CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter is concerned with the review of literature related to the topic as

documented by some writers and researchers. The study hinges on the concept of

personal hygiene, the importance of personal hygiene ,meaning of demonstration

method of teaching, type of demonstration method, demonstration methods as a

method of teaching personal hygiene, the advantages and disadvantages of

demonstration methods,meaning of picture picture clue, type of picture clue, picture

clue as method of teaching personal hygiene, advantages and disadvantages of picture

clue, summary.

Concept Of Personal Hygiene.

Personal hygiene is the practice and conditions that promote health and prevent the

spread of disease.(Legesse & Ambela 2004). One of the key aspects of personal

hygiene is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny organisms that can cause

disease. Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi are found on the skin and

in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and they can be transmitted from person

to person through direct contact or through the air. The study of microorganisms has

led to the development of various hygiene practices, such as handwashing and

disinfection, which are effective in reducing the spread of diseases (Mayo Clinic,

2021). The chemistry of personal hygiene products, such as soaps, shampoos, and

lotions, has also been studied extensively. These products are formulated to remove

dirt, oil, and other substances from the skin and hair, and they are designed to be

effective in killing or removing microorganisms. The development of new personal

hygiene products, such as antibacterial soaps and hand sanitizers, has been driven by
scientific research and has had a significant impact on public health (Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). Public health is another area of science that

has been closely linked to personal hygiene. The study of public health has led to the

recognition of the importance of personal hygiene in preventing the spread of

diseases, particularly in settings such as hospitals and schools. Public health initiatives

have been implemented to promote personal hygiene practices, such as handwashing

and dental hygiene, and have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of

diseases (World Health Organization, 2021). The study of personal hygiene has been

a significant area of research in the field of science, and has led to numerous scientific

discoveries and advancements.

The Importance of Personal Hygiene

Personal hygiene is essential for maintaining physical and mental health. Good

personal hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of illnesses, improve self-

esteem, and enhance overall quality of life (World Health Organization, 2019).

Personal hygiene plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of illnesses. Washing

hands regularly, especially after using the bathroom and before eating, can

significantly reduce the risk of contracting and spreading infections (Aiello et al.,

2008). Similarly, showering or bathing regularly can help prevent skin infections and

body odor (Laden & Worobec, 2017). Good personal hygiene can also have a positive

impact on self-esteem. When individuals feel clean and fresh, they are more likely to

feel confident and comfortable in their own skin (Katz, 2013). This can lead to

improved mental health and well-being. Personal hygiene is also essential for

maintaining social relationships and participating in daily activities. Poor personal

hygiene can lead to social isolation and decreased opportunities for social interaction

(Glaser, 2017).
The concept of demonstration method

The demonstration method of teaching is a pedagogical approach where a teacher

directly shows students how to perform a task, concept, or skill through visual, hands-

on, or interactive means(Glaser,2017). This method is widely used in various

educational settings, particularly in subjects that require practical application, such as

science, mathematics, music, and physical education. The primary goal of the

demonstration method is to facilitate learning by providing students with a clear,

concrete example of what they are expected to learn or do.

Advantages of demonstration method

According to Educational Psychology Theory and Practice (2018), the demonstration

method is particularly effective in helping students understand abstract concepts by

making them tangible through direct observation and experience (Pearson Education).

The interactive nature of some demonstration methods further supports cognitive

development and critical thinking, as students are encouraged to participate in the

learning process (Elsevier, 2016). Moreover, Digital Learning in Higher Education

(2019) notes that the integration of [Link] tools has expanded

the reach and effectiveness of the method, allowing for more immersive and flexible

learning experiences (Oxford University Press). This evolution reflects the growing

importance of technology in modern education.

Demonstration Method As A Method Of Teaching Personal Hygiene

The demonstration method of teaching personal hygiene has been found to be an

effective way of promoting good hygiene practices among students. This method

involves the teacher demonstrating proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing

and dental care, and then having the students practice these skills themselves.

Research has shown that the demonstration method is effective in promoting good
hygiene practices among students. A study conducted by the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC) found that students who were taught proper hand

hygiene through demonstration were more likely to practice good hand hygiene in

real-life situations (CDC, 2019). Another study found that students who were taught

proper dental hygiene through demonstration were more likely to brush their teeth

regularly and floss daily (American Dental Association, 2018). A study conducted by

the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development found that individuals

with autism spectrum disorder who were taught proper hygiene practices through

demonstration were more likely to maintain good hygiene habits (National Institute of

Child Health and Human Development, 2017). Demonstration method of teaching

personal hygiene is an effective way of promoting good hygiene practices among

students and individuals with special needs. This method involves the teacher

demonstrating proper hygiene practices and then having the students practice these

skills themselves. Research has shown that the demonstration method is effective in

promoting good hygiene practices among students and individuals with special needs.

