Arthropods, 2012, 1(2):63-72

Article

Effects of the host and parasitoid densities on the quality production of

Trichogramma chilonis on lepidopterous (Sitotroga cereallela and Corcyra
cephalonica) eggs

Farzana Perveen, Rizwana Sultan

Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra- 21300, Pakistan
E-mail: farzana_san@[Link]

Received 6 February 2012; Accepted 9 March 2012; Published online 5 June 2012
IAEES

Abstract
The present study was conducted for efficient and quality production of the stingless wasp, Trichogramma
chilonis Ishii with respect to rearing host and parasitoid densities of the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga
cereallela (Olivier) and the rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) on its biology. For host density,
percentage parasitism and adult longevity was the highest at 20 eggs whereas emergence was the highest from
10 eggs of S. cereallela while of C. cephalonica percentage parasitism and emergence was the highest at 10
eggs. For parasitoid density, parasitism was the highest at 5 pairs of T. chilonis. Percentage of emergence and
longevity remained similar among all the 5 treatments. It is concluded that S. cereallela eggs more suitable as
compare to C. cephalonica eggs for mass and quality rearing of parasitoid, T. chilonis.

Keywords adult longevity; Corcyra cephalonica; developmental period; host age; parasitism; Sitotroga
cerealella; Trichogramma chilonis.

1 Introduction
Conservation as a biological control method includes crop management practices that protect and encourage
natural enemies and increase their impact on pests. The selective use of natural enemies, which are planting by
strip on crops in and around the fields, necessarily food and habitat are provided to them, have been exercised.
The parasitoid stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) has been conserved along with other natural
enemies in Pakistan (Irshad, 2008).
Several factors affect the mass rearing and quality production of T. chilonis, i.e., temperature, relative
humidity, photoperiod, host and parasitoid eggs densities and host egg quality. For rearing of T. chilonis on a
commercial scale, it is necessary to use a factitious rearing host, such as the Mediterranean flour moth,
Ephestia kuehniella (Zell), the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier) and the rice meal moth,
Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) rather than the natural or target host. The choice of factitious host is often
dictated by the ease of rearing and not necessarily by any factors related to the likely success of the wasps
being produced. Factitious hosts are selected on the simplicity of their mass production, mechanization of
rearing processes and cost of production compared with that of using the target pest (Greenberg et al., 1998).
Environmental factors and host quality can effect developmental period, longevity, parasitism, adult
emergence from parasitized eggs and sex ratio (Corrigan and Laing, 1994).

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Trichogramma chilonis is an important egg parasitoid used for the control of sugar cane borers (Ashraf and
Fatima, 1993). Sitotroga cerealella originally proposed by Flanders (1930), is one of the most commonly used
as fictitious host for rearing Trichogramma sp. It is known that host and parasitoid eggs densities are one of
the most important factors determining host acceptance in insect parasitoids (Vinson, 1985).
The periodic release of the natural enemies does not occur naturally in sufficient numbers to keep the pest
below damaging levels. Augmentation can be carried out by inundated releases or inoculate releases. The
inundated is achieved by flooding the crop with multiple releases of insectary reared natural enemies. The
released parasitoids/predators control pests present at the time, but there is little expectation that later
generation of these natural enemies will persist at sufficient levels to provide control. This approach requires a
large number of natural enemies at the precise time when pest eggs are present and crop weather conditions are
conductive to the release (Singh et al., 2002).
In a T. chilonis production facility, the host eggs are collected at specified time intervals. The host and
parasitoid eggs densities involves in T. chilonis production in at least two ways. Firstly, the oviposition
preference of the parasitoid females (Pak, 1986) and secondly, as an indicator of the resource quality available
for the developing parasitoid larvae thus affecting the physiology of host parasitoid interaction (Vinson and
Iwantsch, 1980). Guang and Oloo (1990) and Schmidt et al. (1999) found that T. chilonis significantly
decreased its parasitization when the eggs were older than 48 h at the time of encounter. Farid et al. (2001)
found that T. chilonis preferred young eggs when offered along with older eggs simultaneously. Old eggs were
not parasitized in the presence of younger eggs. Under no choice test, the parasitoids offered only one age
group host at a time, parasitism, adult emergence, and adult longevity did not differ among different age
groups of host. Only difference of host age is that the female ratio of emerging T. chilonis dropped below 1%.
The present research was conducted to check the effect of host and parasitoid densities on biology, i.e.,
parasitism, adult emergence, adult longevity and sex ratio of T. chilonis feeding on S. cereallela and C.
cephalonica eggs under laboratory conditions for efficient and quality production of T. chilonis.

