Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
MAT216 : Linear Algebra and Fourier Analysis
Tapan Biswas(TBW)
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Equivalent Matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent if one can be obtained from the
other by a finite sequence of elementary row / elementary column operations.
Example: Let
1 2 1 2
A= , R2 → R2 − 3R1 , B = .
3 4 0 −2
Hence, A ∼ B and therefore A and B are equivalent matrices.
Identity Matrix:: A n × n identity matrix is a square matrix with 1 on the main diagonal and 0 elsewhere.
It is often denoted by I.
1 0 0
1 0
Examples: I2 = , I3 = 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1
Inverse of a Matrix:
The square matrix A−1 is called the inverse of a square matrix A if A · A−1 = A−1 A = I.
Permutation Matrix:: A permutation matrix is a square matrix obtained by performing a row or column
swap on an identity matrix.
1 0 0 1
Example: Swapping the two rows of I2 = gives P = .
0 1 1 0
Elementary Matrix:: An elementary matrix is a square matrix obtained by performing an elementary row
or column operation on an identity matrix.
1 0 1 0
Example: Adding twice the first row to the second row of I2 = gives E = .
0 1 2 1
Elementary Row Operations:
1. Swapping any two rows. (Ri ↔ R j )
2. Multiplying a row by a non-zero constant. (R′i = k · Ri , where k ̸= 0)
3. Adding or subtracting a multiple of one row to another row. (R′i = Ri ± k · R j )
Homework
1. What is Elementary Matrix and Permutation Matrix?
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2. Write down 3 random Elementary Matrix and Permutation Matrix.
1 4
3. Find the inverse of A = using the Gauss–Jordan elimination method (reduced row echelon
3 0
form).
3 0 2
4. Find A−1 for A = 2 0 −2 by using the Gauss–Jordan elimination method (reduced row echelon
0 1 1
form).
1 3 −2
5. Consider A = 2 4 7 . Justify the statement “A is not invertible” using row operations.
3 7 5
6. (a) Calculate the inverse of the matrix using Gauss–Jordan elimination method:
2 2 3
A= 1 −3 1
1 2 0
(b) Hence solve the system of equations:
2x + 2y + 3z = 1
x − 3y + z = 2
x + 2y = 5
7. Solve the following system of equations using inverse matrix technique. (Calculate the inverse matrix
using row operations).
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 5 2x1 − x2 − x3 = 6
2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 1 x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 1
3x1 + 2x2 + z = 4 3x1 − x2 − 5x3 = 1
8. Determine the values of λ and µ such that the system x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y + λ z = µ
has (i) a unique solution, (ii) more than one solution, and (iii) no solution.
9. Determine the values of δ such that the system x + y − z = 1, 2x + 3y + δ z = 3, x + δ y + 3z = 2 has
(i) a unique solution, (ii) more than one solution, and (iii) no solution.
Question: Determine
10. the values of a and b such that the system represented by the augmented matrix
a 0 b 2
a a 4 4 has (i) a unique solution, (ii) more than one solution, and (iii) no solution.
0 a 2 b
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