nd answer the following questions. Observe the given picture a! e you seen this kind of scenario in real life? 1. What do you observe in the picture? Have 2. How do the sunrays travel? What kind of 3. What happens. if something comes in the path of the sunlight? Why does this happen? 0 see an object? Why? | ght and the electricity goes out? Why? | path do the sunrays follow? Discuss. | 4. What do you need t 5. What would happen if you are studying at n! © Light travels in straight line: © Prism; OQ Rainbow © Reflection of ight: © MITES: O Formation of images, © Lenses;see things at night if all lights are tumed «| jou ever wondered why we are not able to Have y u he day time or their images in amin, Why are we able to see different objects around us in tl 7 a pond? This is because of light Light is a form of energy which ee oe 08 Oo us. The branch of physics dealing with the properties and behaviour of light is called opto, ROYS MND BEAMS OF LIGHT Light travels in the form of straight lines. These lines are called rays or beamsiA rayis a very narrow path of light described by asstraight line drawn in the direction of the propagation of light | Abundle of rays of lights called a beam of light. Beams of light are of three different types; parallel beam, divergent beam, and ————— ea convergent beam. _ | ¥ ey | panna | > Gee 2 Arey oflghge Fig. Abeor of poraiel 7 Fig, 4 Divergent and ie ‘a rays - I Bs ‘CA® Knowledge Cord eae The shadow of an opaque object is formed only when it comes in the path of the light. When sunrays fall on a particular | Portion of the Earth that part of the Earth experiences day and the rest of the planet experiences night. Light travels in a straight path. For example, sunlight coming through clouds and a beat sunlight entering a darkroom throughasmaltholein the window or door Thismodeof propa” of ightis called rectilinear propagation. Let us prove this property of light through an expeti™™ Se ‘An: To show that light travels in a straight line. Materials requirec: Candle and a piece of o rubber tube Method: A. Place a candle on the table and light it B. Take a tube and stretch it straight. Look at the flame through one end of the tube. | N , ‘ ‘You will see the candle light throu ah the tube ¢. Now, bend the rubber tube and tyne 4 flame through it. You will observe ther qo at the not visible. that the flame is vation: When the tube w When the tube was straight, the ight fr cannot be seen ine. Ifthe path is curved, then the flow of ight “4 | was visible, but on bending the ina straight om the flarné tube, the light of the flame his experiment shows that light t is blocked Experiment 1 SE enee + | 4, What objects are required for this experiment? 2. What happened when if you saw the flame of a candle through the straight rubber tube? 3. What happened when if you sow the flame of a candle through the bent rubber tube? Some examples of light travelling in a straight line are torchlight and headlights. The direction of ight can be changed by reflection, (ERR Look at the picture and write Ray) the property of light that is being depicted here, in the given space. Wh REFLECTION OF LIGHT se ee ee Hee \ w face of an object some part ofitis bounced back by the surface ads Fight fal none face inte samme medium is called reflection of ight] A smooth Theboupging of light raus bu Or ve direction, This is called regular reflection. An regular or i. aes no are i diftorent directions. This s called irregular or diffused reflection a ough surface reflects lig! = ANBil nt Fig. 5 Smoot : Petiection of FONE,When a beam of light falls on i © an opaque surface, such as a metal surface, a part of it is ret by the surface of the object. © atransparent surface, such as a glass, itis partly absorbed, partly reflected and may, amount of light is transmitted through it a © aplane mirror, that is, a smooth and shining surface, a greater part of the light is re, and the rest of itis absorbed. MIRROR-THE REFLECTING SURFACE A mirror? is a smooth and highly polished reflecting surface/ Mirrors are made by silvering side of the glass and then painting the silvered coat with a dark orange coloured paint. this done to protect the silver layer from scratching,\The silver layer acts as a reflecting surface The. are two types of mirrors. They are: O Plane mirror: This type of mirror has a highly polished flat surface to reflect light rays. A ste: plate, a shiny surface or still water can also act like a plane mirror. O Curved mirror: This type of mirror has a curved reflecting surface. These type of mirrors also called spherical mirrors or parabolic mirrors, Concave and convex mirrors are examgle: of curved mirror. Image Formed by an Object ~ When a ray of light from an object falls on a mirror, it gets reflected. Due to the reflection of light, an impression of an object is formed in a mirror. It is called the image of the object, As the distance of the object from the mirror increases, the distance of the image from the mirror also increases. The image formed by a mirror is of two types: real image and virtual image. Q O Real image!if the rays of light emitted from an