Acknowledgement

First of all we would like to thank Shree Mahendra Secondary School for including
Survey camp in the syllabus. It gives us the opportunity to apply the theoretical
knowledge into the real life.
Then, we would like thank survey instructor committee teachers for arranging all the
logistics and facilities during 6 days of survey camp and for providing us knowledge
about the field work.
Last but not the least, we would like to thank our friends, parents and relatives who
have been very supportive during this period.

1
 Table Of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 1.1: Objectives of Survey Camp.....................................................................................................4
Chapter 2: Levelling .............................................................................................................................................7
Chatper 2.1: Types of levelling ....................................................................................................................7
Chatper 2.2: Fly Levelling ............................................................................................................................7
Chatper 2.3: Procedure of Fly Levelling ......................................................................................................8
Chatper 2.4: Observation and Calculation ............................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3: Traversing:- ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3.1: Types of traverse ................................................................................................................. 13
Chapter 3.3: Procedure for Making a Closed Traverse ............................................................................ 16
Chapter 3.4: Observation and Calculation ............................................................................................... 19
Chapter 4: Topographical Survey...................................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 4.1: Procedure of preparing a Topographic map ........................................................................ 21
Chapter 5: Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 5.1: Requirements of alignment: ............................................................................................... 24
Chapter 5.2: Factors affecting alignment ................................................................................................ 25
Chapter 5.3: Field Procedure For Fixing Alignment of Road ................................................................. 26
Chapter : 5.4Profile Levelling ................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 5.5: Procedure Of profile levelling : ........................................................................................... 30
Chapter 5.6: Observation and Calculation ............................................................................................... 32
Chapter 6: Curve Setting ................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 6.1: Types of Curves in Surveying............................................................................................... 36
Chapter 6.2: Simple Circular Curve........................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 6.3: Field Procedure of setting out a simple circular curve ....................................................... 39
Chapter 6.4: Observation and calculation ............................................................................................... 41
Chapter 7: Bridge Survey .................................................................................................................................. 43
Chapter 7.1: Components of bridge ......................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 7.3: Procedure of Bridge Survey ................................................................................................ 46

2
Abstract
Surveying is the first step of execution of any project. It provides the valuable
information for the further works to be done like amount of materials needed, cost
estimation and many more. It helps the engineers and contractors to plan further
action to proceed forward.

The work of surveying is generally done by establishing control points. The main
aim of doing so is to work from whole to parts which is one of the principles of
surveying. This also helps to collect data from the points which are not visible form
a single point in large area. While transferring the elevations from known point to
unknown points, temporary benchmarks are established at which loops are closed
and data are checked.

Topographical map is one of the outcomes in surveying. It shows the topography

around that area along with the important natural and artificial features. One can
select the right set of instruments according to the location and type of project with
the help of topo map. Such maps are useful in the site selection of bridges, irrigation
canal projects, road survey and others.

Curves are necessary in road to change the direction of road, to overcome the
obstacles as well as to maintain the gradient. While choosing the good road
alignment, surveying plays important role. The road alignment is chosen in such way
that the amount of cut and fill of earth would be equal. As, a result the construction
cost will be less and project will be economical.

Bridges are constructed in difficult terrain where surveying is difficult. In such case,
triangulation is done for the high precision work and calculation for the easting and
northing. To transfer the reduced level in bridge surveying reciprocal levelling
comes in place which helps to transfer the RL from one side to another side.

3
Surveying

Introduction
Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of point on above or beneath
the surface of the earth by means of angular and linear measurements. The main
objective of surveying is to prepare plans and maps of areas. Thus, the subject emerges
out to be the most important before and during all engineering works like civil
engineering works such as designing and construction of highways, water supply
systems, irrigation projects, buildings etc.

The Survey Camp 2082 was organized by the Department of Civil Engineering of Shree
Mahendra Secondary school .The total duration of the survey camp was 6 days, from
of Baisakh 18 to Baisakh 24,2082.