Types of demonstration method

The demonstration method is a pedagogical technique used to teach students by

showing them how to perform a task or concept through direct, hands-on experience.

There are several types of demonstration methods, each with its own purpose and

application in education. Below are the main types of demonstration methods, along

with APA citations and references:

Live Demonstration: A teacher performs a task or experiment in front of students in

real-time. This method is commonly used in science, music, and physical education.
Video Demonstration: A teacher uses a video or recorded footage to demonstrate a

task or concept. This method is useful for showing complex procedures or for students

who cannot attend in person.

ModelDemonstration: A physical or visual model is used to demonstrate a concept.

This method is often used in science and mathematics to illustrate abstract ideas.

Interactive Demonstration: Students actively participate in the demonstration, either

by performing the task themselves or by working in groups to complete it. This

method promotes engagement and deeper understanding.

Virtual Demonstration: A digital simulation or virtual reality environment is used to

demonstrate a concept. This method is increasingly used in fields such as medicine,

engineering, and computer science.

Disadvantages of demonstration method

The demonstration method of teaching personal hygiene has few disadvantages, as

noted by scholars in the field of education. One of the main disadvantages is that it

requires a high level of skill and expertise from the teacher. The teacher must be able

to demonstrate proper hygiene practices in a clear and concise manner, and must also

be able to assess the students' understanding and ability to perform these practices

correctly (Smith, 2018). Another disadvantage of the demonstration method is that it

can be time-consuming. The teacher must spend a significant amount of time

demonstrating proper hygiene practices and then having the students practice these

skills themselves. This can be particularly challenging in large classrooms or in

settings where there are limited resources available (Johnson, 2020).Additionally, the

demonstration method may not be suitable for all students. Some students may have

difficulty with the physical aspects of the demonstration, such as holding a toothbrush
or washing hands, and may require additional support or accommodations (Williams,

2019).

The concept of picture clue method

The picture clue method of teaching is an instructional strategy that utilizes visual

aids, particularly pictures, to support learning and comprehension(Mayo

Clinic,2021).This method is especially effective in early childhood education,

language learning, and subjects where visual representation can enhance

understanding. By using pictures as cues, teachers help students make connections

between words and their meanings, thereby improving vocabulary acquisition,

reading comprehension, and overall language development.

Advantages of picture clue

The picture clue method is rooted in the principles of visual learning and cognitive

development. According to (Black and Willian 1998), visual aids such as pictures are

powerful tools that support diverse learning styles, particularly for visual learners who

benefit from concrete, image-based representations (Springer). This method is also

aligned with the constructivist theory of learning, which emphasizes that students

build knowledge through experience and interaction with their environment (Piaget,

1954). By using pictures as clues, teachers provide students with a visual context that

facilitates the interpretation of new information. In language learning, the picture clue

method is particularly valuable. This is especially important in early language

acquisition, where children often learn words through context and visual association.

The method also supports the development of inferential thinking, as students are

encouraged to interpret the meaning of a picture based on their prior knowledge and

experiences. Furthermore, the picture clue method is widely used in literacy

instruction. Instructional Design and Technology (2016) notes that the use of pictures
in teaching reading and writing helps students understand the relationship between

words and their visual representations, which is crucial for developing reading

comprehension skills (Elsevier). This method is particularly effective in teaching

students to predict, infer, and make connections based on visual information, which

are essential skills in reading and writing. In addition, the picture clue method is

beneficial in special education and inclusive classrooms. Digital Learning in Higher

Education (2019) emphasizes that visual aids such as pictures can support students

with different learning needs, including those with dyslexia or other learning

disabilities, by providing alternative ways to access and understand information

(Oxford University Press). This method promotes inclusivity by allowing students to

learn through multiple modes of representation.

Picture clues as a method of teaching personal hygiene reveals that this approach has

been found to be effective in promoting personal hygiene among young children.

