Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 04 – Resistors series configuration

Goal: This exercise has the purpose to illustrate the operation of resistors in
series configuration. We are going to use 3 resistors, but you can build up this
exercise using more than that. Try it.

Electric diagram: For the experiment execution, we illustrated the basic

configuration in the representation below. Observe the components, identify
them by the color code and execute the interconnection.

P1 R1 R2 R5 P6

Development: You must interconnect only the resistors R1, R2 and R5. In order to
do this, simply enter the jumpers on terminals 3 and 4 into J1, J2, J3, J4, J7 and
J10. Other jumpers must be disconnected. Measurements using an ohmmeter
can be made directly on the related points P1 and P6 on the module. Do not
forget to set the ohmmeter with the proper scale for a complete measurement.

Required Material:
Main Unit
RLC Module
Multimeter

Results: We obtained the following results: R1=10k Ω, R2=22k Ω, R5=47k Ω.

Equivalent resistance was 79 k Ω. This was the value measured, but this value
could vary ± 10% due to the resistors tolerance.

Conclusions: According to the results, as we configure resistors in series, as we

are increasing the resistance value, such value is the sum of the resistance. If all
resistors show the same tolerance, simply consider the tolerance indicated in the
final value, which in this case is 10 %.

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 16 - Integrator

Goal: This exercise has the purpose to illustrate the operation of an RC circuit,
series, performing as an integrator.

Electric diagram: For the experiment execution, we illustrated the basic

configuration in the representation below. Observe the components, identify
them and analyze the input and output signals.

R1 P2
P1

C4

P5

Development: You must interconnect only the resistor R1 and the capacitor C4.
In order to do this, simply enter the jumpers on terminals 3 and 4 into J1, J2 and
on terminals 5, 6 into J6 and J9. Other jumpers must be disconnected. On input
P1, apply a square wave signal 1Vpp (Constant Amplitude) starting from zero up
to some hundreds of Hz. In order to have a reference point for the input/output
signal reading, place the functions generator and the oscilloscope's “ground” on
point P5. Place on point P1 the oscilloscope's “probe” of channel 1 to check the
input signal wave shape and on point P2 place the probe of channel 2 to check
the amplitude of the output signal. Analyze the output signal according the
frequency variation. Check the output signal behavior when the frequency
reaches around 200 Hz comparing it with previous signals obtained.

Required Material:
Main Unit, RLC Module, Functions Generator, Oscilloscope.

Results: We obtained the following results: It was applied on input P1 a square

wave signal of 1Vpp constant amplitude (figure 1) and ranging the frequency
from zero up to approximately 200 Hz, we obtained a sawtooth wave signal on
output P2, as a consequence of the capacitor C4 load, see figures 2 and 3. From
this frequency on, the output signal reduced due to the time constant CR, see
figure 4. Because of this constant and the square wave signal period applied in
the input we had the output wave shape, however, its average value will always
be half of the input signal value.

Conclusions: The measure that increases the signal frequency applied in the
input does not reduce the output signal amplitude if the integration limit is not
exceeded. It’s important to notice that the input signal amplitude shall not suffer
variation in order to conclude correctly that the output signal will always have
the same average value.

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 16 - Integrator

Expected Results:
Frequency 200 Hz -- T= 2ms/Div -- U= 500mV/Div

Input Signal
Figure 1

Frequency 200 Hz -- T= 2ms/Div -- U= 500mV/Div

Output Signal
Figure 2

Frequency 200 Hz -- T= 5ms/Div -- U= 500mV/Div

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 3

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 16 - Integrator

Expected Results:
Frequency 400 Hz -- T= 1ms/Div -- U= 500mV/Div

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 4

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 23 – RL Circuit – Phase Shift

Goal: This exercise has the purpose to illustrate the existing phase shift in an RL
circuit, in function of frequency.

Electric diagram: For the experiment execution, we illustrated the basic

configuration in the representation below. Observe the components, identify
them and analyze the input and output signals.

L1 P2
P1

R4

P5
Development: You must interconnect only the inductor L1 and the resistor R4. In
order to do this, simply enter the jumpers on terminals 1 and 2 into J1, J2 and on
terminals 3, 4 into J6 and J9. Other terminals must be disconnected. Apply a sine
wave signal 1Vpp in the 1kHz frequency on point P5 and visualize the wave
shapes on R4 and L1. Place the functions generator and the oscilloscope’s
“ground” on point P1 to obtain a reference point for the input and output signal
reading. Place on point P5, the oscilloscope's “probe” of channel 1 to check the
R wave shape and on point P2 place the “probe” of channel 2 to check the L wave
shape.
Do not forget to set the oscilloscope with the proper scales x and y for a
complete measurement.