This is a detailed report of the works performed by group Saipal during the camp period.
It briefly explains the working procedures and technique along with the observations,
calculations, and methods of adjustment of error

The work done during the camp duration can be categorized into:
 Fly Levelling
 Traversing
 Topographical survey
 Road alignment survey
 Bridge site survey

Objectives of Survey Camp

The main objectives of the survey camp are as follows:
 To prepare a open traverse
 To prepare the topographic map of the area.
 To choose the road alignment by IP method as well as to prepare X-section and
L-section with the help of detailing data.
 To transfer RL from known BM to unknown BM using Fly Levelling, Ordinary
levelling for road alignment survey and Reciprocal Levelling in Bridge Site
Survey.

4
 To develop the skills between students for group works.

Group photo during survey camp

5
LOCATION
Ghataldoti is situated or located in doti ghatal of amargadhi municipality-3 sudurpaschim
province .This place is also known as budhi ghatal this spiritually reversed site is
garnering attraction not only for its religion but also for its natural [Link] place is
about 5km far from the bagbazar The details of this area are as follow:

COUNTRY: Nepal
PROVINCE: Sudurpaschim
MUNCIPALITY: Amargadhi
WARD NO.:3
LOCATION: 5KM south from Bagbazar
CLIMATE: Moderate
TERRAIN: Hilly
LATITUDE:29018’31.67’’N
LONGITUDE:80035’27.81’’E

6
Levelling
Levelling is the art of determining the relative heights/elevations on different point on or
below the surface of earth is called levelling. Thus, levelling deals with measurements in
the vertical plane.

Types of levelling
1. Fly levelling
2. Reciprocal levelling
3. Differential levelling
4. Profile levelling
5. Cross section levelling

Fly Levelling
Fly levelling is the levelling i e done to Connect bench mark to the Starting point of the
Survey line. In this levelling only backsight and foresight reading are taken and auto level
is moved Strictly on the line joining benchmark and Starting point of the Survey line.

RL Transfer By Fly levelling

Instrument Used: -
[Link] Level Machine

[Link] Tape

[Link] Rod (2)

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

7
[Link]

[Link] Stand

Procedure of Fly Levelling

1. Instrument Setup:

 Set up the instrument at a point where both the BM and first Change Point are
visible.
 Ensure the instrument is perfectly leveled and stable.

[Link] Backsight (BS) on the Benchmark:

 Place the staff vertically on the BM.

 Ensure the staff intercept is between 0.5 m and 3.0 m.
 Record the BS.

3. Take Foresight (FS) on Change Point:

 Take a Foresight (FS) on the CP at the last point visible from the current station.
 Calculate RL:

4. Change the Instrument Station

 Move the instrument ahead to a new location from where the previous CP and next
points are visible.
 Take a BS on the last CP to determine new RL
 Repeat the process of taking IS and FS readings as you progress towards the final
peg

5. Determine RL of Final Peg:

 When the peg is reached, take the FS and calculate its RLby rise and fall method.

8
6. Return to Benchmark for Check Back:

 After reaching the final peg, return to the original BM via the same route.
 Set up the instrument so the peg and cp are visible.
 Take a BS on the peg and FS on the next cp.
 Repeat the process until BM is reached.
 Now, calclate the RL of BM and check for any errors.

7. Apply Error Correction

 If the closing error is within acceptable limits, distribute it arithmetically over the
stations:
Total Error
Correction per station =
No Of Stations

9
Observation and Calculation

Station BS FS Rise Fall RI Remarks

2.507 2.019 0.898 1.121 1560
0.888 1.617 1.617 1561.618
1.154 1.768 0.614 1563.386 Peg 1
1.176 1563.386 (BM)
2.300 0.679 1.171
2.260 1.1129 1.129
2.930

Line Distance (m) Forward Backward

AB 9.97 9.97 9.97
BC 14.95 14.95 14.94
CD 19.93 [12.06 + 7.87] 19.92
DE [12.06 + 8.82] [12.82 + 12.06] 24.88
EA 23.64 [11.17 + 11.94] [12.1 + 11.48]
23.58

BS FS RISE FALL RL
1.562 1563.386
1.630 1.177 0.385 1563.771
1.767 0.558 1.072 1564.843
0.897 1.017 0.750 1565.593
1.132 2.498 1.301 1564.292
2.038 0.906 1563.386

10
11
12
Traversing:-
 It is the method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.
 Traverse networks involve placing of survey stations along line and path of travel
and then using the previously surveyed point as a base observing the next point.
It is form of a control survey that require establishment of the series of station that are
linked together by angle or distance

Types of traverse
1) open traverse

2) Closed traverse

[Link] traverse
A traverse which niether retum it's Starting point or Station nor ends on another known
Station is called coo traverse. It is also Sometimes Called unclosed traverse. open
traverse is us for road, tunnels, canals etc.