Studies have shown that the use of picture clues can help children understand and

remember the steps involved in personal hygiene, such as brushing teeth, washing

hands, and bathing. One study found that the use of picture clues improved children's

personal hygiene behaviors, including tooth brushing and hand washing, compared to

a control group that did not receive the intervention (Molly, 2018). Another study

found that the use of picture clues was effective in increasing children's knowledge of

personal hygiene and their ability to perform personal hygiene tasks correctly (John et

al., 2019). The use of picture clues as a method of teaching personal hygiene has also

been found to be effective in promoting positive attitudes towards personal hygiene

among young children. A study found that children who received training in personal

hygiene using picture clues had more positive attitudes towards personal hygiene and

were more likely to engage in personal hygiene behaviors compared to children who

did not receive the intervention (Willy, 2020). Overall, the literature suggests that the

use of picture clues as a method of teaching personal hygiene is a promising approach

that can be effective in promoting personal hygiene behaviors and attitudes among

young children.

Disadvantage of picture clue method of teaching

While the use of picture clues as a method of teaching personal hygiene has been

found to be effective in promoting personal hygiene behaviors and attitudes among

young children, there are some potential disadvantages to this approach.

children, particularly those with visual impairments or other disabilities that may

affect their ability to see and interpret pictures (Samell., 2018). Additionally, some

children may not respond well to visual cues and may require alternative methods of

instruction, such as auditory or tactile cues (Gideon, 2019). Another potential

disadvantage of using picture clues is that they may not provide enough context or

information for children to fully understand the steps involved in personal hygiene.

For example, a picture of a child brushing their teeth may not provide enough

information for a child to understand the proper technique for brushing teeth (Mills et

al., 2020).

Types of picture clues method of teaching

There are several types of picture clues that educators can use to support learning,

each with its own purpose and application in the classroom.

Schematic Pictures: Schematic pictures are simplified visual representations that

depict the essential features of a concept or idea. These pictures are often used in early

childhood education and literacy instruction to help children understand the structure

and components of a topic. Schematic pictures are particularly useful in teaching

concepts such as parts of a plant, the human body, or the structure of a sentence.

According to Teaching and Learning in the 21st Century (2017), schematic pictures

are effective in supporting visual learners and in helping students develop conceptual

understanding (Springer). These pictures provide a clear, simplified view of a topic,

making it easier for students to grasp complex ideas through visual representation

(Springer, 2017).

Realistic Pictures: Realistic pictures are detailed and accurate representations of real-

world objects, people, or events. These pictures are often used in language learning,
science, and social studies to help students understand the actual appearance of a

concept. Realistic pictures provide a more authentic context for learning and help

students make connections between the visual and the real world. The Handbook of

Educational Psychology (2015) notes that realistic pictures are particularly useful in

language learning, as they help students associate words with their real-world

counterparts (Routledge). This method supports vocabulary acquisition and helps

students develop a deeper understanding of the meaning and usage of words

(Routledge, 2015).

Symbolic Pictures: Symbolic pictures are abstract or symbolic representations that

convey meaning through symbols, icons, or other non-representational forms. These

pictures are often used in early childhood education and in teaching concepts such as

time, money, or directions. Symbolic pictures are particularly useful in helping

children develop abstract thinking and symbolic representation. Instructional Design

and Technology (2016) highlights that symbolic pictures are effective in supporting

early literacy and numeracy development, as they help children understand the

relationship between symbols and their meanings (Elsevier). This method is

particularly beneficial for students who are still developing their ability to interpret

abstract concepts (Elsevier, 2016).

Comparative Pictures: Comparative pictures are used to show the differences and

similarities between two or more concepts. These pictures are often used in science,

social studies, and language learning to help students understand the relationships

between different ideas. Comparative pictures are particularly useful in teaching

concepts such as cause and effect, comparison, and contrast. Digital Learning in

Higher Education (2019) emphasizes that comparative pictures are effective in

supporting critical thinking and analytical skills, as they encourage students to make
comparisons and draw conclusions based on visual information (Oxford University

Press). This method is particularly useful in helping students develop higher-order

thinking skills (Oxford University Press, 2019).

Summary

The demonstration method and the picture clue method are two effective instructional

strategies that play a crucial role in teaching personal hygiene to students. These

methods are particularly valuable in health education, especially in early childhood

and primary education, where visual and handson learning are essential for

understanding and practicing good hygiene habits. Both methods support the

development of health literacy, behavioral change, and life skills that contribute to

overall well-being. Both the demonstration method and the picture clue method are

essential in teaching personal hygiene. The demonstration method provides practical,

hands-on learning, while the picture clue method supports visual and conceptual

understanding. Together, they help students develop health literacy, hygiene habits,

and life skills that contribute to their overall well-being. These methods are

particularly effective in early childhood education and are supported by educational

theories that emphasize the importance of visual learning, behavioral modeling, and

contextual understanding.