1

2
3
Introduction to Trig
Identities

Trig Identities Word

Problem: Part 1

Trig Identities Word

Problem: Part 2

4
In triangle ABC, if angle A is placed at the origin
• sin A = opp / hyp = a / c B
• cos A = adj / hyp = b / c
c
 sin2 A + cos 2 A a
= (a/c) 2 + ( b/c)2 A
2 2 b C
a b
= 2
 2
c c In any right angled
a b
2 2
c2 triangle : a2 + b2 = c2
 2  2
=1 …… Pythagoras!.
c c 5
RHS =
sin  =
B

cos  c
a
A
a b
= C
b
= tan  6
 sin x cos x Adding fractions 

1  cos x sin x common denominator.

sin x cos x

1  cos x sin x

sin x  cos x  cos x

2 2
1  cos x 1
  
sin x (1  cos x ) sin x (1  cos x ) sin x

Proving Trig Identities 1 Proving Trig Identities 2

7
(1 – sin2  )(1+ tan2 )

= (1 – sin2  )( 1 + )

 )( cos   sin 
2 2
= (1 – sin2
cos 
2

= (cos2  )( 1 )

=1 cos 
2
8
Quadrants of the Cartesian Plane 9
 CAST Diagram

It is IMPORTANT to memorize the CAST diagram,

as we can then determine the sign of the function:
• sinx: + Q1 & Q2
- Q3 & Q4
• cosx: + Q1 & Q4
- Q2 & Q3
• tanx: + Q1 & Q3 Quadrants of the
- Q2 & Q4 Cartesian Plane
10
sin θ = b / r P` is the reflection of P
about the y axis (Q 2)
sin(1800 - θ) = b/r
r = radius
= sin θ
cos θ = a / r P`(-a;b) P(a;b)
1800-θ
cos (1800 - θ ) = - a/r
 
= - cos θ O
tan θ = b / a
tan (1800 - θ ) = b/-a
= - tan θ 11
sin θ = b / r P` is the reflection of P
about the origin (Q 3)
sin(1800 + θ) = -b/r
r = radius
= - sin θ
cos θ = a / r P(a;b)
1800+ θ
cos (1800 + θ ) = - a/r

= - cos θ  O
tan θ = b / a
P`(-a;-b)
tan (1800 + θ ) = -b/-a
= tan θ 12
sin θ = b / r P` is the reflection of P
about the x-axis (Q 4)
sin(3600 – θ ) = -b/r
r = radius
= - sin θ
cos θ = a / r P(a;b)
3600- θ
cos (3600 – θ ) = a/r

= cos θ O
tan θ = b / a
tan (3600 – θ ) = -b/a
P`(a;-b)
= - tan θ 13
sin θ = b / r 360 + θ is a full rotation
and an acute angle (Q 4)
sin(3600 + θ ) = b/r
r = radius
= sin θ
cos θ = a / r P(a;b)
3600+ θ
cos (3600 + θ ) = a/r

= cos θ O
tan θ = b / a
tan (3600 + θ ) = b/a
P`(a;-b)
= tan θ 14
tan 180° − 𝑥 . cos 360° + 𝑥 . sin(180° + 𝑥)
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 . sin(360° − 𝑥)
−tan 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . −sin𝑥
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 . −sin𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
. cos 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
−1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
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 cos 180° − 𝑥 . sin(180° − 𝑥)
1.
tan(360° − 𝑥). sin(360° − 𝑥)

−tan(180° − 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 . −sin(180° + 𝑥)

2.
cos(360° + 𝑥). tan(𝑥 + 180°)

sin(180° − 𝑥) + tan(180° + 𝑥)
3.
− cos 180° + 𝑥 + 1

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17
Quiz: 60º Special Triangle Quiz: 45º Special Triangle

600
2 1
2 1

300 450

3 1
Quiz: 30º Special Triangle MEMORIZE THEM!
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 𝑠𝑖𝑛135°. 𝑐𝑜𝑠210°
𝑡𝑎𝑛300°
sin(180° − 45°). cos(180° + 30°)
=
tan(360° − 60°)
𝑠𝑖𝑛45°. −𝑐𝑜𝑠30°
=
−𝑡𝑎𝑛60°
1 3 3
= . ÷
2 2 1
3 1 1
= × =
2 2 3 2 2 19
 cos 225° . si𝑛150°
1.
tan 210°

