Chapter 8: How Do

Organisms Reproduce?
I. Introduction to Reproduction
II. Asexual Reproduction
a. Fission
b. Fragmentation
c. Budding
d. Spore Formation
e. Regeneration
f. Vegetative Propagation
III. Sexual Reproduction
a. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
b. Sexual Reproduction in Human
Beings
c. Reproductive Health
I. Introduction to Reproduction
 Process by which organisms produce off springs with
characters which are similar to themselves
 Not particularly beneficial for the individual but is
necessary for the survival of a species
 First step of reproduction -- copying of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) --- contains genetic material ----
blueprint for the formation and survival of the offspring
 After replication of DNA -- Replication of cellular
apparatus
 New DNA copies formed – Similar, but not identical (due
to variation)
 Variations are changes that occur due to errors during
DNA replication – Can be useful, neutral or harmful
 Variations are necessary for the survival of the species
over time
 Reproduction can be of two types: Asexual and Sexual
Reproduction
II. Asexual Reproduction
 Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction where one
parent is involved in contributing the genetic material for
the next generation.

a) Fission
 Reproduction by cell division (fission)
 One cell can divide into two or many
 Fission in Amoeba: Binary; Any plane

 Fission in Leishmania (Kala azar); Binary; Particular plane

 Fission in Plasmodium; Multiple Fission

 b) Fragmentation
 Organism breaks up into smaller
pieces upon maturation.
 These pieces or fragments grow
into new individuals.
 Eg: Spirogyra

c) Budding
 Bud develops as an outgrowth 
detach from the parent body upon
maturation and become
independent individuals
 Eg: Hydra, Yeast

d) Spore Formation
Eg: Rhizopus, Aspergillus
Spore contained in: Sporangia
Spores - covered by thick walls
for protection
 Begin to grow upon contact
with a moist surface
e) Regeneration
 If the individual is accidentally cut
or broken up into many
pieces, each piece can grow
into separate individuals.
 Not a regular mode of
reproduction -- it’s a capacity
 Damaged tissues are repaired
 Eg: Hydra and Planaria

f) Vegetative Propagation
 Plant parts like root, stem and leaves develop into new
plants under appropriate conditions
 Layering or grafting to grow many plants like
sugarcane, roses, or grapes for agricultural purposes
 Example in leaf: Buds produced in the notches along
the leaf margin of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and
develop into new plants
 Ginger (Stem), Sweet potato (Root)
 Tissue Culture
 Tissue/Cells from growing tip of plant  Artificial
medium  Rapid division  Callus (Group of cells)
 Second medium rich in hormones for growth and
differentiation  Plantlets placed in the soil 
Mature plants – Used in ornamental plants.
 Layering or grafting – Rose, Grapes, Sugarcane
 Advantages:
 Short maturation period for flowers and fruits.
 Propagation of plants such as banana, orange, rose
and jasmine which have lost the ability to produce
viable seeds.
 Off springs are genetically similar to the parent –
which helps preserve desired characteristics.
III. Sexual Reproduction
 Mode of reproduction where two parents are involved in
contributing the genetic material for the next generation

 Why is it needed?

 To accelerate variation

 Combining variations from two or more individuals

would create new combinations of variants, which
would enhance the evolution of the species

 Special lineage of cells (Contain half the amount of

genetic material) - Gametes – Produced by Meiosis

 Smaller organisms – Similar gametes

 Complex organisms – Motile and non-motile gametes

 Advantages: Variations and Adaptability

 Disadvantages: ↑ Time, ↑ Energy, ↓ Off springs produced,

parent genome - not preserved

a) Sexual Reproduction in Plants

 Parts of a flower
 Sepals
 Petals
 Stamen - Male reproductive part – anther and
filament - Pollen grains produced in anther
 Pistil - Female reproductive part – Stigma, style
and ovary - Ovule and Egg cell formed in ovary
 Unisexual Flower – Contains either male or female
reproductive part (i.e. either stamen or pistil) – Eg:
Pumpkin, watermelon
 Bisexual flowers - Contains both male and female
reproductive part – Eg: Hibiscus, mustard

