UNIT-II
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Block Diagram description of a D.C power supply (or) Regulated DC Supply
An electronic circuit that produces a stable DC voltage of fixed value across the load terminals
irrespective of changes in the load is known as regulated power supply.
Block Diagram
Operation
Function of Step-Down Transformer:
The step-down transformer used in the circuit of the regulated power supply changes the input AC
voltage to the desired lower voltage value.
Function of Rectifier Circuit:
The rectifier circuit is used to convert the input AC voltage into a DC voltage. It consists of
diodes that perform the rectification process, i.e. conversion of the AC voltage into the DC voltage.
However, the output of the rectifier is a pulsating direct voltage
In practice, a full wave rectifier is used for the rectification.
Function of Filter Circuit
Since the output of the rectifier is a pulsating direct voltage which has very high ripple content.
Hence, the raw output of the rectifier is undesirable. In order to get a pure ripple free direct voltage, a
DC filter circuit is used.
We have different types of filter circuits such as capacitor filter choke input filter, π-filter, and
LC filter.
Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator constitutes the last block of the regulated power supply. It monitors and
corrects the fluctuations in the output voltage of the power supply.
A zener diode operated in zener region, commonly used in different regulated power supplies
as the voltage regulator.
Applications
Mobile charging circuits
Testing circuits
Bench power supplies
Oscillators and amplifiers
Electronic computers
Working of a Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Rectifiers are used to convert an AC power to a DC power.
Among the rectifiers, the bridge rectifier is the most efficient rectifier circuit.
We can define bridge rectifiers as a type of full-wave rectifier that uses four or more diodes in
a bridge circuit configuration to efficiently convert alternating (AC) current to a direct (DC)
current.
Circuit Diagram
Operation
When an AC signal is applied across the bridge rectifier, terminal A becomes positive during
the positive half cycle while terminal B becomes negative.
This results in diodes D1 and D3 becoming forward biased while D2 and D4 becoming reverse
biased.
The current flow during the positive half-cycle is shown in the figure below.
During the negative half-cycle, terminal B becomes positive while terminal A becomes
negative.
This causes diodes D2 and D4 to become forward biased and diode D1 and D3 to be reverse
biased.
The current flow during the negative half cycle is shown in the figure below.
Working of a Full Wave Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Filter
The rectified output from the diode is not pure DC. Because AC character also exists
here. But our milestone is to acquire pure DC output.
So, you have to utilize a capacitor for filtering the ripple quantity.
We know that the capacitor blocks DC and allows AC to flow across the load.
Because DC capacitor acts as an open circuit as DC has no frequency.
For zero frequency capacitor has infinite reactance that obstructs DC signal to pass.
In a positive half cycle, a capacitor gets charged and during the negative half cycle,
the capacitor gets discharged.
Through the charging and discharging process, the capacitor filters ripple quantity.
Working of a Simple Zener Voltage Regulator
The primary objective of the Zener diode as a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant voltage
Circuit Diagram
There is a series resistor connected to the circuit in order to limit the current into the
diode. It is connected to the positive terminal of the d.c. It works in such a way the
reverse-biased can also work in breakdown conditions.
We do not use ordinary junction diode because the low power rating diode can get
damaged when we apply reverse bias above its breakdown voltage.
When the minimum input voltage and the maximum load current is applied, the Zener
diode current should always be minimum.
Since the input voltage and the required output voltage is known, it is easier to choose
a Zener diode with a voltage approximately equal to the load voltage, i.e. VZ = VL.
Current through the diode increases when the voltage across the diode tends to
increase which results in the voltage drop across the resistor.
Similarly, the current through the diode decreases when the voltage across the diode
tends to decrease.
Here, the voltage drop across the resistor is very less, and the output voltage results
normally.
Block Diagram of Public Address System
Public Address System (PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with
a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public.
Block Diagram
Operation
Microphone: It converts sound to an equivalent electrical signal. Generally two or
three microphones can be connected plus one auxiliary input for tape is also provided.
Mixer: The output of microphones is fed to the mixer stage. The mixer stage is used
to isolate different channels from each other before they are fed to the amplifier.
Voltage amplifier: The voltage amplifier is used to amplify the mixer output further.
Processing circuits: The processing circuits block consists of the “master gain
control” and the “tone control circuits”.
The tone control circuit consists of the bass and treble control circuits.
The bass control circuit will amplify or cut the low frequency signals and the treble
control will amplify or cut the high frequency signals.
Driver: The driver amplifier drives the power amplifier to give more power. It is
basically a voltage amplifier. The power amplifier gives the desired power
amplification to its input signal.
Power amplifier: The power amplifier drives the loud speakers.
Applications
sports stadiums.
public transportation vehicles and facilities.
live or recorded music venues and events.
Circuit Diagram and Working of Common emitter (RC Coupled) amplifier with its
Frequency Response
The common emitter amplifier is a three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor and is
used as a voltage amplifier.
The input of this amplifier is taken from the base terminal, the output is collected from the
collector terminal and the emitter terminal is common for both the terminals
Operation of Common Emitter Amplifier
The above circuit diagram shows the working of the common emitter amplifier circuit and it
consists of voltage divider biasing, used to supply the base bias voltage as per the necessity.
The voltage divider biasing has a potential divider with two resistors are connected in a way
that the midpoint is used for supplying base bias voltage.
There are different types of electronic components in the common emitter amplifier which are
R1 resistor is used for the forward bias, the R2 resistor is used for the development of bias,
the RL resistor is used at the output it is called the load resistance.
The RE resistor is used for thermal stability. The C1 capacitor is used to separate the AC
signals from the DC biasing voltage and the capacitor is known as the coupling capacitor.
The alternating current is applied to the base of the transistor of the common emitter amplifier
circuit then there is a flow of small base current.
Hence there is a large amount of current flow through the collector with the help of the RC
resistance. The voltage near the resistance RC will change because the value is very high and
the values are from 4 to 10kohm.
Hence there is a huge amount of current present in the collector circuit which amplified from
the weak signal, therefore common emitter transistors work as an amplifier circuit.
Block Diagram of an Electronic Instrumentation System
it is branch of engineering which deals with various types of instruments to record, monitor, indicate
and control various physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, etc.
Block Diagram
Primary sensing element
The primary sensing element is also known as sensor. Basically, transducers are used as a
primary sensing element. Here, the physical quantity (such as temperature, pressure etc.) are
sensed and then converted into analogues signal.
Variable conversion element
It converts the output of primary sensing element into suitable form without changing
information. Basically, these are secondary transducers.
Variable manipulation element
The output of transducer may be electrical signal i.e. voltage, current or other electrical
parameter. Here, manipulation means change in numerical value of signal. This element is
used to convert the signal into suitable range.
Data transmission element
Sometimes it is not possible to give direct read out of the quality at a particular place
(Example – Measurement of temperature in the furnace). In such a case, the data should
transfer from one place to another place through channel which is known as data transmission
element
Data presentation or controlling element
Finally, the output is recorded or given to the controller to perform action. It performs
different functions like indicating, recording or controlling.