−𝑡𝑎𝑛120°. cos 330°

2.
sin240°

sin135° + cos315°
3.
𝑡𝑎𝑛300°. 𝑠𝑖𝑛120°

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21
From A’s point of view,
AC is adjacent B
 cos A = b / c
From B’s point of view,
c a
AC is opposite
 sin B = b / c
A
b adj C
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 cos A = b / c = sin B

As C = 90 0 and so A + B = 900
B
 B = 900 - A

 sin B = sin ( 900 – A )

c a
but sin B = b / c

sin ( 900 – A ) = b / c
= cos A A b C 23
In the same way it can be shown that
cos( 900 – A ) = sin A B

cos ( 90o – A )
= cos B
c a
= a/c
= sin A

A b C
24
 A(-a;b)

• cos A = b / r B(a;b)

b 900+A
• sin ( 900 + A ) a
= b/r
C -a A b
B C
 sin ( 900 + A ) = cos A

25
900 : Change name to its co – function …

• sin ( 900 – A ) = cos A

• sin ( 900 + A ) = cos A

• cos ( 900 – A ) = sin A

• cos ( 900 + A ) = - sin A

26
 Use reductions …

tan(180  A). 1  sin A

0 2
sin2A + cos2A =1
cos(900  A)
Don’t forget
 (tan A). cos 2 A co-functions!
sin A 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
sin A . cos A 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 =
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
cos A . sin A

=1 Simplifying Trig Expressions

27
 cos 90° − 𝑥 . cos(180° − 𝑥)
1.
sin(𝑥 + 360°). sin(90° − 𝑥)

−sin(90° + 𝑥) . tan(180° − 𝑥)
2.
cos(90° + 𝑥)

3. sin50° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠40°

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29
In “normal” reductions, θ is always
rotated in an anti-clockwise direction.
r = radius
BUT…

When working with

negative angles,
θ is rotated in a O −𝜃
clock-wise direction.

Negative Angles
30
θ is acute => - θ lies in the 4th quadrant…
r = radius

 sin (- θ) = - sin θ

 cos (- θ) = cos θ

 tan (- θ) = - tan θ
O −𝜃

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 sin −45° . cos −𝑥 . sin(90° + 𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠225°
−𝑠𝑖𝑛45°. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
cos(180 + 45°)
−1
. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2
=
−𝑐𝑜𝑠45°
−1
. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2 2
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
−1
2 32
 cos 180° − 𝑥 . tan(−𝑥)
1.
sin(𝑥 − 180°). sin(90° − 𝑥)

sin(−30°). cos110°
2.
sin20°. cos(−60°)

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 −60° − sin 330°

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34
a) Solve for x for 𝑥 ∈ [0°; 360°] given: sin x = 0.5
… sin x is pos in Q1 & Q2
(Q1) (Q2)
x = Ref. angle x = 180º - Ref. angle
= 30º = 180º - 30º
= 150º
This is called a specific solution, as we are
solving for specific values of x between 0° and 360°.
Visualising the solution of y=sinx when y = 0.5 35
b) Find the general solution given: sin x = -0.6
… sin x is neg in Q3 & Q4
(Q3)
x = 180º + Ref. angle + 360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
= 180º + 36.87º + 360°𝑛
= 216.87º + 360°𝑛
(Q4)
x = 360º - Ref. angle + 360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
Solving an equation
= 360º - 36.87º + 360°𝑛 using the y = sinx graph
= 323.13º + 360°𝑛 36
This is called a general solution, as these answers
repeat themselves every 360°.

Therefore, when asked to solve a trig equation, we

will always start with the general solution, by
adding “the normal period” × 𝑛; where 𝑛 ∈
𝑍 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 .