Figure: Parts of a Flower

Pollination
 Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma
of a flower
 Types:
Self-Pollination (anther to stigma of same flower or
different flower of same plant)
Cross-Pollination (anther to stigma of different flower
of different plant but same species)
 Agents of Pollination:
Biotic (Living agents: honeybee, butterfly, birds)
Abiotic (Non-living agents: Wind and water)
Fertilisation
 Male gamete (From pollen) fuses with female gamete
(in ovule) to form a zygote
 Pollen tube formation

Post – Fertilisation Events

 Zygote – Embryo
 Ovule – Hard coat – Seed
 Sepals and Petals – Fall off
 Ovary – Fruit
Germination
 Process of seed developing into seedling under
appropriate conditions
 Cotyledons – Seed leaf in embryo
b) Sexual Reproduction in Human Beings
Adolescence
 The transition period between childhood and adulthood
 Extends (on average) from around 12 to 19 years of age
Puberty
 Period of adolescence where an individual attains sexual
maturity
Changes during Adolescence
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System

Events in Human Reproduction

Fertilisation
 Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote.
 Zygote divides to develop into an embryo.
 Takes place in the oviduct/fallopian tube.
Implantation
 Walls of uterus  Cushiony and richly supplied with blood
Gestation
 Growth period of embryo – approx. nine months in
humans
Childbirth
 Rhythmic contraction of uterine wall
Placenta
 Disc shaped tissue – Uterine wall
 Villi towards embryo | Blood spaces
towards mother
 Glucose/Oxygen: Mother  Embryo
 Waste substances: Embryo  Mother
Menstruation
 Uterus prepares itself every month to receive fertilized
egg. The uterine lining thickens and becomes spongy.
 If the egg is not fertilized, it lives for about one day.
 The thick, spongy uterine lining slowly breaks and is
expelled out of the vagina as blood and mucous along
with the unfertilized egg. This process is called
menstruation.
 Menstruation is cyclical and occurs roughly every month.

c) Reproductive Health
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
 Bacterial – Gonorrhoea, Syphilis
 Viral – HIV (Human Immunodeficiency virus – Causes
AIDS; Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome), Genital
Warts
 Prevention - Condom
Contraceptives
 The sexual act has the potential to lead to pregnancy.
 Pregnancy will make major demands on the body and the
mind of the woman, and if she is not ready for it, her
health will be adversely affected.
 Therefore, many ways have been devised to avoid
pregnancy.
 Mechanical barriers – condom, cervical shield, diaphragm
 Hormonal Methods – Pills and injection
 IUDs – Copper-T, loop
 Surgical Methods – Tubectomy, Vasectomy
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
 Surgical removal of unwanted pregnancies
 May be misused by people who do not want a particular
child, as happens in illegal sex-selective abortion of
female foetuses.
 For a healthy society, the female-male sex ratio must be
maintained.
 TEXTBOOK EXERCISE

1. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in

(a) amoeba.
(b) yeast.
(c) plasmodium.
(d) leishmania.
Answer: (b) yeast.

2. Which of the following is not a part of the female

reproductive system in human beings?
(a) Ovary
(b) Uterus
(c) Vas deferens
(d) Fallopian tube
Answer: (c) Vas deferens

3. The anther contains

(a) sepals.
(b) ovules.
(c) pistil.
(d) pollen grains.
Answer: (d) pollen grains

4. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

over asexual reproduction?
Answer: Asexual reproduction is when off springs receive
genetic material from only one parent. Sexual reproduction
is a mode of reproduction wherein the offspring receives
genetic material from two parents. This means that there’s
significantly more variation in sexual reproduction which
increases chances of survival. Hence, the advantages if
sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction include –
 Creation of a diverse gene pool in the population
 Off springs receive genetic information from both
parents and thus are able to exhibit a diverse range of
characteristics.
  More variations ensure the off springs are able to
adapt to varying environments which ensures survival
of the species.
 More variations can also mean higher disease
resistance in the species.

5. What are the functions performed by the testis in

human beings?
Answer: The testis in human beings performs the following
functions:
- Production of sperm
- Secretion of hormone testosterone which regulates
development of secondary sexual characteristics in males.

