Grammar reference & practice │ Unit 1

Present simple: be Partículas interrogativas: preguntas

Afirmativa Negativa para obtener información
Forma Forma Forma Forma
Partícula Verbo Pronombre sujeto
larga breve larga breve be
interrogativa
I am I’m I am not I’m not
Where am I?
You are You’re You are You aren’t
How old are you?
not
He is He’s He is not /He isn’t What is your favourite colour?
/ She / She is not / She When is your birthday?
is / It She’s / It is notisn’t / It Who are they?
is / It’s isn’t
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Empleamos las partículas interrogativas cuando la
They are They’re They are They aren’t respuesta a una pregunta es diferente a sí o no.
not What’s your name? Thomas.

Respuestas breves How old is he? He’s 12.

Interrogativa
Afirmativa Negativa
Am I…? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Where are they from? They’re from the UK.
Are you…? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Is he… / Is Yes, he / she No, he / she / it There is / There are; any
she… / it is. isn’t. Singular Plural
/ Is it…?
Are we…? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t. Afirmativa There’s There are
Are they…? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. (There is)
Negativa There isn’t There aren’t
Empleamos el verbo be para dar información any
sobre una persona, un lugar o una cosa. Interrogativa Is there …? Are there any
I am Spanish. …?
The fridge is in the Respuestas Yes, there is. Yes, there are.
kitchen. My parents are breves No, there No, there
from Portugal. isn’t. aren’t.

Cuando escribimos o hablamos de manera Empleamos there is / there are para decir que algo
informal, empleamos la forma breve de be. existe.
It’s a big There is a shower.
house. You’re There’s an old sofa.
13 today! There are three chairs in the kitchen.

Hacemos preguntas con be para pedir información

sobre una persona, un lugar o una cosa.
STOP
There are. (NO There’re.)
Are you from
Australia? Yes, I
am.
Is she at Empleamos Is there para preguntar si algo existe.
school? No, Is there a chair in the living room?
she isn’t.
Empleamos any con sustantivos plurales en
oraciones negativas e interrogativas.
There aren’t any pictures on the
wall. Are there any beds?
 STOP
Yes, there is. (NO Yes, there’s.)

54
Grammar reference & practice │ Unit 2

Present simple: afirmativa y negativa have lessons.

56
Afirmativa
I / You / We do homework
/ They after school.
get up early.
go home in the
afternoon.
have dinner at home.
He / She / It does homework
after school.
gets up early.
goes home in the
afternoon.
has dinner at home.
Negativa
I / You / We don’t do homework
/ They after school.
don’t get up early.
don’t go home in the
afternoon.
don’t have dinner at home.
He / She / It doesn’t do homework
after school.
doesn’t get up early.
doesn’t go home in the
afternoon.
doesn’t have dinner at home.
Empleamos el present simple para hablar sobre
hábitos o acciones repetidas.

I have lunch at
school. She goes to
school by bus.

Para formar oraciones afirmativas en present

simple, empleamos el infinitivo sin to. Para formar
la tercera personal del singular (he / she / it),
añadimos –s o –es al verbo.

I take – she
takes You do
– it does

Para formar oraciones negativas en present simple,

empleamos do not o does not + infinitivo sin to. En
general, empleamos las formas breves don’t o
doesn’t cuando hablamos o escribimos de manera
informal.

I don’t help with

cooking. She doesn’t
Present simple: interrogativa y
respuestas breves
Interrogativa
Do I / you / we / they help with cooking?
Does he / she / it help with cooking?

Empleamos oraciones interrogativas en present

simple para preguntar sobre hábitos y acciones
repetidas o para preguntar si algo es permanente o
verdadero.

Empleamos do o does antes del sujeto (I / you / we /

they or
he / she / it). El verbo principal no cambia de forma.

Do students have lessons in the afternoon in your

country? Do you do chores?

Does he have a football match

today? Does it snow in winter in
your city?

Respuestas breves
Yes, I / you / we / they do.
he / she / it does.
No, I / you / we / they don’t.
he / she / it doesn’t.

Empleamos do o does en respuestas afirmativas

breves y don’t o doesn’t en respuestas negativas
breves. No repetimos el verbo en las respuestas
breves.

Do they go to bed
early? Yes, they do.
Does she have lunch at
school? No, she doesn’t.