object actually meet at one point a no ff Feflection, a real image’ is formedfit can be obtained on a screep} A real image is alwo¥s 1) inverted, may ee same size as the object or bigger or smaller than the object !! © Virtual imagerfthe rays of light do not actually meet at a point after reflection but PP" fo meet at a point behind the screen, a virtual image’ is formed it cannot be captured a screei A virtual image is always erect, and may be of the same size, or bigger or sl than the object Wy Image Formed by a Plane Mirror Let us understand the characteristics of image formed b of a pla mi help experiment. Ya plane mirror with the lected and the rest is Absop, Tip for Life * Placing a mirror near ligh, chandeliers and table lamps reflect the light over a large" area, and makes the room appear brighter. fj ential L fo miror-a smooth and highly polished reflecting surface {001 image-image which can be obtained on screen vital image-image which cannot be obtained on screenee) pen Aim: To study the character; Materials required: A iar, Procedure: A. For erect image Stics Of the im, 9E Sized plane mi "98 formed by the TOF and object Plane mirror, Q Stand in front of the plane mirror. O Observe your im, AQ in the aoane MINTOr. Is the image formed in the mirror upright or upside Ooservattion: The image formed is y right. Thus, the image formed by the plane mirror is erect. B. Size of image O Stand in front of the plane mirror, O Now check, if the size of the i size as yours, Mage of your face or hand is smaller or bigger or of the same Observation: The image formed by a plane mirror is of the same size as that of the object. C. Image is formed at the same distance behind the mirror os the ‘object is in front of the mirror O Stand in front of the plane mirror. O Now move tloser to the mirror. Does your image also move? Repeat the same by moving away from the mirror. Observation: The image moves in the same way as the object moves, that is, if you move closer it Moves close and if you move far it also does the same. D. Image formed is laterally inverted \d in front of the plane mirror. . = your left arm and touch your left ear. Now. observe which hand your image lifts low, move See the right hand to touch the right ear. The right appears left and the Observation: The a mirror. Thus, the image formed in the plane mirror is laterally inverted left appears right in the plant Son ‘and this phenomenon is called lateral inver the plane mirror? stood in front oF ed when you sf ize of the image you observer J: What kind of image form 1e mirror, what Size © of the image behind 2w .d in front of the plans what was the distance 19 » When you stot Pier 3 When you stood in front of & PIA the mirror? of the same size os that of the object, left-right . ae is ince behind the mirror as the object in nce, the image forme formed a Nverted, erect, and virtual front of it \ests, Left-Right (Lateral) Inversi s the nae ee images are laterally inverted, that is. ‘the right par Cena appears as the lef in the image and vice versalFor extn P the word AMBULANCE is painted left-right inverted on the ambulance, sO i when the driver of a vehicle in front looks into his rear-view mirror, he can read the word AMBULANCE quickly and give way toit ion of the image: A Uses of Plane Mirror: A plane mirror has the following uses Cig. ynowledge Cord 1. Its used as a looking glass. wre maze is based on the principle Ami 2. Itis used in periscopes. reflection. The maze has severall plane mi 3. als h other. When flector of sol placed at fixed angles to eac i . a Cet person enters a mirror maze, he finds severs cooker, images of himself and several passog SPHERICAL MIRRORS Aspherical mirror has a spherical surface which is capable of reflecting light. Ina spherical mira; cone of the surfaces is silvered which is further protected by a red oxide paint. This makes cr side of the mirror opaque and the other side acts as a reflecting surface. There are two ty spherical mirrors: concave mirror and convex mirror. © Concave mirror\JA mirror in which the hollow inner surface functions as a reflecting suo: is called a concave mirrar4) A-concave mirror converges a beam of parallel rays of light the rays converge at a point colled focus’ infront of the mirror.) '! ’ @Convex mirror mirror in which the outer bulging surface functions as areflecting surface: called a convex mirror’) A convex mirror diverges a parallel rays of light All the rays a99= to diverge after reflection from the focus’ behind the mirror. : 2 4 Principal axis ee Fig. 8 Concave mirror f eee Diferent activities can be done with the students to study the nature of light using lenses and mi" ow some multimedia clips to students to describe the experiments done on different VP mirrors and lenses and how these images are formed x ‘concave - een curved mirror with a reflecting surface curving inward at the middle ~@ curved mirror with a reflecting surface bulging outward at the middle 66~ ; rl / : | properties of Images Fore d age of an obj ae FO} depending pon oneate Mi le dis stance o data far off g r. the image uch smalle On fae ae mirror forms a real or a virtual © object from the mirror. .