BASIC THERMODYNAMICS (ME 2101)
FALL 2020
CONCEPTS OF HEAT AND WORK, ZEROTH
LAW
D r. A b u H a m j a
A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r, D e p a r t m e n t o f M P E
A h s a n u l l a h U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e a n d Te c h n o l o g y
Work & Heat
In Mechanics, Work is the energy transfer associated with force acting through
a distance. Mathematically work done is evaluated by
2
W1 2 F ds
1
Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between two systems
(or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference.
Heat transfer and work transfer are the only mechanisms by which energy can
be transferred across the boundary of a closed system.
Hence, if the energy crossing the boundary of a closed system is not heat, it
must be work.
Heat
o Sensible heat: change in temperature
o Latent heat: change in phase
o Thermodynamic meaning of heat Transfer of thermal energy
o Heat is only recognized when it crosses the boundary of a system
Examples of Mechanical Work Concept
Work done due to gravitational effects:
𝐹⃗ 𝑚𝑔⃗
𝑊 𝑚𝑔 𝑑𝑍 𝑚𝑔 𝑍 𝑍 ≡ ∆𝐸
Work done due to change in a system’s velocity:
𝑑𝑉
𝐹⃗ 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑚
𝑊 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 ≡ ∆𝐸
𝑑𝑡 2
Thermodynamic Work
Work can take on a number of forms (e.g., electrical, mechanical, or magnetic)
since it can result from a variety of potential differences. The following general
definition attempts to accommodate all forms of work in a general manner:
Work (and only work) is performed by a
system on its surroundings during a process
if the only effect external to the system could
be the raising of a mass in a gravitational
field.
The raising of mass is in effect of force acting
through a distance, and so the work concept
of mechanics is included.
Examples of Work Interactions
Sign Conventions for Heat & Work
Point Function and Path Function
Point Function depends on the state only, and not on how a system reaches
that state.
All properties (e.g. temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy etc.) are
point functions. The differential of a property is “exact” (designated by
the symbol d.) since it is independent of details of the process, e.g.
2
dT T
1
2 T1
The cyclic integral of a point function is zero.
The magnitude of Path Function depend on the path followed during a process
as well as the end states. Work (W), heat (Q) are path functions.
Point Function and Path Function
The magnitude of Path Function depend on the path followed during a process
as well as the end states. Work (W), heat (Q) are path functions.
Differential of path functions are “inexact,” (designated by the symbol δ) the
following integral can’t be evaluated without knowing details of the process:
2 2
W W W W2 W1
1
1
The cyclic integral of a path function is non-zero.
Understanding Heat & Work Interactions
An Energy transfer can be heat or work depending on system selection.
General Expression for Work
A general system could have many possible
work modes, so a general work expression
is:
𝑊 𝑊 𝑊 𝑊 ………=∑ 𝑊
𝑊 ≡ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘: 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑊 ≡ 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘:
𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑊 ≡ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑊 ≡ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
Forms of Work
Compression & Expansion Work (Boundary Work)
Work is not a Property!
Polytropic Expansion & Compression
The term "polytropic" was originally coined to describe any reversible process
on any open or closed system of gas or vapor which involves both heat and
work transfer, such that a specified combination of properties were maintained
constant throughout the process. An Energy transfer can be heat or work
depending on system selection.
In Polytropic process the pressure-volume relationship can be described by
PVn= constant; n = constant
Polytropic Expansion & Compression
PVn= C; n = constant
V2 V2 V2
c
W1 2 PdV ( n )dV (cV n )dV
V1 V1 V V1
V V2
1 n
V21 n V11 n
c V1 c 1 n
1 n
but c=PV
1 1
n
PV
2 2
n
V2 V1
1 n 1 n
PV PV
2 2 1
n
V 1 n
Now, applying P2V 2 PV
n n
W1 2 PV
n
2 2
1 1
2
1 n
2
1 n
PV PV1 1
W1 2 2 2 n 1
1 n
Polytropic Expansion & Compression
For n = 1 PV= c, P = c/V (Isothermal Process)
c
V2 V2 V2
W1 2 PdV dV clnV
V1 V1 V V1
V2
clnV2 lnV1 c ln
V1
V
W1 2 P1V1 ln 2 n=1
V1
Polytropic Expansion & Compression
For n = 0 P=c (Isobaric Process)
V2
W1 2 PdV P(V2 V1 ) n0
V1
Polytropic Expansion & Compression
For n = ∞ V=c (Isochoric Process)
=0
Polytropic Expansion & Compression
Adiabatic System and Process
An adiabatic process should not be confused with an isothermal process. Even though there is no heat
transfer during an adiabatic process, the energy content and thus the temperature of a system can still be
changed by other means such as work.
Temperature and Zeroth Law of TD
• Based on our physiological sensations, we express the level of temperature qualitatively
• However, we cannot assign numerical values to temperatures based on our sensations
alone.
• Senses may be misleading.
• Several properties of materials change with temperature in a repeatable and predictable
way, and this forms the basis for accurate temperature measurement.
• The commonly used mercury-in-glass thermometer, for example, is based on the expansion
of mercury with temperature.
• Temperature is also measured by using several other temperature-dependent properties.
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium
with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Problems
o A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for
which the relationship between pressure and volume is given by, PVn =
constant. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the
final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process, in kJ, if (a) n =
1.5, (b) n = 1.0, and (c) n = 0.
o O2 is compressed in a quasi-static process according to the relation PV1.2=
constant. The initial pressure is 1000 kPa. Assuming an ideal gas behavior,
determine the work required to compress 100 kg of O2. Compare this work
with the work of isothermal compression.
Thanks for your attention
Questions?
Dr. Abu Hamja ([Link]@[Link])