INDEX
[Link]. Content Title
1 Acknowledgement
2 Introduction
3 History
4 Rules of the Game
5 The Court
6 The Ball and Scoring
7 The Libero
8 Recent Rule Changes
9 Skills
10 Serve and Pass
11 Attack And Block
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Health and
Physical Education teacher for giving me the opportunity to work
on this project on “Volleyball.” This project has helped me gain a
deeper understanding of the game, its rules, techniques, and the
importance of teamwork and sportsmanship.
I am also thankful to my school for providing the necessary
resources and guidance throughout the project. I would like to
extend my heartfelt thanks to my classmates and friends for their
constant support and cooperation.
Finally, I am grateful to my parents for their encouragement and
motivation, which helped me complete this project successfully.
INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six
players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score
points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under
organized rules. It has been a part of the official program
of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.
History:-
The game of volleyball was started in 1895 by William [Link] in YMCA Gymnasium in
America. It was called as Minttonet at that time. Outside America, Canada was the first
country where volleyball was started in 1990. First time, the National Championship was
organized by YMCA in New Yark in [Link] YMCA in America made the rules of this game
in the initial stage for the proper development of volleyball. This game was very popular
among the soldiers during the second world war of [Link] game was first included in
Olympic games in 1964 held at tokeyo. Since then this game has become an integral part of
the Olympic games. A new form of Volleyball is popular, it is known as Beach Volleyball. It is
played by two player team over sand playfield.
Rules of the game:-
The court
A volleyball court is 18 m (59 ft) long and 9 m (29.5 ft)
wide, divided into 9 m × 9 m halves by a one-meter (40-
inch) wide net. The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11 5/8 in)
above the center of the court for men's competition, and
2.24 m (7 ft 4 1/8 in) for women's competition, varied for
veterans and junior competitions.
A line 3 m (9.84 ft) from and parallel to the net is
considered the "attack line". This "3 meter" (or "10 foot")
line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas
(also back court and front court). These are in turn divided
into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting
from area "1", which is the position of the serving player
After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out),
its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the
player previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on,
with the player from area "1" moving to area "6".
The team courts are surrounded by an area called the
free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters wide and which
the players may enter and play within after the service of
the ball. All lines denoting the boundaries of the team
court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the
dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the
court or zone. If a ball comes in contact with the line, the
ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each
side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a
vertical extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball
passing over the net must pass completely between the
antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling)
without contacting them.
The ball
FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical,
made of leather or synthetic leather, have a circumference
of 65–67 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside
pressure of 0.30-0.325 kg/cm2. Other governing bodies
have similar regulations.
Scoring
When the ball contacts the floor within the court
boundaries or an error is made, the team that did not
make the error is awarded a point, whether they served
the ball or not. If the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as
in. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If
the team that won the point served in the previous point,
the same player serves again. If the team that won the
point did not serve the previous point, the players of the
team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise
manner. The game
continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two-
point margin is awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five
sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15
points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments,
and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to
25; in t he NCAA games are played best-of-five to 25 as
of the 2008 season.)
Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team
had the serve (side-out scoring) and all sets went up to
only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with
the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current
scoring system (formerly known as rally point system),
primarily to make the length of the match more predictable
and to make the game more spectator- and television-
friendly.
Libero
In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally.
The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the
libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from his or her
teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is
entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play, the
libero can replace any back-row player, without prior
notice to the officials. This replacement does not count
against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set,
although the libero may be replaced only by the player
whom he or she replaced.
The libero may function as a setter only under certain
restrictions. If she/he makes an overhand set, she/he must
be standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line;
otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front
of the 3-meter line. An underhand pass is allowed from any
part of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player
on the team. There is also a libero tracking sheet, where
the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom
the libero subs in and out for. There may only be one
libero per set (game), although there may be a different
libero in the beginning of any new set (game).
Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to
international rules, with the exception of the NCAA women's
volleyball games, where a 2004 rule change allows the
libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the
libero can only serve for one person, not for all of the people
for whom he or she goes in. That rule change was also
applied to high school and junior high play soon after.
Recent rule changes
Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing
serves in which the ball touches the net, as long as it goes
over the net into the opponents' court. Also, the service
area was expanded to allow players to serve from
anywhere behind the end line but still within the
theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were
made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double-
touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single
player ("double-hits") on a team's first contact provided
that they are a part of a single play on the ball.
In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of
points needed to win any of the first four sets from 30 to
25 for women's volleyball (men's volleyball remained at
30.)
if a fifth (deciding) set is reached, the minimum required
score remains at 15. In addition, the word "game" is now
referred to as "set". Changes in rules have been studied
and announced by FIVB in recent years, and they have
released the updated rules in 2009.
Skills:-
Serve
A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in
an attempt to drive it into the opponent's court. His or her
main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also
desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and
acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to
handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball
lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court
after being touched by an opponent.
Pass
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to
properly handle the opponent's serve, or any form of
attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the
ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the
position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific
techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball
touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform,
at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with
the fingertips, like a set, above the head. Either are
acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however
there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass
in beach volleyball.
Attack
The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third
contact a team makes with the ball. The object of
attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the
opponent's court and cannot be defended. A player
makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and
swings at the ball.
Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the
hitter's jump. At the moment of contact, the hitter's arm is
fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward,
making the highest possible contact while maintaining the
ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm swing,
wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire
body to drive the ball. A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very
hard/loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory
steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces
very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an
attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting
in a point.
Block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at
the net to stop or alter an opponent's attack
block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus
making the ball remain in the opponent's court, is called
offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by
jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and
hands over the net and into the opponent's area. It requires
anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack
takes place. It may also require calculating the best foot
work to executing the "perfect" block.
A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus
making the ball remain in the opponent's court, is called
offensive
The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's
trajectory prior to it crossing over the net. Palms are held
deflected downward about 45–60 degrees toward the
interior of the opponents court. A "roof" is a spectacular
offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the
attack straight down to the attacker's floor, as if the
attacker hit the ball into the underside of a peaked house
roof.