6. Why does menstruation occur?

Answer: The uterine lining thickens every month and is richly
supplied with blood vessels. If fertilisation occurs, the embryo
can implant on the uterine wall and the blood vessels will
ensure nourishment is provided. In the absence of
fertilisation, the uterine lining and unfertilized egg are
expelled out of the body through the vagina in the form of
blood and mucus. This periodic shedding of the uterine lining
is called menstruation. It occurs periodically every 28 days
on average.

7. Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal section

of a flower.
Answer:
8. What are the different methods of contraception?
Answer: Contraception is used during sexual intercourse to
prevent pregnancy and in some cases, sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs). The different methods of contraception can
be divided into the following categories:

In the event that an unwanted fertilisation occurs, Medical

Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is a procedure that can be
undertaken to get rid of the unwanted foetus. These
procedures also carry risks and care must be taken to get it
done by expert medical practitioners.

9. How are the modes for reproduction different in

unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Answer: Unicellular organisms are single celled and
therefore involve division of the single cell. Fission is the
main method of reproduction and depending on the number
of off-springs it can be binary or multiple.
Multicellular organisms on the other hand are made up of
several cells and can go up to organ system level of
organisation. As organisms gain complexity, their
reproduction techniques also become more elaborate. Few
methods include fragmentation, spore formation, vegetative
propagation and sexual reproduction.

10. How does reproduction help in providing stability to

populations of species?
Answer: Reproduction is the process by which organisms
create new off springs or individuals of their own kind. This
process is essential and helps in providing stability to a
population in the following ways:
- Reproductions ensures continuity of life on earth.
- It replaces the aging population with new individuals
which ensures survival of the species.
- Variations that get introduced in the population allow
higher adaptability to changing environments.
- In the absence of reproduction, the species would become
extinct over time.

11. What could be the reason for adopting contraceptive

methods?
Answer: The reason for adopting contraceptive methods
include:
 - Avoiding unwanted pregnancy
- Preventing spread of sexually transmitted diseases

IN TEXT QUESTIONS
Page 38
1. What is the importance of DNA copying in
reproduction?
Answer:
- DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the code or blueprint
which provides the information based on which proteins
are synthesized. The proteins in urn are responsible for
the characteristics of an individual. Thus, DNA copying
is a significant process in reproduction.
- It ensures that off springs receive the code for their
body design.
- It preserves the genetic information of the parents.
- Errors in DNA replication can lead to variations which
has several advantages in a population including
higher adaptability and survival rates.
- Variations are also the basis on which evolution occurs.

2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not

necessarily for the individual?
Answer: Variation refers to the subtle changes that occur
during DNA replication. The changes which get passed onto
off springs can be harmful, neutral or beneficial for an
individual.
For example, a variation which causes a deadly auto-immune
disease is harmful to individual A.
A variation which provides higher disease resistance to a
respiratory disease is beneficial to individual B.
A variation could result in a different shade of eye colour
which may not necessarily be harmful or beneficial to
individual C.

Individual A has lower chances of survival and therefore

lesser chances of passing on the harmful gene, whereas
individual B has higher chances of survival and passing on
the useful gene. In the long term, this means many
individuals in the population could have the beneficial gene.
Thus, variations may not make significant difference to an
individual but it is the basis on which a population becomes
diverse and continues to adapt to and survive in changing
environments.

Page 43
1. How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
Answer: Binary and multiple fission are methods of asexual
reproduction that are typically observed in single-celled
organisms. They can be differentiated as follows:

2. How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces

through spores?
Answer: Spore formation is a method of asexual
reproduction typically seen in fungi like Rhizopus. The
advantages of spore formation include:
- Formation of several spores in one sporangium which
increases the number of off springs. This helps to keep
the population intact.
- Spores are light and can easily be transported across
great distances by wind and water. This ensures spread
of the population over diverse geographies.
- The spores are hardy and can be resistant to high
temperatures and most weather conditions. This allows
 them to remain dormant in adverse conditions and
germinate only when conditions are favourable.

3. Can you think of reasons why more complex

organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through
regeneration?
Answer: Complex organisms, as the term suggests, have a
highly complex body organisation. Their body organisation
involves organ and organ system level of organisation. Here
the cells and tissues have highly differentiated to perform
niche and specific functions. These specialised tissues are
sometimes restricted to certain parts of the organism’ body,
for example, stomach cells are restricted to the abdominal
cavity. Regeneration occurs due to accidental separation of
body parts. For complex organisms, regeneration would
involve re-growth or reformation of several different types
of cells and tissues. This is impractical and therefore complex
organisms cannot give rise to new individuals using
regeneration.

