
x
 Q&A
See you in the next class!