Required Material:
Main Unit
RLC Module
Functions Generator
Oscilloscope

Results: We have obtained the following results: On input P5, a sine wave signal
1Vpp was applied on 1 kHz frequency, see figure 1. We noticed that the waves
were different (figure 2 and 3) and with the increase of the frequency this
difference increased.

Conclusion: The phase shift is function of xL and R, when xL raises with the
frequency growth, increasing the phase shift. If we vary the signal frequency
applied in the input, the angle phase shift angle will vary, approximately from the
minimum value (0°) to the maximum (90°). 0° and 90° are only theoretical values.

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 23 – RL Circuit – Phase Shift

Expected Results:
Frequency= 1 kHz -- T= 500μs/Div – U= 500 mV/Div

Input Signal
Figure 1

Frequency 1 kHz -- T = 200µs /Div

Red Signal 500 mV / Div – Blue Signal --U= 200 mV/Div

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 2

Frequency 1 kHz – T = 200µs /Div

Red Signal 200 mV / Div – Blue Signal --U= 100 mV/Div

Input Signal
Output Signal
Figure 3

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 26 – Low Pass Filter

Goal: This exercise has the purpose to illustrate the operation of an RC circuit,
series, as low pass filter.

Electric diagram: For the experiment execution, we illustrated the basic

configuration in the representation below. Observe the components, identify
them and analyze the input and output signals.

R1 P2
P1

C4

P5
Development: You must interconnect only the resistor R1 and the capacitor C4.
In order to do this, simply enter the jumpers on terminals 3 and 4 into J1 and J2,
on terminals 5 and 6 into J6 and J9. Other jumpers must be disconnected. On
input P1, apply a sine wave signal 1Vpp (Constant Amplitude) starting from zero
up to some kHz. In order to have a reference point for the input/output signal
reading, place the functions generator and the oscilloscope’s “ground” on point
P5. Place on point P1, the “oscilloscope's probe” of channel 1 to check the input
signal wave shape and on point P2 place the probe of channel 2 to check the
output signal amplitude. Analyze the output signal according to the frequency
variation, always checking the input signal amplitude. Check the output signal
behavior when the frequency reaches around 200 Hz comparing it with previous
signals obtained. Do not forget to set the oscilloscope with the proper scales x
and y for a complete measurement.

Required Material:
Main Unit
RLC Module
Functions Generator
Oscilloscope

Results: We obtained the following results: It was applied on input P1, a sine
signal wave 1Vpp constant amplitude and ranging the frequency from zero up to
approximately 1 kHz, we obtained on output P2 a signal, initially with 1Vpp
amplitude and that decreased its amplitude with the increase of the signal
frequency applied in the input, see figures 1, 2 and 3. Figure 4 shows the output
signal with 700 mVpp amplitude, showing the low pass filter cutoff frequency
that occurred around 200 Hz. From this moment on, increasing the frequency led
to signal’s attenuation, as shown in the figures 5 and 6.

Conclusions: According to the results, increasing the signal frequency applied in

the input, reduced the output signal amplitude. It is important to notice that the
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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

input signal amplitude shall not suffer variation, in order to conclude correctly
that the output signal is being reduced in function of the frequency and not the
input signal amplitude. Remember that this variation may occur due to the non
impedance matching, between signal generators and input low pass filter.

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 26 – Low Pass Filter

Expected Results:

Frequency= 10 Hz -- T= 20mS/DIV -- U= 500mV/DIV

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 1

Frequency= 100 Hz -- T= 5mS/DIV -- U= 500 mV/DIV

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 2

Frequency= 150 Hz -- T= 2mS/DIV -- U= 500 mV/DIV

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 3

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Exercise booklet for Electricity, Analog and Digital Electronic studies

Exercise RLC 26 – Low Pass Filter

Expected Results:

Frequency= 200 Hz -- T= 2mS/DIV -- U= 500 mV/DIV

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 4

Cutoff frequency, blue signal has 70% of the input signal in red.

Frequency= 500 Hz -- T= 500µS/DIV -- U= 500 mV/DIV

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 5

Frequency= 1 kHz -- T= 500µS/DIV – U= 500 mV/DIV

Input Signal

Output Signal
Figure 6