\ 4, When an objectis place, from a concave mirro ; is: real, inverted and ry object. For example, whenaconcase a ne placed facing the sun, it rete n® b lects the by converging the rays to a sunlight spot. When this bright spot ig luce a bright 7 'S made to fall on apiece of paper, it st It starts burnin: spot is the real image of the Bh ue at bums because of suns heat rays whan concentrated on a small point on the ee fistance formed Mirroris ig. 10 Concave mirror Roys from a far off object 2. When an objectis placed far away from e f the mirror, Le, when the object is at greater distance from the focus point, . the image formed is real, very small in tl size, and inverted® is 11 Object is away from mirror ar 3, When the object is placed very near mirror (between the focus F and the ‘e image formed is virtual d on a screen. the object and mirror), th and cannot be obtaine It is erect”, bigger than for the mirror. X rmed behind rae jery near to mirror Us irr esof a concave a serve the teeth carefully, Jad by the dentist t© ob: ee an enlarged a das radiation co" nd erect image of the face. ilectors in solar heating devices. 1. Aconcave mirror 's nile shaving tos the solar cooker an the headlights of the °°" rchlights search lights and to a prot ed as a make-ul 2. Itis used wl 3. Itis used in 4. itis used in 5. Itis used in ake-up artists p mirror by 6. Itis also us ae tothe object 5 compares side down image that is UF de dow is upright 08 © anu Werted image-o erect image-an image thet pared tothe OBIS!Mirrors. ) aller than the Object who, he, Properties of Images Formed by Convex “An image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, erect and sm may be the position of the object in front of the mirror. 1. When the object is placed far away from the mirror, then the small in size and erect. 2. When the object is placed near the mirror, then the image is virtual, smaller than the obs and erect. The image appears to form behind the mirror. image formed is Virtual yg y eee Rays | | coming | | from a far | | - off object | Erect, F soy the sun: 4 virtual and bl smaller x | | Kee Convex mitror | ve | 4 Convex mirror ) Fig. 13 Convex mirror Fig. 14 Object is near to the mirror Pau To observe different types of images formed by spherical mirrors 4. Hold a stainless steel serving spoon in your hand. 2. Place the hollow inner surface of the spoon in front of your q face. . Observed your image on that surface. . The inner surface will act as a concave mirror and shows an inverted image. . Now observe your image on the outer surface of the spoon, ‘The outer surface of the spoon will act as a convex mirror and shows an erect image. ( uses ofa convex mirror) 1. As areflector in street lights 2. As arear view or side view mirror in vehicles 3. Vigilance mirrors in big shops to look out for shoplifters. eee Now Take a concave mirror, a convex mirror, and a plane mirror. Observe your image in these mirro'® move closer to the mirrors and away from them. Record your observations in the form of o "¢P°low boyy ideale ep A. Tick (V7) the correct ©Ption: s. 1A mi TOW IN Which the hollow aace N surface functions o: @. plane mirror © Teflecting surface is called a ©. Convex mirror R b. concave mirror O 2, Avirtual image formed by a pen 4. lens © Plane mir - Oris . always erect O eit b. always inverted c. erect Cr leverted depending on the distance ofthe object from the mirror d. none of the these oO 3. Which of the following is the correct property of ight? a. It travels in a straight line © bb. It cannot pass through any object. © cc. We can see things without light. oO d. Light cannot be reflected by any surface. (C) 4, Which of the following shows the property of lateral inversion? a. Alens oO b, Amognifying glass C) c. Aplane mirror O d. Anonshiny surface = C) B. Give one word for the following. and image. 4. Aconvex mirror always produces 0 ——————— 2 is highly — fac lection from an uneven suf ae inversion of image. 3. Aplane mirror shows — : 4%. The image formed on o plone mirror is ascreen. 5. To see the vehicles co" thus cannot be obtained on iver uses o_——— iffor. ming from behind, « bus JrNet & a E 3 [Link] 5 nse x jess and 22S Ce a ) - ida ne or curvedin the centre & 4 iece of glass straii . — Otthe edges and inthe mid two surfaces ofuuhicn mbound byt S's i [Link] refie Atransparentmedi™ “scaled lens pass through leNsem ces Lenses are of various ne is spherical in st tight can Pon passing trough aT cave tens" light but tenses are trans’ i chi age direction OF ag comer Wah rays refract Pen) clasts intoe el shapes and sizes. They © Seneeancee a #805-a piece of transport = ‘Ponvex lens-the tYPE OF i “concave lens-the lens ®/mages Formed by Convex Lenses: The image formed by a convex lens depends upon tre Reonve ens or Convergent Lens ( ~ This lens is thick in the middle and becomes thinner towards the edges. For example, magni, | x Lenses, When a parallel beam of ight passes through a convex lens tbends and narrows doy, point. The point where the parallel beams of light converge after passing through the lensisqgi* the focal point or Focus (9). A magnifying glass, also called a hand tens,is@ convexens that gua’ to produce a magnified image of an object The lens is usually mounted in a frame with Ghana, 7 Sparing) ss i Fig. 15 Convex lens Fig. 16 Magnifying glass distance of the object from the lens. Some examples are as follows. 