In general, essential oils are obtained through steam distillation or water distillation from different
parts of the plant, including the whole plant or just the wood, bark, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, or
seeds. Essential oils and aromatherapy are not new remedies for ailments, but their popularity as
self-care natural medicine products has recently increased. Market reports indicate a strong growth
in the purchase of these products in the United States International Trade Centre. Aromatherapy:
characteristics of the market. [Link]/itc/market-insider/ essential-oils/ (accessed 2015 Jun
26 . Throughout history, these oils have been regarded with great interest, although many of their
uses have been lost with time, it is generally accepted that human beings have been extracting them
from aromatic plants since the dawn of humanity. The applications of essential oils for different
purposes are varied and include not only their use in cooking to enhance the taste and health benefits
of food, but also their application in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics. One alternative to
distillation that avoids chemical alteration to the final product is supercritical CO2 extraction. This
process tends to leave labile compounds and a wide range of other principles unaltered, for example,
when purified by means of this procedure, the final product may contain nonvolatile flavonoids.
Along with this growth in consumer sales, there has been an increase in the number of publications
regarding aromatherapy and essential oils (hereafter referred to collectively as essential oils) indexed
using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terminology over the past 10 years. These trends transcend
isolated areas of healthcare to coCHAPTER-1
ITRODUCTION
Essential oils are concentrated plant extracts that capture the natural fragrance, flavor, and
beneficial properties of plants. They are obtained through methods like steam distillation, cold
pressing, or solvent extraction. The oils are "essential" because they contain the essence of the
plant's scent and therapeutic properties(McCormick 2013).
These oils are used in a variety of ways, including:Inhaling the scent of essential oils is believed
to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and enhance mood. Some essential oils are used in diluted
form for their skin benefits, like soothing inflammation or promoting circulationCertain oils, like
tea tree or lemon, have antimicrobial properties and are used in homemade cleaning products.
They can be found in skincare products for their potential to nourish or rejuvenate the skin.
Certain oils, like eucalyptus or peppermint, are used for their respiratory benefits or to relieve
muscle tension.
Each essential oil has a unique set of properties, and they’re often used in blends to create
synergistic effects.
Is there a specific oil or use you’re interested What Are Essential Oils?
Essential oils are concentrated plant extracts that contain the volatile aromatic compounds found
in flowers, leaves, bark, and other parts of plants. These compounds are responsible for the
plant's characteristic scent and have various medicinal properties.
For example:
Lavender oil is known for its calming properties.
Peppermint oil is used to relieve headaches or digestive issu Extraction Methods
Essential oils are typically extracted using one of the following methods:
Steam distillation: This is the most common method where steam is used to extract the
essential oil from plant material.
Cold pressing: Primarily used for citrus oils like lemon and orange.
Solvent extraction: Used for delicate flowers like jasmine, which cannot withstand
heat(Kiritsakis and Markakis 1988).
Hyldgaard, M., et al. (2012). "Essential oils in food preservation: mode
of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components."
Frontiers in microbiology 3: 12.
Kiritsakis, A. and P. Markakis (1988). "Olive oil: a review." Advances
in food Research 31: 453-482.
Manion, C. R. and R. M. Widder (2017). "Essentials of essential oils."
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 74(9): e153-e162.
RESUlt and discusion of extraction of essential from ginger
McCormick, A. J. (2013). "Buddhist ethics and end-of-life care
decisions." Journal of social work in end-of-life & palliative care 9(2-3):
209-225.
Tiwari, B. K., et al. (2009). "Application of natural antimicrobials for
food preservation." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 57(14):
5987-6000.
Essential oils are concentrated extracts from plants that preserve a plant's inherent flavour,
aroma, and health benefits. They are produced using techniques including solvent extraction,
cold pressing, and steam distillation. The oils are considered "essential" as they capture the true
essence of the the plant's aroma and medicinal qualities(Hyldgaard, Mygind et al. 2012).
There are several applications for these oils, such as:
Aromatherapy: It is thought that breathing in the aroma of essential oils can improve mood, ease
tension, and encourage relaxation.
Massage or Tactical Use: For their skin-benefitting properties, such as reducing inflammation or
increasing circulation, certain essential oils are utilised topically in diluted form.
Cleaning: Homemade cleaning solutions include oils with antibacterial qualities, such as lemon
or tea tree(Kiritsakis and Markakis 1988, Tiwari, Valdramidis et al. 2009, Manion and Widder
2017).