If they give a specific period in which a solution

must lie, then substitute values for n to solve
specifically.
37
c) Find the general solution given: 2cos x = 0.8
cos x = 0.4
(Q1)
x = Ref. angle + 360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
= 66.42º + 360°𝑛

(Q4)
x = 360º - Ref. angle + 360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
= 360º - 66.42º + 360°𝑛
= 293.58º + 360°𝑛 38
c) Solve for x for 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°] : cos 2x = 0.6
(Q1)
2x = Ref. angle + 360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
2x = 53.13º + 360°𝑛
x = 26.57º +180°𝑛
(Q4)
2x = 360º - Ref. angle + 360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
2x = 360º - 53.13º + 360°𝑛
2x = 306.87º + 360°𝑛
x = 153.44º +180°𝑛 39
Continued …
c) Solve for x for 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°] : cos 2x = 0.6

(Q1) (Q4)
x = 26.57º +180°𝑛 x = 153.44º +180°𝑛

(n = 0): x = 26.57º  (n = 0): x = 153.44º 

(n = 1): x = 206.57º  (n = 1): x = 333.44º 
(n = -1): x = -153.43º  (n = -1): x = -26.56º 
(n = -2): x = -333.43º  (n = -2): x = -206.56º 
40
Trinomial Trig Equation
1. 3 tan 𝑥 + 4 = 0

2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = −0.25

3. cos 𝑥 − 10° = 0.3

41
1. 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ −270°; 300°

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°]

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 270°]

42
43
For which values of x will the solution be undefined?

i.e. When the denominator of a fraction = 0

1
e.g. a) For which values of x will = 0 be
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
undefined for 𝑥 ∈ 0°; 360° ?

sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0°; 180°; 360°

44
e.g. b) For which values of x will tan 𝑥 = 0 be
undefined for 𝑥 ∈ 0°; 360° ?

tan 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0°; 180°; 360°

Where else??
At the asymptotes!
𝑥 = 90°; 270°

45
46
• In Δ ABD, sin B = AD / AB A
AD = AB . sin B b
c
• In Δ CAD, sin C= AD / AC
 AD = AC . sin C
B D C
a
AC . sin C = AD = AB . sin B

ie b sin C = c sin B Sine Rule

Proof
or b / sin B = c / sin C 47
 a b c sin A sin B sin C
  or  
sin A sin B sin C a b c
A
Note: You need
√
√
2 sides and 2 angles!

√
C √ B
Identifying the angles & lengths for the Sine rule
48
 If ABC has a = 45,  B = 360 and  A =
650, determine the length of side b.
b a
B 
sin B sin A
b 45
360 
a=45 sin 36 0
sin 65 0
45 sin 36
650 b
sin 65
A b= ? C b = 29.18 (to 2 dp)
Sine Rule – Finding a length 49
If ABC has a = 45m, b = 26m and  A = 650,
determine the magnitude of  B
sin B sin A sin B sin 65
 ie 
B b a 26 45

26. sin 65
? a=45 sin B  = 0.5236..
45

Key  = 31.580 : Q 1 or 2
650
1 solution:  Opp smaller side
A b= 26m C  B = 31.580
Sine Rule – Finding an angle 50
 If ABC has a = 45m, b = 66m and  A = 360,
determine the magnitude of  B
sin B sin A sin B sin 36
 ie 
B b a 66 45
66. sin 36
? sin B  = 0.862…
a=45 45
Key  = 59.550 : Q 1 or 2
360
2 solutions:  Opp larger side
A b= 66m C
Practicing the Sine Rule B = 59.550 or 120.450 51
52
 a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A

When to use the cosine rule:

Given 2 sides and an included angle and

need to find a side
OR
Given 3 sides and need to find an angle
53
•

54
In Δ ACD, C
cos A = AD / AC
=x/b a
b
x = b cos A h

AC2 = AD2 + DC2 x D c-x

A B
b2 = x2 + h2 c
In DBC CB2 = CD 2 +BD 2
a2 = h 2 + (c – x) 2
a 2 = h2 + c2 - 2cx + x2 55
•x = b cos A C
b2 = x2 + h 2 a
b
h
a 2 = h2 + c2 - 2cx + x2
A
x D c-x B
= x 2 + h2 + c2 – 2cx c
= b2 + c 2 – 2c ( b cosA )
= b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A
Cosine Rule Proof 56
 C
Find a: b=20cm
a=?
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
560 A
= (20)2 +(16)2 – 2(20)(16) cos 560
c=16cm
B
= 298.116…
a = 17.266..
= 17.27 cm Remember to find
the square root