2 Material and Methods

2.1 Insects rearing
For the present research, the cultures of S. cerealella and C. cephalonica were maintained under laboratory
conditionon on the natural diet, i.e., wheat grains. The rearing temperature was maintained at 28±1 ºC, 16 h
light: 8 h dark photoperiod and 50±60% relative humidity in the Biological Control Laboratory (BCL), Insect
Pest Management program (IPM), Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection (IPEP), National
Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan during July-December, 2010 (Henderson, 1993).
2.2 Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella
For rearing, eggs of S. cerealella were released in trays (36×30×5 cm) having 5 kg wheat grains in upper part
of mass rearing chamber made up of tin sheets, consisted of two parts, its upper part was rectangular
(37×37×50 cm) while lower was tapered downward with an opening (3×3 cm). Adults collecting box was
attached with it. Upon hatching larvae were fed on wheat grains, then pupated and adults were emerged within
25–30 days and dropped directly into adults collecting box. When it contained sufficient number of adults, was
daily replaced with empty one. Adults were placed on starch in plastic plates, they laid eggs, were collected by
sieving starch with 80 no of mesh sieve. The eggs were used for further experimental purpose (Fig. 1).

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a b

c d
Fig. 1 Rearing of Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier); step 1: eggs of S. cereallela were released in trays
(36×30×5 cm) filled with 5 kg wheat grains, tag showing dates on which eggs were added in the wheat grains: a; eggs of S.
cereallela in trays: b; step 2: five mass rearing chambers made up of tin sheets, in which trays filled with 5 kg wheat grains,
eggs of S. cereallela were placed in the upper parts of chambers which have two parts: the upper one (37×37×50 cm) was
rectangular while lower one tapers downwards with an opening (3×3 cm). An adult collection box was attached to the lower
side; the adults were dropped directly into oviposition jars, attached to the lower end of the chamber, were replaced daily with
new ones: c; step 3: oviposition jars were placed on starch present in plastic plates, adults laid eggs in starch; the eggs were
collected and used for further experiments: d.

2.3 Rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica

Under the same laboratory conditions, for maintenance of culture of C. cephalonica, 150-200 eggs were mixed
daily up to 25 days in the jars containing 1½ kg of rice grain in transparent glass jars (22×55 cm), then the jars
were covered with muslin cloth. The larvae fed on rice grain and moulted then pupated. Adults were emerged

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after 60–75 days. The adult female laid eggs inside of the muslin cloth and then eggs were collected with brush
and used for further experimental purpose (Fig. 2).

a b
Fig. 2 Rearing of Rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton): step 1: C. cephalonica was reared on rice grains (1½ kg) in
transparent glass jars (height: 55 cm; dm: 22 cm), eggs of C. cephalonica were mixed daily in the jars covered with muslin
cloth, larvae fed on rice grain then pupated and adults were emerged after 60–75 days and laid eggs on the outer side of the
muslin cloth: a; step 2: eggs were collected with brush from the muslin cloth and used for further experiments: b.

2.4 Parasitoid: stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis

The culture of T. chilonis was maintained under the same laboratory conditions on eggs of S. cerealella and C.
cephalonica were glued on hard paper (8×3 cm²) and put in glass jars (55×12 cm) having T. chilonis for
parasitization. Adults T. chilonis usually emerged after 8-9 days and were provide with a new fresh cards for
culture maintenance continuously.
2.5 Identification of sex of parasitoid
Parasitized eggs were kept in transparent gelatin capsule for adult emergence. Then under a high power
stereoscope, parasitoid, T. chilonis male with long antennae and whorl of hairs and small segments, while
female with smaller antennae with tiny hairs and large terminal segments have been identified (Fig. 3).
2.6 Effect of host densities on the biological parameters of Trichogramma chilonis
Eggs of both host S. cerealella and C. cephalonica were glued on the card (8×3 cm) at densities of 10, 20, 30
and 40. There were 10 replications for each insect host eggs. The cards were placed in transparent glass jars
(height: 12 cm; dm: 3.5 cm). One day old T. chilonis pair was released in each jar, were covered with plastic
sheet at the top, tightened with rubber band. After 24 h the T. chilonis adults were removed and kept the card at
the same temperature and humidity as used for raring of insects. After 4-5 days, the number of parasitized eggs,
developmental period, number of adult T. chilonis emergence from the parasitized eggs and adult longevity
were recorded.
2.7 Effect of parasitoid densities on the biological parameters of Trichogramma chilonis