2. Closed traverse
A traverse which either emarges from a Station and closed on Same Station runs between
two Station whose Cordinates are known is Called Close traverse.

13
Instruments Used: -
[Link] Level Machine

[Link] Tape

[Link] Rod (2)

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link] Stand

[Link] Level Machine: -

It is a precision instrument used in surveying and construction to establish or verify

points in the same horizontal plane. It is commonly used for levelling ground, laying
foundations or checking elevations. Auto levels are valued for their accuracy, durability,
and ease of use especially in outdoor environments.

[Link]:-
An instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles accurately is known as
theodolite. It is extremely useful instrument for exact survey work of engineering project.
It consist of telescope by which distant object can be sighted. The system of surveying in
which the angles are measured with the help of theodolite is called theodolite surveying.

14
Classification of theodolite
1. Transit theodolite

2. Non transit theodolite

[Link]/digital theodolite

Parts of theodolite

1. Levelling head
2. Telescope
3. Vertical circle
4. Vertical clamp and tangent screw
5. Upper plate
6. Lower plate
7. Horizontal scale
8. The lower horizontal clamp and tangent screw

Concept of theodolite:-
Face left Face right
1. Position of vertical angle or 1. Position of vertical angle or
circle is in left reader. circle is in right reader.

2. Vertical angle is ±90◦ 2. Vertical angle is ±270◦

Purpose of traverse survey

 Control point
 Detail survey (Engineering survey to produce detail plan

15
Procedure for Making a Closed Traverse

1. Reconnaissance Survey

Visit the survey area to:

o Understand the terrain.

o Choose suitable locations for traverse stations.
o Ensure intervisibility between stations.
o Avoid obstacles (buildings, trees, etc.).

2. Station Marking

 Mark traverse stations on the ground with:

o Wooden pegs.
 Assign labels (e.g., A, B, C...) to each station.
 Sketch a rough layout of the stations.

3. Instrument Setup

 Use a theodolite.
 Set up the instrument over the first station.
 Make sure it is:
o Properly centered over the point.
o Perfectly leveled.

4. Angular Measurement

• Measure horizontal angles at each station by repetation method for accuracy.

 Take Face left/face right observations and record the angles in a field book.

16
  5. Linear Measurement
 Measure the forward and backward distances between stations using tape.

6. Booking the Data

 Record all observations , including:

o Station names
o Measured angles
o Measured distances

7. Traverse Plotting or Computation

 Use collected data to compute:

o Bearings or azimuths
o Departures and latitudes (∆X and ∆Y)
o Coordinates of all stations

8. Error Detection and Adjustment

 Check for misclosure:

o Angular Misclosure: Compare sum of measured angles to the theoretical
sum.

Theoretical sum=(n−2)×180∘(for internal angles)

• Correction for misclosure

o Calculate the Measured Sum of Interior Angles

Add all the interior angles observed in the field:

Measured Sum=∠A+∠B+∠C+∠D

17
  Compute the Angular Misclosure
Subtract the theoretical sum from the measured sum:

Correction =Measured Sum−Theoretical Sum

 Distribute the Correction

If the correction is within permissible limits , distribute it equally .

No of Sides
Correction per angle=
correction

 Apply the correction:

Corrected Angle=Measured Angle−Correction per angle

(Subtract if is positive; add if negative)

9. Final Plotting or Mapping

 Plot the traverse on paper.

 Include:
o Traverse stations
o Internal angles

18
Observation and Calculation

19
20
Topographical Survey
Topographical surveying is the process of determining the positions of existing
features of the locality. Topographic surveys are three-dimensional. Topographic
Map is the representation of the various features on earth’s surface such as roads,
buildings, trees, rivers, mountains, boundaries, railway lines, etc.
They provide the techniques of plane surveying and other special techniques to
establish both horizontal and vertical control.

Objectives of topographical survey

 To prepare the topographic map of the given area

Instrument Used
1 Measuring Tape
2 Drawing Board, Field Book, Drawing Paper,etc.