Figure 1.2. examples of aliphatic
RESUlt and discusion of extraction of essential from gingerTable 4 Chemical composition of
sample (F3) collected during the diffusion-controlled extraction period CO +2 EtOH CO2 CO +2
IsoC3 Solvent 250 bar 250 bar 200 bar 200 bar 250 bar 200 bar 35 °C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C 35 °C
25 °C 25 °C 35 °C 35 °C Compound 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C Composition (% area) Composition (%
area) Composition (% area) Monoterpenes – -Myrcene – 2.86 – – – –– –––– Oxygenated
monoterpenes –––– – – Citronellol – – – ––– – 0.98 0.82 1.40 1.44 1.44 1.67 1.25 2.02 – Neral
1.48 – – – ––––––– ––– Linalool acetate 1.83 2.75 3.16 3.10 3.80 2.72 3.92 2.32 Geranial 3.15 –
4.28 5.32 Sesquiterpenes 1.40 1.57 1.72 1.73 2.34 Ar–curcumene 1.76 4.16 2.51 2.09 2.61 3.27
1.57 –––––– – – – Valencene – – – 3.62 4.40 3.92 4.36 4.90 5.15 6.88 5.01 5.40 2.26 10.04 10.73
-Zingiberene 0.56 0.63 – – 1.40 1.02 Trans--guaiene – ––––– 1.72 1.81 2.33 2.38 3.23 2.43 1.49
2.08 2.92 -Bisabolene 5.07 4.43 – 0.68 – 0.77 0.85 0.99 1.19 1.55 1.21 – – 2.08 2.27 Cadinene
2.01 –Sesquiphellandrene 2.23 3.57 2.82 2.86 3.98 2.97 2.67 – 5.08 5.75 1.81 ––––––– – – – –
Germacrene B – Gingerols, shogaols etc. – 1.91 1.68 1.43 1.67 1.97 1.25 1.55 1.65 – Zingerone
2.09 11.13 62.51 84.72 84.20 81.25 79.96 80.18 72.41 79.07 76.86 93.14 65.93
Gingerol+shogaol
Table 4 Chemical composition of sample (F3)
collected during the diffusion-controlled
extraction period CO +2 EtOH CO2 CO +2
IsoC3 Solvent 250 bar 250 bar 200 bar 200
bar 250 bar 200 bar 35 °C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C
35 °C 25 °C 25 °C 35 °C 35 °C Compound
25 °C 35 °C 25 °C Composition (% area)
Composition (% area) Composition (% area)
Monoterpenes – -Myrcene – 2.86 – – – ––
–––– Oxygenated monoterpenes –––– – –
Citronellol – – – ––– – 0.98 0.82 1.40 1.44
1.44 1.67 1.25 2.02 – Neral 1.48 – – –
––––––– ––– Linalool acetate 1.83 2.75 3.16
3.10 3.80 2.72 3.92 2.32 Geranial 3.15 – 4.28
5.32 Sesquiterpenes 1.40 1.57 1.72 1.73 2.34
Ar–curcumene 1.76 4.16 2.51 2.09 2.61 3.27
1.57 –––––– – – – Valencene – – – 3.62 4.40
3.92 4.36 4.90 5.15 6.88 5.01 5.40 2.26 10.04
10.73 -Zingiberene 0.56 0.63 – – 1.40 1.02
Trans--guaiene – ––––– 1.72 1.81 2.33 2.38
3.23 2.43 1.49 2.08 2.92 -Bisabolene 5.07
4.43 – 0.68 – 0.77 0.85 0.99 1.19 1.55 1.21 –
– 2.08 2.27 Cadinene 2.01 –
Sesquiphellandrene 2.23 3.57 2.82 2.86 3.98
2.97 2.67 – 5.08 5.75 1.81 ––––––– – – – –
Germacrene B – Gingerols, shogaols etc. –
1.91 1.68 1.43 1.67 1.97 1.25 1.55 1.65 –
Zingerone 2.09 11.13 62.51 84.72 84.20
81.25 79.96 80.18 72.41 79.07 76.86 93.14
65.93 Gingerol+shogaolTable 4 Chemical
composition of sample (F3) collected during
the diffusion-controlled extraction period CO
+2 EtOH CO2 CO +2 IsoC3 Solvent 250 bar
250 bar 200 bar 200 bar 250 bar 200 bar 35
°C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C 25 °C 35
°C 35 °C Compound 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C
Composition (% area) Composition (% area)
Composition (% area) Monoterpenes – -
Myrcene – 2.86 – – – –– –––– Oxygenated
monoterpenes –––– – – Citronellol – – – –––
– 0.98 0.82 1.40 1.44 1.44 1.67 1.25 2.02 –
Neral 1.48 – – – ––––––– ––– Linalool
acetate 1.83 2.75 3.16 3.10 3.80 2.72 3.92