4. Why is vegetative propagation practised for growing

some types of plants?
Answer: Vegetative propagation is the process of asexual
reproduction where plants can give rise to off springs from
existing body parts. This process occurs without the need to
form gametes and undergo sexual reproduction. There are
several advantages of vegetative propagation:
- It takes lesser time and has shorter maturation periods.
- The parent characteristics are preserved and the off
springs are genetically similar.
- It can help to grow plants that have less seeds or have lost
the capacity to produce seeds e.g. banana, oranges, roses
and jasmine.
- We can select plants with desired characteristics and use
methods of vegetative propagation to preserve and even
combine desired traits.
5. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process
of reproduction?
Answer: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic
material of most organisms. It is the blueprint for protein
formation. DNA needs to be replicated and passed onto the
off spring for the synthesis of any biological molecule. It also
contains the information for body organisation and design.
Hence DNA copying is essential during reproduction.

Page 50
1. How is the process of pollination different from
fertilisation?
Answer: Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther
of a flower to the stigma. This process is aided by several
abiotic agents like wind and water and biotic agents like
insects, birds and animals. Pollination occurs through
external environment.
Fertilization is the fusion of the male gamete sperm and
female gamete ovum to produce a zygote. This occur within
the ovary of the flower and hence involves the internal parts
of a flower.

2. What is the role of the seminal vesicles and the

prostate gland?
Answer: Seminal vesicles and the prostate gland secrete
fluids that aid the transfer of sperms. The secretion provides
a fluid medium which allows easier transport and nourishes
the sperm.

3. What are the changes seen in girls at the time of

puberty?
Answer: There are several changes in girls at the time of
puberty. A few of the changes include:
- Increase in height
- Growth of fine body hair
- Growth of thick hair in armpits and genital regions
- Darkening of skin in armpits and genital regions
- Development of breasts
- Begin menstruation
4. How does the embryo get nourishment inside the
mother’s body?
Answer: Once the embryo attaches to the uterine wall of the
mother, a disc shaped tissue called placenta develops. The
placenta has finger-like projections called villi on the
embryo’s side and blood spaces on the mother’s side. The
placenta is richly supplied with blood vessels which carry
nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s body to the embryo.
It also transports waste products and carbon dioxide from
the embryo to the mother’s blood, to be thrown out.

5. If a woman is using a copper-T, will it help in

protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases?
Answer: Copper-T is an intra-uterine device which is
implanted into the uterus of the female. It interferes with
fertilisation and implantation and can prevent unwanted
pregnancies. This will not protect the individual from
sexually transmitted diseases.
Previous Year Questions
(PYQs)
1. 1-Mark Questions (Q.1 – Q.14)
2. 2-Marks Questions (Q.15 – Q.21)
3. 3-Mark Questions (Q.22 – Q.24)
4. Diagram-Based Questions (Q.25 –
Q.29)

1-Mark Questions

1. Biological process that has been shown in the

diagram (regeneration diagram) is

(A) production of progenies by fragmentation

method
(B) production of progenies by multiple fission
method
(C) regeneration of tissues by development in
specialised cells
(D) asexual reproduction by vegetative propagation.
Answer: [June - 2023]
(C) regeneration of tissues by development in
specialised cells
2. Part of a flower in the plant that develops into fruit
is
(A) petal
(B) stigma
(C) ovary
(D) style. [July - 2022]

Answer:
(C) ovary
3. In humans, sexually transmitted viral infection is
(A) AIDS
(B) Syphilis
(C) Tuberculosis
(D) Gonorrhea.
Answer: [April - 2022]
(A) AIDS