Procedure of preparing a Topographic map

1. Recky(Reconnaissance)
 Walk around the area to:

o Understand the layout.

o Identify permanent features (trees, buildings, walls, paths).
o Decide what you want to include on the map.
o Use permanent structures like trees,temple,fence etc as reference
points.

2. Select a Reference Line (Baseline)

 Choose a long, straight line between two easily identifiable points (e.g., edge
of a building to a tree).
 This will act as your reference direction.
 Measure and record the total length of this line accurately using the tape.

21
3. Measure Offsets to Nearby Features

 From several known points along the baseline, measure distances to features
using:
o Perpendicular offsets
o Oblique offsets (diagonal distances if perpendicular is not possible)

4. Record Data in a Field Sketch or Table

Draw a rough sketch as you work and record measurements clearly.

5. Plot the Map to Scale

 On graph paper:
o Draw the baseline to scale
o Plot features on paper.
 Use a ruler for accuracy when plotting distances.

6. Add Features and Symbols

 Include all measured features:

 Trees, paths, buildings, fences, etc.
 Use conventional symbols and labels.

7. Add Map Essentials

Include north arrow, scale, date and title in the map

22
23
Road Alignment Survey

Introduction
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are
typically smoothed, paved or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they
need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without
any formal construction or maintenance. The road need to pass through positive
obligatory points. Positive obligatory points include cities, schools, markets and
negative obligatory points include temples, national parks and wild life
conservation areas. Road must not pass through such negative obligatory points.

Before the construction of the road, preliminary survey is done. Road alignment
is the preliminary stage of road construction. Selection of Intersection Points
(IP) is the foundation of construction of the road. After that cross section,
longitudinal section and formation level are required.

Alignment:
Alignment in road surveying is the positioning of the road's centerline on the
ground, including its horizontal and vertical layout.

Requirements of alignment:
Requirements of alignment in road survey includes:

[Link]
The road should follow the shortest possible route to reduce distance and time.

[Link]
The alignment should avoid sharp turns, steep slopes, and dangerous spots to
ensure safety.

24
3. Easy
It should be easy to build, maintain, and drive on, with gentle curves and slopes.

4. Comfort
The road should allow smooth and comfortable travel without sudden bumps or
jerks.

5. Economical
The road should cost less to build, maintain, and operate.

6. Useful
The road should connect important places and serve the needs of people
effectively.

Factors affecting alignment

1. Obligatory Point
Fixed locations that the road must pass through or avoid, like bridges, rivers,
temples, or railway crossings.

2. Geometric Design
The physical design aspects of the road, such as curves, gradients, and visibility,
which affect safety and comfort.

25
3. Traffic
The volume and type of vehicles expected on the road, influencing its width,
strength, and alignment.

4. Economic
The cost involved in construction, land acquisition, and maintenance, which
affects the choice of the most feasible alignment.

Field Procedure For Fixing Alignment of Road

To align a rod correctly along a predetermined path marked by pegs, where:

 Pegs are driven at unequal and spaced intervals,

 The alignment includes curves,
 Direct line of sight between the first and last pegs is not possible.

Instruments used:
Here are the common apparatus required for a road alignment:

1. Measuring Tape
For measuring distances.

2. Theodolite
For measuring horizontal and vertical angles accurately.

26
3. Auto level
To determine elevation differences.

4. Ranging Rods
For aligning straight lines and marking points.

5. Tripod
To hold surveying instruments.

6. Survey Pegs
To mark reference points on the ground.

7. Field Book
For recording observations and data.

8. GPS Device
For accurate location positioning. For setting up (BM).

27
Procedure
1. Understand the Route of Alignment

 Obtain or refer to the alignment plan or site map indicating the curved path.
 Identify key points such as beginning of curve (BC), end of curve (EC),
points of intersection (PI), and intermediate pegs.

2. Divide the Alignment into Visible Sections

 Since the first and last pegs are not intervisible, divide the entire alignment
into short, overlapping sections where:
o Pegs are mutually visible within each section.
o Each section ends where the next one begins, creating a chaining of
visibility.

3. Use Ranging Rods to measure long distances

 In each visible section:

o Place ranging rods on pegs and measure horizontal by using tape for
short distances.
o For long distances use direct method of ranging and use Eye
estimation to form a straight line between ranging rods.