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Fresh eggs of 2 h old of both host S. cereallela and C. cephalonica at density 100 were glued on each card of
the same size as mentioned above and kept in jars each with 10 replications. After sexing 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 pairs
of T. chilonis were kept as mentioned above paragraph. After 24 h exposure T. chilonis were removed and
after 4-5 days the data on percentage (%) parasitism [percentage (%) eggs that turn black] and on 11-12 days
% adult emergence from parasitized eggs, developmental period and adult longevity were recorded.
2.8 Data analysis
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Concepts, 1989) at P<0.05 using LSD test.

a b
Fig. 3 Antennae of male (a) and female (b) of parasitoids Stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis
Ishii

3 Results
3.1 Effect of host density on the biological parameters of Trichogramma chilonis
The results indicate that at different densities of eggs of S. cerealella, the rate of parasitism of T. chilonis was
significantly different (P<0.05) at last three egg densities (20, 30 and 40) but it was not significantly different
(P<0.05) at two densities, i.e., 10 and 30. However, it was the highest (85.0±2.44) at 20 egg and the lowest
(77.5±1.33) at maximum (40) egg densities. The adults’ emergence was significantly different (P<0.05) at all
tested densities, it was the highest (96.2±0.82) at minimum (10) and the lowest (87.4±3.51) at maximum (40)
egg densities. However, developmental period and adult longevity were not significantly different (P<0.05) at
all tested densities (Table 1).

Table 1 Effect of host angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier) eggs densities on the biological parameters of
prasitoids stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Treatments n Parasitism Adult emergence Developmenta period (d)Adult longevity
(number of eggs) (M±SD)* (M±SD)* (M±SD)* (d) (M±SD)*

10 10 80.0±0.66b 96.2±0.82a 9.0±0.48a 3.0±0.32a

20 10 85.0±2.44a 92.3±2.66b 9.1±0.4a 3.2±0.23a
30 10 80.0±3.97b 89.5±2.99c 9.0±0.48a 3.1±0.25a
40 10 77.5±1.33c 87.4±3.51d 9.0±0.48a 3.1±0.25a
*
Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Concepts, 1989) at P<0.05. Means within columns
followed by different letters are significantly different by LSD test; M±SD: mean±standard deviation; d: days

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When host eggs densities of C. cephalonica were tested, it was observed that the rate of parasitism of T.
chilonis was significantly different (P<0.05) at 10 and 30 as well as 20 and 40, however, the adults’ emergence
was significantly different (P<0.05) at last three (20, 30 and 40) but not significantly different (P<0.05) at 10
and 20 egg densities. However, they were the highest (69.2±1.37; 62.3±1.15) at minimum egg (10) and the
lowest (53.7±2.71; 41.3±3.10) at maximum egg (40) densities, respectively. The developmental period was not
significantly different (P<0.05) at all tested densities. However, the adult longevity was significantly different
(P<0.05) at 10 and 20 as well as 30 and 40 egg densities, respectively, it was the highest (3.2±0.23) at 30 egg
and the lowest (3.0±0.32) at 20 and 40 egg densities (Table 2).

Table 2 Effect of host rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs densities on the biological parameters of
prasitoids stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Treatments n Parasitism Adult emergence Developmental period Adult
(number of eggs) (M±SD)* (M±SD)* (d) (M±SD)* longevity
(d) (M±SD)*

10 10 69.2±1.37a 62.3±1.15a 8.3±1.17a 3.1±0.25a

20 10 68.5±3.49a 61.3±3.92a 8.0±0.64a 3.0±0.32b
30 10 54.3±2.00b 49.6±3.51b 8.1±0.54a 3.2±0.23a
40 10 53.7±2.71b 41.3±3.10c 8.3±1.36a 3.0±0.32b
*
Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Concepts, 1989) at P<0.05. Means within colum
followed by different letters are significantly different by LSD test; M±SD: mean±standard deviation; d: days

Table 3 Effect of parasitoid densities on the biological parameters of prasitoids stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on
angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier)
Treatments n Parasitism Adult emergence Developmental period Adult longevity
[Pair(s)] (M±SD)* (M±SD)* (d) (M±SD)* (d) (M±SD)*

1 pair 10 31.2±1.22e 93.4±1.10a 9.0±0.48a 3.8±0.59a

2 pairs 10 55.3±4.08d 88.0±4.96b 9.1±0.4a 3.0±0.32b
3 pairs 10 63.1±2.99c 91.1±5.25a 9.2±0.57a 3.2±0.23b
4 pairs 10 79.6±4.14b 83.4±6.02d 9.0±0.48a 3.1±0.25b
5 pairs 10 88.3±4.24a 94.2±3.91a 9.1±0.4a 3.0±0.32b
*
Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Concepts, 1989) at P<0.05. Means within colum
followed by different letters are significantly different by LSD test; M±SD: mean±standard deviation; d: days