4. The parts that develop into fruit and seed in a flower

respectively are
(A) stamen and ovary
(B) ovule and ovary
(C) ovary and ovule
(D) stamen and ovule [September - 2021]
Answer:
(C) ovary and ovule
5. In the human female reproductive system, the egg is
carried from ovary to the uterus through this part
(A) cervix
(B) fallopian tube
(C) placenta
(D) vagina [September - 2021]
Answer:
(B) fallopian tube
6. A common bacterial infection that spreads through
sexual contact in human beings is
(A) Gonorrhea
(B) AIDS
(C) Hepatitis-B
(D) Warts [September - 2021]
Answer:
(A) Gonorrhea
7. The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood
with the help of a special part called
(A) Fallopian tube
(B) Ovary
(C) Uterus
(D) Placenta [July - 2021]
Answer:
(D) Placenta
8. The common passage for both sperms and urine in
human male reproductive system is
(A) Urethra
(B) Ureter
(C) Vas deferens
(D) Urinary bladder [July - 2021]
Answer:
(A) Urethra
9. The type of reproduction found in Spirogyra is
(A) Budding
(B) Fragmentation
(C) Vegetative reproduction
(D) Spore formation [September - 2020]
Answer:
(B) Fragmentation
10. In the given figure of cotyledon the parts labelled
as A and B respectively are
(A) fruit, shoot
(B) primary shoot, primary root
(C) secondary root, primary shoot
(D) bud, leaf. [July - 2020]

Answer:
(B) primary shoot, primary root

11. The group of organisms that reproduce through

fission only is
(A) Amoeba, Hydra, Spirogyra
(B) Leishmania, Amoeba, Yeast
(C) Amoeba, Plasmodium, Planaria
(D) Plasmodium, Amoeba, Leishmania. [July - 2019]
Answer:
(D) Plasmodium, Amoeba, Leishmania.

12. In humans, the testes are located outside the lower

abdomen in the scrotum because
(A) to protect testes from mechanical shocks
(B) to increase the production of sperms
(C) to maintain the secretion of testosterone
hormone
(D) to maintain the temperature required for sperm
production. [April - 2023]
Answer:
(D) to maintain the temperature required for sperm
production.
13. Write two examples for the organisms that
reproduce by binary fission. [April - 2023]
Answer:
Amoeba and Leishmania
14. In males, testes are located outside the abdominal
cavity in scrotum. Why? [April - 2022]
Answer:
In males, testes are located outside the abdominal
cavity in scrotum because sperm production requires
temperature lower than body temperature.

2-Mark Questions
15. What is the function of ovary and fallopian tube in
human female reproductive system?
Answer: [April - 2022]
Ovary:
 Facilitates the maturation of eggs
 Produces hormones like Oestrogen
Fallopian tube:
 Site of fertilization of male and female gametes
 Fertilised egg/zygote is transported to uterus for
development

16. Explain the significant function of each structure

in human male reproductive system. [July - 2020]
Answer:
i) Testis: Produce sperms and the hormone testosterone
which is responsible for the development of secondary
sexual characteristics
ii) Scrotum: Encloses the testes and maintains the
temperature necessary for sperm production
iii) Urethra and Vas deferens: Transport sperm from
testis to penis
iv) Prostate gland and Seminal vesicle: Provide
secretions which nourishes sperm and facilitates easier
transport
v) Penis: Delivers the sperms to the external
environment from where it can travel to the site of
fertilisation
17. Explain the structure and important role of placenta
during gestation period of woman. [July - 2020]
Answer:
 Placenta is the specialized tissue formed at the
region of implantation. During pregnancy period
the embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood
with help of this disc shaped special tissue
embedded in the uterine wall.
 It contains villi on the side of the embryo and
blood spaces on the side of the mother.
 Villi provide glucose and oxygen to pass from
mother to embryo.
 Removes the wastes generated from the embryo
including carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
18. “The consistency in DNA replication during
reproduction is very important.” Justify. [July - 2020]
Answer:
DNA is the genetic material which forms the code for
protein synthesis. Proteins are necessary for the
formation of traits. If DNA replication is inconsistent,
the type of protein formed will vary which may affect
the survival of an organism. Thus, consistency of DNA
copying during reproduction is important. Reproduction
is linked to the stability of population of species.
19. In sustaining reproductive fertility of a person,
(a) position of the testis in the body
(b) secretion of the testosterone
(c) secretion of the prostrate gland are
supplementary to each other. Explain scientifically.
Answer: [June - 2019]
(a) Sperm formation requires a lower temperature
than body temperature. Hence testes in males are
located outside the body to facilitate sperm production.
(b) Testosterone regulates / stimulates the formation
of sperm. It also regulates development of secondary
sexual characteristics in males.
(c) Prostate gland along with seminal vesicle provide
secretions which nourishes sperm and facilitates easier
transport.
Thus, reproductive fertility is sustained in an individual.
20. In sustaining reproductive fertility of a person,
(a) position of the testis in the body
(b) secretion of the testosterone
(c) secretion of the prostate gland are
supplementary to each other. Explain scientifically.
Answer: [June - 2019]
(a) Sperm formation requires a lower temperature
than body temperature. Hence testes in males are
located outside the body to facilitate sperm production.
(b) Testosterone regulates / stimulates the formation
of sperm. It also regulates development of secondary
sexual characteristics in males.
(c) Prostate gland along with seminal vesicle provide
secretions which nourishes sperm and facilitates easier
transport.
Thus, reproductive fertility is sustained in an individual.
21. Differentiate between self-pollination and cross
pollination. [June - 2019]