4. Fix Alignment at Each Peg

 At each peg:
o Place the rod vertically.
o Confirm its placement visually before fixing.

28
5. Final Marking and Fixing

 Once satisfied with the alignment:

o Firmly fix or re-drive any pegs that were adjusted.
o Mark the pegs clearly with paint or flags if further work is expected.

Profile Levelling

Profile levelling is a surveying technique used to determine the elevations of points

along a specific line, usually the centerline of a proposed construction project such
as a road, pipeline, canal, or railway. It provides a vertical profile of the terrain,
allowing engineers and planners to understand how the ground elevation changes
over distance.

The process involves taking a series of benchmark-based level readings (using

instruments like a dumpy level or total station) at regular intervals along a straight
line. These readings are then plotted to form a profile or longitudinal section of the
land surface.

Main Objectives of Profile Levelling

 To accurately measure and record the rise and fall in ground levels along a
chosen line.
 Essential for designing the vertical alignment of roads, railways, canals, and
pipelines.
 Helps in calculating the amount of earthwork (cut and fill) required in a
project.
 Used to plan proper drainage by understanding how water will naturally
flow along a terrain.
 Assists engineers and contractors in laying out levels and grades for
construction in the field.

29
Instruments Used

 Auto Level
 Leveling Staff
 Tripod
 Pegs
 Ranging Rods
 Field Book
 Measuring Tape
 Hammer (for fixing pegs)
 White Cement (for marking)

Procedure Of profile levelling :

1. Preparation

 Carry out reconnaissance to identify peg positions and alignment path

(including curves).
 Mark and number all pegs for reference.

2. Instrument Setup

 Set up the level on firm ground near the first peg where staff readings were
2.5 m on both sides.
 Level the instrument and take a backsight (BS) on the starting peg.
 Record the BS in the field book. Calculae the RL of center, L1,L2 and R1,R2
and mark them using white cement .

3. Take Intermediate and Foresight Readings

 Take intermediate sights (IS) on each peg (left, center, or right of the
alignment, depending on terrain) in sequence.
 Record chainage (distance from starting point) for each peg.
 Ensure all staff readings are between 0.5 m and 3.0 m.
 On curves, take more frequent readings (closer intervals) to capture terrain
variation.

30
4. Instrument Shifting

 When pegs ahead are no longer visible:

o Take a foresight (FS) on the last visible peg.
o Shift the instrument forward.
o Set up the instrument and take a backsight (BS) on the last peg (same
point as FS).
o Continue taking IS and FS on upcoming pegs.

5. Repeat for Entire Route

 Continue the process of taking BS, IS, and FS readings as you proceed from
one instrument station to the next.
 Take readings at each peg and at additional points along curves or slope
changes.

6. Calculations

Use Rise and Fall method to calculate RLs

For Rise and Fall Method :

 Rise = Previous Staff Reading – Current Reading (if positive)

 Fall = Previous Staff Reading – Current Reading (if negative)
 RL = Previous RL ± Rise/Fall

7. Recording and Plotting

 Record all observations clearly in the field book:
 After fieldwork, plot the profile on graph paper using the chainage
and RLs.

 Curves and slopes should be clearly visible in the plotted profile.

31
Observation and Calculation

32
33
34
35
Curve Setting
A regular curved path followed by highway or railway alignment is curve. It is
introduced wherever it is necessary to change the direction of motion due to the
nature of terrain. A curve may be circular, parabola or spiral and is always
tangential to two straight directions.

Objectives of Curves
The primary objectives of incorporating curves in engineering design are:

1. To provide a smooth and gradual transition between intersecting straight paths.

2. To ensure safety and comfort for vehicles and users by minimizing abrupt
changes in direction.

3. To maintain aesthetic appeal in road and railway alignments.

4. To allow for effective drainage and prevent erosion in highways and railways.

5. To optimize land usage and minimize construction costs by aligning routes with
natural terrain.

Types of Curves in Surveying

1. Simple Circular Curve

2. Compound Curve

3. Reverse Curve

4. Transition Curve

36
Simple Circular Curve
A simple circular curve is the curve, which consists of a single arc with a constant
radius connecting the two tangents.