3.2 Effect of parasitoid density on the biological parameters of Trichogramma chilonis

When parasitoid densities of S. cereallela were tested, it was observed that the rate of parasitism of T. chilonis
was significantly different (P<0.05) at all (1-5 pairs) densities but it was the highest (88.3±4.24) at 5 pairs and
the lowest (31.2±1.22) at 1 pair densities. However, the adults’ emergence was significantly different (P<0.05)
at 1, 2 and 4 pairs densities but not significantly different (P<0.05) at 1, 3 and 5 pairs densities. Moreover, it
was the highest (94.2±3.91) at 5 pairs and the lowest (83.4±6.02) at 4 pairs densities. The developmental
period was not significantly different (P<0.05) at all tested (1-5 pairs) densities. However, it was the highest
(9.2±0.57) at 3 pairs and the lowest (9.0±0.48) at 1 and 4 pairs densities. However, the adult longevity was
significantly different (P<0.05) at 1 and 2 pairs but not significantly different (P<0.05) 2-5 pairs densities,

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respectively; it was the highest (3.8±0.59) at 1 pair and the lowest (3.0±0.32) at 2 and 5 pairs densities (Table
3).
When parasitoid densities of C. cephalonica were tested, it was observed that the rate of parasitism of T.
chilonis was significantly different (P<0.05) at all (1-5 pairs) densities but it was the highest (74.2±4.39) at 5
pairs and the lowest (21.3±2.90) at 1 pair densities. However, the adults’ emergence was significantly different
(P<0.05) at 1, 2 and 3 pairs densities but not significantly different (P<0.05) at 2, 4 and 5 pairs densities.
Moreover, it was the highest (74.6±1.66) at 1 pair and the lowest (43.3±7.48) at 3 pairs densities. The
developmental period was not significantly different (P<0.05) at all tested (1-5 pairs) densities. However, it
was the highest (8.3±1.09) at 2 and 4 pairs and the lowest (8.0±0.64) at 3 pairs densities. However, the adult
longevity was significantly different (P<0.05) at 1, 2 and 3 pairs but not significantly different (P<0.05) 3-5
pairs densities, respectively; it was the highest (3.8±0.43) at 1 pair and the lowest (3.0±0.32) at 4 pairs
densities (Table 4).

Table 4 Effect of parasitoid densities on the biological parameters of stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on rice meal
moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs
Treatments n Parasitism Adult emergence Developmental period Adult longevity
[Pair(s)] (M±SD)* (M±SD)* (d) (M±SD)* (d) (M±SD)*

1 pair 10 21.3±2.90e 74.6±1.66a 8.1±0.54a 3.8±0.43a

2 pairs 10 47.1±5.40d 61.3±2.37b 8.3±1.09a 3.2±0.23b
3 pairs 10 60.2±2.44c 43.3±7.48c 8.0±0.64a 3.1±0.25bc
4 pairs 10 71.3±1.70b 62.1±4.76b 8.3±1.10a 3.0±0.32c
5 pairs 10 74.2±4.39a 61.3±4.79b 8.2±0.99a 3.1±0.25bc
*
Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Concepts, 1989) at P<0.05. Means within colum
followed by different letters are significantly different by LSD test; M±SD: mean±standard deviation; d: days

4 Discussion
Smith (1996) recognizing the potential of Trichogramma species as biological control agents, entomologists in
the early 1900s began to mass rear Trichogramma for insect control. Although a small commercial production
of Trichogramma eventually developed in the U.S., insect control research and commercial efforts focused on
the development of chemical pesticides following the discovery of DDT. Goodenough and Witz (1985)
reported that success of biological control with Trichogramma species depends on basic studies on host,
temperature, plant architecture and phenology, searching area, wind and chemicals such as insecticides
which could affect searching behavior of these organisms. It has not been widely used in Pakistan, therefore,
Trichogramma has been used for the present research.
Eduardo et al. (2004) reported that most biological control programs using Trichogrammatidae against
lepidopterans have made use of Nearctic or Palearctic species of Trichogramma, and there is little information
concerning the effectiveness of Neotropical Trichogramma spp., despite increasing interest in using egg
parasitoids in many South American countries i.e., Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay.
Therefore, the present research was conducted to determine the effect of host insect eggs densities, i.e., 10, 20,
30 and 40 eggs of both insects for parasitism by using T. chilonis. The result indicates that maximum rate of
parasitism (85.4%) in 20 eggs density on S. cereallela eggs, which were significantly different from the rest of
the host density ratio while minimum (77.5%) parasitism by T. chilonis was in 40 eggs densities. At 20 and 30