3-Mark Questions
22. “Reaching to sexual maturation is an essential
event with respect to mammals like humans.”
Substantiate this statement. [June - 2023]
Answer:
Reproduction is an essential process in organisms to
ensure survival and continuity of the species. Human
beings, being complex organisms have specialised germ
cells to participate in reproduction.
In childhood, the resources are mainly directed to
achieve individual growth. During puberty, which occurs
in adolescence, the body begins to sexually mature and
reproductive tissues begin to develop.
Only sexually mature individuals are able to
participate in the process of reproduction. Some
common changes that occur in human beings are:
- dark colouration of skin in armpits and genital
regions,
- growth of thick hair in armpits and genital regions,
- development of hair on legs, arms and face and
- formation of acne or pimples due to skin becoming
more oily.
Some changes that are observed in male humans are:
- thick hair growth on face and chest,
- cracking of the voice, and
- ability of the penis to become erect occasionally, and
- production of male gametes called sperm.
Some changes that are observed in female humans
are:
- increase in breast size,
- voice changing to higher pitch,
- beginning menstruation, and
- development of female gametes called egg.
The sex hormones testosterone in males and oestrogen
in females play an important role in bringing about
these changes.
23. What is pollination? What are the changes that
occur in the flower after pollination? [April - 2023]
Answer:
Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grain from the
anther to the stigma of a flower.

Events that occur after pollination are:

 Germination of the pollen: Pollen tube develops.

  Fertilization: Pollen grain enters the ovary through
pollen tube and fuses with the ovum/egg and
zygote is formed as a result.
 Ovule develops a hard covering and transforms
into seed.
 Ovary grows rapidly and ripens into fruit.
 Petals, sepals, stamen, style and stigma may
shrivel and fall off.
24. How does uterus prepare to receive the fertilised
egg in woman? What happens if egg does not
fertilise? Explain. [July - 2022]

Answer:
The uterus prepares itself every month to receive fertilized
egg. The uterine lining thickens and becomes spongy. The
lining is richly supplied with blood vessels which will ensure
supply of oxygen and nutrients in the event of fertilization
and implantation.
If the egg is not fertilized, it lives for about one day. The
thick, spongy uterine lining slowly breaks and is expelled out
of the vagina as blood and mucous along with the
unfertilized egg. This process is called menstruation.
Menstruation is cyclical and occurs roughly every month.
Diagram-Based Questions
25. Draw the diagram of longitudinal section of a
flower and label ‘stigma’. 2 Marks [July - 2022]
26. Draw the diagram showing the longitudinal section
of a flower and label ‘ovary’. 2 Marks [April - 2022]
**Draw the following diagram and label the appropriate
parts**
27. Draw the diagram showing the germination of
pollen on stigma and label the pollen tube.
2 Marks [July - 2020]
28. Draw the diagram showing the germination of
pollen on stigma. 2 Marks [July - 2023]

29. Draw the diagram showing the germination of

pollen on stigma and label the part on which
pollination takes place. 2 Marks [June - 2019]
**Draw the following diagram and label the appropriate
parts**

=======================================