Figure : Simple circular curve

Components of a Simple Circular Curve

1. Back tangent
The tangent previous to the curve is called back tangent.

2. Forward Tangent
The tangent following the curve is called forward tangent.

3. Point of Intersection (PI)

If two tangent meet in a point is called Point of intersection.

37
4. Point of Curve (PC)
It is the beginning of the curve when the alignment changes from tangent to curve.

5. Point of Tangency (PT)

It is the end of curve whene the alignment changes from curve to tangent.

6. Radius (R)
The constant distance from the center to any point on the curve.

7. Tangent Length (T)

The distance from PI to PC or PI to PT.

8. Length of Curve (L)

The arc length from PC to PT.

Formulae Used
πR∆
 Length of curve (l) =
180

∆
 Tangent length (T) =R Tan
2

∆
 Length of long chord (L) = 2R Sin
2

∆
 Apex distance (E) = R ( sec -1)
2

∆
 Mid Ordinate (M) = R ( 1- cos )
2

38
Field Procedure of setting out a simple circular curve
Instruments used :

 Theodolite
 Tape
 Pegs
 Ranging rods
 Field book
 Calculator

Procedure:
1. Reconnaissance :
 Identify and mark the Point of Intersection (PI) of the two tangents.
 Clear the area for visibility and access.

2. Measure the Deflection Angle (Δ):

 Set up the theodolite at PI.

 Sight along the back tangent (station A) and set as 0°.
 Turn the theodolite and sight the forward tangent (station B).
 Read the angle, this is the Deflection Angle (Δ) of the curve.

3. Calculate Curve Elements:

Based on the measured deflection angle (Δ), radius (R) of the curve (assumed or
given), and standard formulas:
πR∆
Length of curve (l) =
180

∆
Tangent length (T) =R Tan
2

∆
Length of long chord (L) = 2R Sin
2

39
 ∆
Apex distance (E) = R ( sec -1)
2

∆
Mid Ordinate (M) = R ( 1- cos )
2

4. Locate Curve Start and End Points (PC and PT):

 From PI, measure the tangent length T along both tangents.

o The Point of Curve (PC) is at distance T from PI on the back tangent.
o The Point of Tangent (PT) is at distance T on the forward tangent.

5. Final Checks:

 Confirm that the last point matches the PT within acceptable tolerance.
 Cross-check curve length and deflection angles to ensure accuracy.

Crve Calculation

Q = 48° 09' 25''

Δ = 180° - Q
= 180° - 48° 09' 25''
= 131° 50' 35''

Length of curve (L) = π * R * Δ / 180

= 3.14 * 5 * 131° 50' 35'' / 180
≈ 11.50 m

Tangent length (T) = R * tan(Δ / 2)

= 5 * tan(131° 50' 35'' / 2)
≈ 11.16 m

40
Observation and calculation

41
42
43
44
Bridge Survey
Bridges are the structures that are constructed with the purpose of connecting two
places separated by deep valleys or gorges or rivers and streams. Bridges are
usually the cross drainage and hence a part of roads making them shorter and
hence economical. For places, where the ground is uneven and undulated and
where the number of rivers is large, bridges are the most economic and efficient
way. It is a very convenient way.

Components of bridge
1. Abutment
2. Wing Walls
3. Return Walls
4. Toe and Heel of the Abutment
5. Bearing Pads (or Bearings)
6. Bridge Slope Protection
7. Approach Slabs
8. Backfill
9. Parapets or Guardrails

1. Abutment
An abutment is a support structure located at each end of a bridge span. It serves
two main purposes:
 Supports the end of the bridge superstructure (like the deck and girders).
 Retains the earth of the approach embankment, preventing soil from
spilling on to the road or under the bridge.

Functions:
 Transfers vertical and horizontal loads from the bridge to the ground.
 Provides stability and alignment for the bridge deck.
 May contain expansion joints to accommodate movement.

45
2. Wing Wall
Wing walls are the sidewalls attached or adjacent to the abutments. Theyextend
into the embankment and act like retaining walls.

Functions:
Retain and protect the approach fill (soil and road leading up to the bridge).
Prevent erosion or washout of soil at the bridge ends.
Guide traffic smoothly onto the bridge

Objectives of Bridge survey

 To select the possible bridge site and axis for the construction of bridge.
 To carry out surveying for topographical mapping, longitudinal and cross
sections at both the upstream and downstream side of the river.

46