Cos Rule - Finding a length Cos Rule – Light House

57
 Cos Rule –
Finding an angle
Determine the size of  C.
C
Cos C = a b c
2 2 2

b=4cm
2ab
= (5)  ( 4)  (7)
2 2 2
560 A
2.(5).( 4) c=7cm
= - 0.2 B

C = 1800 – 78.460 Key  = 78.46

= 101.540 Quad = 2 & 3 58
59
In ΔADC, sin C = AD/AC A
 AC. sin C = AD b
c
But
Area of Δ ABC = ½ base x ht
B D C
= ½ BC . AD a
= ½ BC . AC. sin C
= ½ a b sin C
60
 A
b
c

B C

Area of Δ ABC = ½ a b sin C

61
In Δ PQR, PQ = 6, QR = 10 and  PQR = 750.
Determine the area of ΔPQR
P
r =6 Area Δ PQR = ½[Link]
750 = ½ 10.6.sin750
Q
p=10 = 28.98 ( to 2 dp)
R

Area Rule
62
 The area of Δ XYZ is 158cm2. If x = 45 cm and
y = 69 cm determine the magnitude of  Z.
Area Δ XYZ = ½[Link]
X
y=69 158 = ½ 45. 69 sin Z
? sin Z = (2. 158) / (45.69)
Z = 0,10177…
Y
Key  = 5.80 : Quad = 1 or 2
  Z = 5.80 or 180 – 5.80
= 5.80 or 174.20 63
M is the point on the side PN of triangle KPN.
PM = 7, MN = 5, KM = 8 and KN = 7 units.
Calculate:-
1.  KNM 2.  KMN 3. Area triangle KMP
K

7
8

P 7 M 5 N
64
 K
1.  KNM: In KMN
7
cos N = k m n
2 2 2
8
2km
(5)  (7)  (8)
2 2 2
P 7 M 5 N

2(5)( 7)

= 0.14285…
Key  = 81.7867.. : Quads are 1 & 4
N = 81.790
65
2.  KMN: In KMN K
7
sin M sin N
 8
m n
P 7 M 5
0
sin M sin 81.79 N

7 8
7. sin 81.79 0
sin M  = 0.866…
8
Key  = 60 : Quads are 1 & 2
 M = 600 66
3. Area KMP: In KMP K
7
KMP = 1800 – 600 8
= 1200 adj ’s on str line
P 7 M 5 N
Area ΔKMP = ½ k.p . sin M

= ½ (7).(8) sin 1200

= 24.2487….
Practicing the Cos Rule
= 24.25 67
 Recap: Calculate the length of
string needed to hang the mirror 68
AC is the diameter of circle ACD.
DC is produced to B and AB is drawn.
AB = 8 units; B = 300 and BC = 5 units.
1. Prove that AC = 4,44 units ( rounded off to 2dp)
2. Calculate, correct to 1 decimal place :
2.1 A1 A
2.2 C2 1
2.3 AD 8 2
B 300
1 2
5
C
D 69
Finding AC:
In Δ ABC
AC2 = BA2 + BC2 – 2. BA. BC. Cos B

= 82 + 5 2 - 2. 5. 8. cos 30
A
= 19,717
8
1
AC = 4,44 2
B 300
1
5 2
C
D 70
 Find  A1 and AC = 4,44
Which triangle will we use?
A
1
B 300 4.44
sinA = 5. sin 30
4,44 5
C
= 0,563… A
8
1
A1 = 34,27… 2
B 300
1
= 34,30 5 2
C
D 71
Find C2
A
34.31 2
In Δ ABC 8
B 300
A1 = 34.30
1 2
5 C
C2 = B + A1
= 300 + 34.30 D
= 64,30 111

ext  = sum of interior opposite ’s

72
Find AD
A
In ΔACD:
1
2
D = 900 B 300
84.44
and C2 = 64.30 1 2
5 900
AC = 4.44 C
D
Sin C2 = AD / AC
64.30
Sin 64,3 = AD / 4.44
 subtended by
 AD = 4,44 sin 64,3 diameter
= 4 Basic trig ratio as this is a
right angled triangle 73