STOP
El verbo have es irregular.
He has lessons today.
(NO He haves lessons today.)
Grammar reference & practice │ Unit 3

Sustantivos contables e incontables: How often …? and adverbs of

a, an, some y any
frequency
Sustantiv Sustantivo Sustantiv
Interrogativa
os s os
0% 100
contables contables incontabl %
never sometime often usually
(singular) (plural) es
s alway
Afirmativa There’s There are There’s s
an egg. some some En oraciones afirmativas y negativas, los adverbios
eggs. juice. de frecuencia se colocan después del verbo be y
Negativa There isn’t There aren’t There isn’t delante de otros verbos
an egg. any eggs. any juice. I am sometimes late.
Interrogati Is there Are there Is there I sometimes go to bed
va an egg? any eggs? any early.
juice?
Empleamos los adverbios de frecuencia para
Los sustantivos contables tienen una forma en indicar con qué frecuencia realizamos una
singular y otra forma en plural, pero los sustantivos acción.
incontables solo tienen una forma en singular. No
empleamos a / an ni números con los sustantivos Los adverbios de frecuencia siempre se colocan
incontables. después del verbo be.
Dinner is usually at six o’clock in our
Sustantivos Sustantivos house. The lunches at school are
contables incontables
always bad!
a banana two rice two rices
sandwiches pasta three pastas I am sometimes early for lessons.
an egg three eggs
She is never home on Saturday
afternoon. Breakfast is often eggs and
Empleamos a antes de un sonido consonántico..
toast on weekdays.
a melon a glass a bag
Sin embargo, los adverbios de frecuencia
Empleamos an antes de un sonido vocálico.
siempre se colocan delante del resto de
an apple an orange an egg
verbos.
We sometimes eat fast
Empleamos some, any y a lot of con los sustantivos
food. He always studies
contables en plural y con los sustantivos
for a test.
incontables.
He often goes shopping at the weekends.
Empleamos some en oraciones afirmativas para
They usually play volleyball at the sports centre.
decir que hay una cantidad indefinida de algo.
Esto incluye oraciones negativas.
There’s some food in the
kitchen. There’s some
We never run in the corridors at school.
water in the cup. There’s
I don’t usually do homework after lunch.
some sugar in your tea.
Para formar preguntas sobre la frecuencia de una
Empleamos any en oraciones negativas e
acción, empleamos How often ...?
interrogativas.

How often do you visit your cousins in Amsterdam?

There aren’t any eggs. Are there any
eggs? There isn’t any juice. Is there any
juice? STOP
There isn’t any pasta. Is there any pasta? Never tiene un significado negativo, pero lo
empleamos con un verbo en afirmativa.
He is never late for school. He is always early.
58
Grammar reference & practice │

Present continuous Is she snowboarding? No, she isn’t.

Afirmativa 6
I ’m playing football.
You ’re playing football.
He / She / It ’s playing football.
We / You / They ’re playing football.
He / She / It ‘s doing exercise.
Negativa
I ’m not basketball.
playing
You aren’t basketball.
playing
He / She / It isn’t playing basketball.
We / You / They aren’t basketball.
playing
Interrogativa
Am I playing volleyball?
Is he / she / it playing volleyball?
Are we / you / they playing volleyball?
Respuestas breves
I am.
Yes, he / she / it is.
we / you / they are.
I ’m not.
No, he / she / it isn’t.
we / you / they aren’t.
Wh- questions
What are you doing now? Where is he going?
Why are we doing this?

Para formar el present continuous, debemos añadir -

ing a la mayoría de los verbos.
watch – watching do – doing

Con los verbos que terminan en -e, eliminamos la -

e y añadimos -ing.
skate – skating practise – practising

Con los verbos que terminan en una vocal +

consonante, duplicamos la consonante y añadimos
-ing.
jog – jogging win – winning

Empleamos el present continuous para hablar sobre

acciones en curso.
I am studying for a test. She’s playing football.

Hacemos preguntas en present continuous para

preguntar sobre acciones que están ocurriendo
ahora mismo.
Are you listening to me? Yes, I am.
Present simple vs present continuous
y frases de tiempo
Present simple: Presente continuo:
hábitos acciones en curso
I watch every Olympic Today, I’m watching
Games. the Olympic Games.
Basketball players throw She’s throwing
the ball. the ball now.
This team win a lot. They’re winning now.
We often watch We’re watching
athletics. athletics now.
The teams play every Two teams are
week. playing in this match.

Present simple: Present continuous:

hábitos acciones en curso
at nine o’clock at the moment, right
always, at the now, this morning, today
weekends, every
morning, normally,
often, sometimes,
usually

Present continuous = acciones que están ocurriendo

ahora mismo
Present simple = rutinas o acciones repetidas
A menudo, incluimos now o at the moment en las
oraciones en present continuous.

We’re playing volleyball right now.

What are you watching on TV at the moment?

A menudo, incluimos adverbios de frecuencia en las

oraciones en present simple.
We often have healthy snacks at home.
Does she usually score goals?