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eggs density rate of parasitism were non-significant to each other but significantly different from the rest of the
treatments. The study further indicates that Corcyra eggs densities for rate of parasitism by T. chilonis
indicates maximum rate of parasitism were (69.2%) in 10 eggs density, while minimum was (53.7%) in 40
eggs density. The results further indicate that 10, 20 ratios were non-significant to each other but significantly
different from 30, 40 eggs density for rate of parasitism by T. chilonis (Tables 1-4).
Previous worker, Khan et al. (2004) reported the highest parasitism (48.25%) at 20 eggs/single pair which
is in agreement with our present study. For comparison of both insect eggs for parasitism and adult T. chilonis
emergence S. cereallela was best as compared to C. cephalonica eggs in all treatments. The developmental
period from eggs to adult emergence were almost non-significant to each other on different host eggs density
but S. cereallela eggs were significantly different in all treatments than C. cephalonica eggs for rate of
parasitism by T. chilonis.
Lu (1992) observed that increase in parasitoid density reduced the number of parasitized host eggs per
female. Sex ratio was unaffected by changes in host density. Vorgas and Nishida (1982) observed that the
parasitized species and the relative density of hosts affected the number of parasitized eggs. The percentage of
parasitized eggs was independent of host density at low densities of parasitoids and was inversely dependent at
high densities. The present study was conducted on the effect of parasitoid densities, i.e., 1-5 pairs of T.
chilonis using S. cereallela and C. cephalonica eggs. The result indicates that maximum rate of parasitism
(88.3%) from 5 pairs of T. chilonis when feeding on S. cereallela eggs, which were significantly different from
the rest of the parasitoid density ratios while minimum (31.2%) parasitism by 1 pair of T. chilonis. All
treatments are significantly different from each other. The study further indicates that parasitoid densities for C.
cephalonica eggs, parasitism by T. chilonis indicates maximum rate of parasitism was (86.3%) from 5 pairs of
T. chilonis density, while minimum was (21.3%) in 1 pair density. The result further indicates that all
treatments are significantly different from each other for rate of parasitism by T. chilonis. For comparison of
both insect eggs for parasitism and adult T. chilonis emergence S. cereallela was best as compared to C.
cephalonica eggs in all treatments. At the presently, the similar results were obtained as reported Vorgas and
Nishida and Lu.
Thorpe and Dively (1985) reported that rates of parasitism were significantly higher at the highest wasp
density on all arenas and the effect of host density was not consistent among the arena. Khan et al., (2004)
showed the effect of host and parasitoid density on parasitism efficiency of T. chilonis (Ishii) using eggs of S.
cerealella as a host. Four different host densities viz., 5, 10, 20 and 40 eggs were provided to single pair of T.
chilonis. Percent parasitism was highest (48.25%) at 20 eggs/single pair, whereas percent emergence was
highest (88.89%) from 5 eggs but all treatments were statistically similar. Female ratio was also highest at 5
eggs/female. The longevity was highest at 20 eggs/pair. The developmental period from eggs to adult
emergence were almost non-significant to each other on different parasitoid density but S. cereallela eggs were
significantly different in all treatments than Corcyra eggs for rate of parasitism by T. chilonis. The present
study further indicates adult T. chilonis emergence from parasitized eggs of different parasitoid densities
maximum adult Trichogramma emergence were (94.2%) in 5 pairs using eggs of S. cereallela while minimum
emergence were (83.4%) in 4 pairs. While on C. cephalonica eggs rate of adult emergence were (74.4%) from
1 pair while minimum (43.4%) from 3 pairs. The result for both insects’ eggs indicates significantly different
for different parasitoid densities. Highest parasitism was obtained from 5 pairs of T. chilonis on S. cereallela
eggs. S. cereallela eggs were suitable as compare to C. cephalonica eggs for rate of parasitism by T. chilonis
and adult T. chilonis from parasitized eggs under the same conditions. Previous worker Henderson (1993)
reported somewhat similar results where he found that a single pair of parasitoid parasitized about 20 eggs.
The number of eggs parasitized significantly increased with egg density, tending to stabilize at densities above

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30 eggs/ parasitoid which is also in agreement with the present results. Further research should be needed to
clarify this mechanism.

Acknowledgements
Special thanks go to J. Khan, Insect Pest Management program, Institute of Plant and Environmental
Protection, National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan.

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