1. When an object is far away from the lens, the image formed is inverted, real, and hist. diminished. (See Fig. 17) 2. When an object is near the lens, then the image formed is smaller than the object. invert=2 and real. Roys com aforff o trom ject Object 2F A ae x ) Fig. 17 Object far away from lens Fig. 18 When the object is near to the lens 3. When an object is close to the convex lens, ie, between the focus point and the lens the image formed is: virtual, erect, and larger than the object. Fig. 19 When object is very close to the lensconvex lenses are used in: © compound microseo detailed image of nn? Ud the Organism, O cameras and projectors O magnifying glass. Pee ete Do you know that our eyes also have conve in front of it and focuses it on the retina The retin the brain through the optic nerves, Me: mI Concave Lens or Diverging Lens tis thin at the middle and gradually becomes thicker at the edges. When a parallel beam of light passes through a concave lens, it spreads or diverges. :ntion the type that we can light the life of a blind person by cdonatin lenses? The lens collect light from an obje fends the information of the image of image formed in the eyes. Do you know 9 our eyes after death? Fig. 21 Concave lens > IL d Y, = Concave lenses always produces a virtual erect, on \images Formed by Concave-Lenses- ris formed very close to the diminished image whi Few examples are as follows. 1. When the objectisfar off 2. When the objectisnear the [Link]! lens,thenth Rays coming Imoag from a far - off abject, ay the Sun) lens. nthe image [Link],and verysmall. eimage formedisvirtual andsmaller than the object, Fig. 23 When the object is nearPica X Uses of Concave Lenses Concave lenses are used in the fol O Concave lens are used in flash O These lenses are u © Concave lenses are used in the headlights of the cars. lens is used. O Inpeepholes or doorviewer concave llowing ways. Fig. 24 Door viewer PRISM A prism is a transparent optical_object with flat, polished surfaces that refract light, At least two of the flat surfaces must have an angle between them. Aglass prism can be used to break up light into its seven constituent spectral colours (the colours constituting the rainbow). The seven colours are denoted by the word VIBGYOR (V = violet, | = indigo, B = blue, G = green. Y = yellow, O = orange, R= red). This barid of colours is called the spectrum. As it is visible to the human eyes, itis calléd the visible spectrum. When a narrow beam of . | lights incident on one face ofa glass prism, the light rays bend. Ifthe light rays emerging from other face of the prism are made to fall on a white sheet of paper or a white wall, we can observ different components of white light in the form of different colours separately. T! are said to have dispersed after passing through the prism. The splitting of white light i colours on passing through a transparent medium like a glass prism is called dispersion Ke Orange Yelow Green Blue Indigo Viet Fig. 26 The visible spectrum 'dispersion-spitting of white light into seven coloured light bands lights to magnify the light. sed in spectacles for correcting short- sightedness. Fig. 25 Concave mirror on the road A mm J Fig. 27 White light splitting into Sir Isaac Newton who conducted for the first time that we can get a strip of seven colours from sunlight by passing it through aglass prism. hus, the colaus/ into sever 1 ofight constituent colours Sif~ vanvow SL aband of colours in the Skt rainbow. A rainbow is formey 2tding from raindrops. The water dropiote by the ispersio £212 is called a disperse the sunrays falling 8 ®°P Of sunlight by the S smi i ingo ‘all pris, the direction opposite to won Me™ Arainbown och refract and he posi inbow is iti alwa appears white, it is composeq pe Of the Sun, Acuna rainbow are the constituent colours ral Colours. The eee Sof sunlight rs IN Fig. 28 Raint pe eee O The red colour deviates upper part of the spectrum O The violet colour deviates the maximum, so violet colour appears at the bottom of the spectrum, XO; Good for Life Newton's Disc Through experiments with glass prisms, Newton discovered that white light consists of seven colours. A Newton's disc can be created by painting adisc with the seven different colours violet, indigo. blue, green. yellow, orange and red. When the disc is rotated ato spe) tappeas white in colour, This explains that white light consists of seven colours. — 1g things around Us. oles us to 52 which en! O Light is a form of enersY O Light travels ina straight line. n imag irrors. light and oF curved Mi O Amirror reflects "9 ene iOS TCA fthe seme sect that of the object. © Mirrors ore of WO VPA PT roti ee ee gna concave iors. © The image formed BY oP Spherical mirro’ © Alensis a piece © sh © Lenses are of Wo YPE : e © White light is comPo>