No empleamos ciertos verbos conjugados en

present continuous, por ejemplo think, like, love,
hate, want.
I love music NO I’m loving music
He hates sport NO He is hating
sport
Grammar reference & practice │ Unit 5

Adjetivos comparativos Adjetivos superlativos

Adjetivos cortos Adjetivos cortos
+ -er o -r the + -est o -st
fast The plane is faster than the car.
fast It isn’t the fastest form of
safe A train is safer than a motorbike. transport.
safe The plane is the safest way to
-y + -ier travel.
easy Walking is easier than the train.
the -y + -iest
Doble consonante + -er busy This is one of the busiest
big A ship is bigger than a boat. streets in the city.
hot It’s hotter on a bus than on a
bike. the + doble consonante + -est
big It isn’t the biggest park in town.
Adjetivos largos hot Death Valley is the hottest place
Adjetivo largo more + adjetivo on Earth.
exciting A helicopter is more exciting
than a plane. Adjetivos largos
interesting A ferry is more interesting than the most + adjetivo
a bus. comfortable It isn’t the most comfortable
expensive That dress is more expensive bed in the hotel.
than unusual A gondola is the most unusual
this shirt. form of transport.

Adjetivos irregulares Adjetivos irregulares

good A bike is better than a bus. good The best way to travel is by train.
bad Buses are worse than bikes bad This is the worst restaurant in
for the environment. the city.

Utilizamos los adjetivos comparativos para Utilizamos los adjetivos superlativos para comparar
comparar dos personas, lugares o cosas. En una persona, un lugar o una cosa con dos o más
general, empleamos than después de adjetivos personas, lugares o cosas.
comparativos.
Empleamos the antes de los adjetivos superlativos.
My mum is older than my
dad. Motorbikes are faster than I’m the best player in the team!
cars. Spain is hotter than London is the biggest city in
Britain. Europe.
This is the most comfortable chair in the house.
Añadimos more a un adjetivo más largo.

Those trainers are more comfortable than boots. STOP

The science museum is more interesting than the art No olvides añadir the antes de
museum to me. un adjetivo superlativo.
She’s the funniest person I know.
(NO She’s funniest person I know.)
62
Grammar reference & practice │ Unit 6

Past simple: be 64

Afirmativa Negativa
I was blonde. I wasn’t blonde.
You were short. You weren’t short.
He / She / It was very He / She / It wasn’t very
tall. tall.
We were blonde. We weren’t blonde.
You were short. You weren’t short.
They were very tall. They weren’t very tall.

Empleamos was / were para dar información sobre

una persona, un lugar o una cosa en el pasado.
My sister wasn’t at school
yesterday. They were late for
lessons today.
It was fashionable last summer.

There was / there were es la forma en past simple de

there is / there are.
There were two jackets on the bed.
There wasn’t anything good in the shop.

Interrogativa
Was I blonde?
Was he / she / it short?
Were we / you / they tall?

Respuestas breves
I was.
Yes, he / she / it was.
we / you / they were.
I wasn’t.
No, he / she / it wasn’t.
we / you / they weren’t.

Wh- questions
Where were my sisters?
Why were mullets fashionable?
Who was the man with curly hair?

Formamos preguntas con was y were de la

siguiente manera:
(Partícula interrogativa) + was / were + sujeto ...?

Es similar a la manera de formar preguntas con be

en el
present simple.
Is she at home? – Was she at home?
Where are you? – Where were you?
Past simple: verbos regulares
Verbos en past simple
Afirmativa Negativa
I / You invited them. I / You didn’t invite
them.
He / She / It started. He / She / It didn’t
start.
We / They wanted juice. We / They didn’t want
juice.
Empleamos el past simple para hablar sobre acciones
en el pasado.
We watched TV last night. I scored a goal in the match
today.

Reglas ortográficas del past simple en

afirmativa Con la mayoría de los verbos
regulares, añadimos -ed. start – started need –
needed

Con los verbos regulares que terminan en -e, añadimos

-d.
like – liked cycle – cycled

Con los verbos regulares que terminan en una

vocal + consonante, duplicamos la consonante y
añadimos -ed. stop – stopped jog – jogged

Con los verbos regulares que terminan en -y, omitimos

la
-y y añadimos -ied.
tidy – tidied dry – dried

Expresiones de tiempo pasado STOP

Mayoría de verbos: + -ed
Expresiones de tiempo pasado wait  waited
in + mes o año: in April, in 2021 El verbo termina en –e: + -
on + día o fecha: on Thursday, on 14 January d love  loved
yesterday + momento del día: morning / afternoon / El verbo termina en una consonante:
evening se duplica la consonante + -ed
last + día o estación: last Tuesday, last summer shop  shopped
last night / week / month / year El verbo termina en consonante + -y: -y +
-ied study  studied
minutes / hours / days / weeks / months / years + ago

