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Class 4 Worksheet on Fractions

The document outlines a comprehensive question bank on solutions, covering topics such as the nature of solutions, concentration calculations, Raoult's law, deviations from ideal behavior, azeotropes, colligative properties, and their applications. It includes derivations for various properties like vapor pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point depression, along with experimental procedures for determining molar mass. Additionally, it discusses the van’t Hoff factor, abnormal colligative behaviors, and practical applications in fields like seawater desalination and antifreeze functionality.

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4 views3 pages

Class 4 Worksheet on Fractions

The document outlines a comprehensive question bank on solutions, covering topics such as the nature of solutions, concentration calculations, Raoult's law, deviations from ideal behavior, azeotropes, colligative properties, and their applications. It includes derivations for various properties like vapor pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point depression, along with experimental procedures for determining molar mass. Additionally, it discusses the van’t Hoff factor, abnormal colligative behaviors, and practical applications in fields like seawater desalination and antifreeze functionality.

Uploaded by

up63a4746
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Comprehensive Solutions

Question Bank
1. Nature of Solution
Define a solution and distinguish between solvent and solute with two examples
each.

Classify solutions by physical state and composition, giving one example per class.

2. Expressing Concentration
Calculate mass percent, mole fractions, molarity, and molality for 5 g NaCl in 45 g
water.

Explain why molality is preferred over molarity in colligative-property calculations.

3. Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions


State Raoult’s law for an ideal solution and define all terms.

Derive the expression for total vapour pressure of a binary solution.

Sketch P vs x₁ and y₁ vs x₁ diagrams for an ideal binary solution, labeling


azeotropic points.

4. Deviations from Raoult’s Law


Explain, with molecular reasoning, how positive and negative deviations arise.

Give one industrially important example of each deviation.

Describe how each deviation affects boiling point and vapour pressure curves.

5. Azeotropes
Define azeotrope and differentiate minimum-boiling and maximum-boiling types
with examples.

Explain why ethanol–water forms a minimum-boiling azeotrope at 95.6 % ethanol.

6. Colligative Properties Overview


List the four colligative properties (ΔP, ΔT_b, ΔT_f, π) and their dependency on
solute concentration.
Provide two real-world applications of colligative properties.

7. Vapour-Pressure Lowering
Derive ΔP = P₁°·x₂ and explain how adding a non-volatile solute affects boiling
point.

8. Boiling-Point Elevation
Derive ΔT_b = K_b·m.

Calculate ΔT_b when 15 g urea (M = 60 g·mol⁻¹) dissolves in 250 g water (K_b =


0.52 K·kg·mol⁻¹).

9. Freezing-Point Depression
Derive ΔT_f = K_f·m (K_f = freezing point depression constant).

Given a 0.2 m sugar solution with ΔT_f = 0.372 K, calculate K_f of the solvent.

10. Osmotic Pressure


Define osmotic pressure and derive π = MRT for dilute solutions.

Outline an experimental procedure to determine the molar mass of a polymer


using osmotic pressure.

11. van’t Hoff Factor & Dissociation


Define the van’t Hoff factor i and explain its effect on ΔT_b and ΔT_f.

For a 1.5 m CaCl₂ solution with ΔT_f = 3.72 K, calculate the experimental van’t Hoff
factor and discuss deviations.

12. Abnormal Colligative Behaviors


Explain why adding HgCl₂ to a KI solution alters the expected freezing-point
depression based on complex formation.

13. Comparative Concentration Terms


Compute mass %, mole fraction, molality, and molarity for 1 mol glucose in 500 g
water (final volume 550 mL).

Discuss which concentration unit remains constant with temperature and why.

14. Graphs & Phase Diagrams


Draw a boiling-point elevation curve for a non-ideal solution showing positive
deviation; superimpose the ideal-solution line and label the azeotrope.

15. Applications & Critical Thinking


Explain why seawater desalination by simple distillation is inefficient and suggest
improvements based on azeotropes and colligative properties.

Describe how antifreeze works in car engines using freezing-point depression.

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