2.32 Geranial 3.15 – 4.28 5.32
Sesquiterpenes 1.40 1.57 1.72 1.73 2.34 Ar–
curcumene 1.76 4.16 2.51 2.09 2.61 3.27 1.57
–––––– – – – Valencene – – – 3.62 4.40 3.92
4.36 4.90 5.15 6.88 5.01 5.40 2.26 10.04
10.73 -Zingiberene 0.56 0.63 – – 1.40 1.02
Trans--guaiene – ––––– 1.72 1.81 2.33 2.38
3.23 2.43 1.49 2.08 2.92 -Bisabolene 5.07
4.43 – 0.68 – 0.77 0.85 0.99 1.19 1.55 1.21 –
– 2.08 2.27 Cadinene 2.01 –
Sesquiphellandrene 2.23 3.57 2.82 2.86 3.98
2.97 2.67 – 5.08 5.75 1.81 ––––––– – – – –
Germacrene B – Gingerols, shogaols etc. –
1.91 1.68 1.43 1.67 1.97 1.25 1.55 1.65 –
Zingerone 2.09 11.13 62.51 84.72 84.20
81.25 79.96 80.18 72.41 79.07 76.86 93.14
65.93 Gingerol+shogaolTable 4 Chemical
composition of sample (F3) collected during
the diffusion-controlled extraction period CO
+2 EtOH CO2 CO +2 IsoC3 Solvent 250 bar
250 bar 200 bar 200 bar 250 bar 200 bar 35
°C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C 25 °C 35
°C 35 °C Compound 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C
Composition (% area) Composition (% area)
Composition (% area) Monoterpenes – -
Myrcene – 2.86 – – – –– –––– Oxygenated
monoterpenes –––– – – Citronellol – – – –––
– 0.98 0.82 1.40 1.44 1.44 1.67 1.25 2.02 –
Neral 1.48 – – – ––––––– ––– Linalool
acetate 1.83 2.75 3.16 3.10 3.80 2.72 3.92
2.32 Geranial 3.15 – 4.28 5.32
Sesquiterpenes 1.40 1.57 1.72 1.73 2.34 Ar–
curcumene 1.76 4.16 2.51 2.09 2.61 3.27 1.57
–––––– – – – Valencene – – – 3.62 4.40 3.92
4.36 4.90 5.15 6.88 5.01 5.40 2.26 10.04
10.73 -Zingiberene 0.56 0.63 – – 1.40 1.02
Trans--guaiene – ––––– 1.72 1.81 2.33 2.38
3.23 2.43 1.49 2.08 2.92 -Bisabolene 5.07
4.43 – 0.68 – 0.77 0.85 0.99 1.19 1.55 1.21 –
– 2.08 2.27 Cadinene 2.01 –
Sesquiphellandrene 2.23 3.57 2.82 2.86 3.98
2.97 2.67 – 5.08 5.75 1.81 ––––––– – – – –
Germacrene B – Gingerols, shogaols etc. –
1.91 1.68 1.43 1.67 1.97 1.25 1.55 1.65 –
Zingerone 2.09 11.13 62.51 84.72 84.20
81.25 79.96 80.18 72.41 79.07 76.86 93.14
65.93 Gingerol+shogaol
Table 4 Chemical composition of sample (F3) collected during the diffusion-controlled
extraction period CO +2 EtOH CO2 CO +2 IsoC3 Solvent 250 bar 250 bar 200 bar 200 bar 250
bar 200 bar 35 °C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C 35 °C 25 °C 25 °C 35 °C 35 °C Compound 25 °C 35 °C 25
°C Composition (% area) Composition (% area) Composition (% area) Monoterpenes – -
Myrcene – 2.86 – – – –– –––– Oxygenated monoterpenes –––– – – Citronellol – – – ––– – 0.98
0.82 1.40 1.44 1.44 1.67 1.25 2.02 – Neral 1.48 – – – ––––––– ––– Linalool acetate 1.83 2.75
3.16 3.10 3.80 2.72 3.92 2.32 Geranial 3.15 – 4.28 5.32 Sesquiterpenes 1.40 1.57 1.72 1.73 2.34
Ar–curcumene 1.76 4.16 2.51 2.09 2.61 3.27 1.57 –––––– – – – Valencene – – – 3.62 4.40 3.92
4.36 4.90 5.15 6.88 5.01 5.40 2.26 10.04 10.73 -Zingiberene 0.56 0.63 – – 1.40 1.02 Trans--
guaiene – ––––– 1.72 1.81 2.33 2.38 3.23 2.43 1.49 2.08 2.92 -Bisabolene 5.07 4.43 – 0.68 –
0.77 0.85 0.99 1.19 1.55 1.21 – – 2.08 2.27 Cadinene 2.01 –Sesquiphellandrene 2.23 3.57 2.82
2.86 3.98 2.97 2.67 – 5.08 5.75 1.81 ––––––– – – – – Germacrene B – Gingerols, shogaols etc. –
1.91 1.68 1.43 1.67 1.97 1.25 1.55 1.65 – Zingerone 2.09 11.13 62.51 84.72 84.20 81.25 79.96
80.18 72.41 79.07 76.86 93.14 65.93 Gingerol+shogaol