A menudo, incluimos expresiones de tiempo pasado

en las oraciones en past simple. I tidied my room
yesterday.
Grammar reference & practice │ Unit 7

Past simple: verbos irregulares Past simple: oraciones interrogativas

Afirmativa Interrogativa
I/You/He/She/It/ slept for ten hours last
Did I/you/he/she/it/ find a job after
We/They night.
we/you/they school?
thought it was a good film.
Respuestas breves
Negativa
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they did.
I/You/He/She/It/ didn for ten hours last
night. No, I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they didn’t
We/They ’t
slee
Wh- questions
p
Where I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they go to
didn it was a good film. did university?
’t
When I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they get
thin did married?
k
What I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they do
did after
Empleamos el past simple para hablar sobre
lunch?
acciones o situaciones en el pasado.

Empleamos las oraciones interrogativas en past

Los verbos irregulares tienen su propia forma en
simple para preguntar sobre acciones o situaciones
past simple.
en el pasado.
go – went
Did you go shopping last night?
La forma para las respuestas breves es Yes + sujeto
No, we went shopping at the weekend.
+ did o No + sujeto + didn’t. En las respuestas
breves, no repetimos el verbo.
eat – ate
Did you look for your
Did you eat after your soccer
books? Yes, I did.
match? No, I ate before the
Did they get
match.
married? No, they
didn’t.
spend – spent
Did you spend all your pocket money on
Para formar las Wh- questions en past simple,
sweets? No, I spent some of it on comics.
empleamos la forma Wh- + did + sujeto + verbo. En
algunas respuestas a las Wh- questions, sí
take – took
repetimos el verbo.
I’ve got to take the crafting book back to the
Where did you eat
library. No, you haven’t. Dad took it back
lunch? I ate lunch at
yesterday.
school today.
Where did he go to
see – saw
university? He went to
Did you see the superhero film last
university in Toronto. When
night? Yes! But my sister saw it last
did they get married?
weekend.
They got married last year.
sleep – slept
When did you go to Greece?
How did you sleep through all that noise
I went to Greece two years
last night? I slept perfectly well. Fireworks
ago. What did you do on
don’t bother me.
after school? I did my
homework after school.
Hay una lista de verbos irregulares en las páginas
What did she sing at the
78–79.
concert? She sang her new
STOP hit song.
En oraciones negativas, debes usar didn't +
66
Grammar reference & practice │ Unit 8

be going to para planes e intenciones Present continuous con valor de

Afirmativa Negativa futuro
I’m going to go to an I’m not going to go to
Afirmativa Negativa
exhibition. an exhibition.
I’m meeting my cousin. I’m not meeting my
You’re going to go to a You aren’t going to
sister.
party. go to a party.
He’s coming on Sunday. He isn’t coming
She’s going to visit She isn’t going to visit with his parents.
relatives. friends.
We’re going to a We aren’t going to the
We / You / They’re We / They / You aren’t football match. shopping centre.
going to have a going to sleep at home.
Interrogativa Respuestas
sleepover at Archie’s
Is your friend coming? Yes, she is. / No, she
house.
isn’t.
What are you doing We’re having a party.
Empleamos be going to para hablar sobre
on Sunday?
planes e intenciones futuros o cosas que
esperamos hacer. Empleamos la forma
Empleamos el present continuous para hablar sobre
sujeto + be + going to.
planes futuros. En general, incluimos una expresión
I’m going to have a sleepover tonight.
de tiempo futuro.
What are you doing on Sunday?
Empleamos not para formar las oraciones
I’m hanging out with my cousins tomorrow.
negativas: sujeto
She isn’t visiting us next month.
+ be + not going to.
We aren’t going to visit relatives
tomorrow. He isn’t going to play Para algunos verbos, se usa otra terminación en el
piano at the recital. They aren’t present continuous, tal como have, take y come.
going to take tennis lessons. Eliminamos la -e y añadimos -ing.

Para formar las oraciones interrogativas con be have 

going to, empleamos la forma be + sujeto + going having take 
taking come
to + forma básica.
 coming
Are you going to watch the play at your cousin’s
school? We aren’t having a party this week.
Is she going to be home this afternoon? She’s taking her bag to school tomorrow.
Are they going to play basketball with friends? They’re coming to the restaurant with us tonight.

Expresiones de tiempo futuro

later tomorrow tonight
this morning / afternoon / evening
this weekend next week / month /
year on Saturday morning / afternoon
/ evening

STOP
La preposición to no se usa con home.
We are going to walk home.
I am not going home. (NO We are going to
walk to home. I am not going to home.)
68