A+ CHEMISTRY-IX
Chapter-2
Periodic table
Periodic table is an ordered arrangement of elements into groups and periods.
Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
In 1869 Mendeleev proposed a periodic law and prepared a periodic table even without knowing
about structure of atom or subatomic particles.
Mendeleev’s periodic law:
The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic masses.
Mendeleev arranged the elements in a table in increasing order of atomic masses. Then he found
elements repeat similar chemical and physical propensities in regular interval.
Merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table:
Arranged elements to groups and periods.
Elements with similar properties were placed in same group.
Some elements did not follow correct ascending order. So, He pointed it could be due to wrong
determination of atomic mass.
Gave space for unidentified elements and predicted their properties.
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Limitations of Mendeleev’s periodic table:
Elements with difference in properties were included in same group.
No proper position for Hydrogen.
Increasing order of atomic masses were not strictly followed.
Through X-Ray diffraction experiment, Moseley proved that properties of elements depends
mainly on atomic numbers not atomic masses. He modified Mendeleev’s periodic law and
proposed modern periodic law.
Modern Periodic law:
“The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic
numbers.”
Modern Periodic table:
On basis of the modern periodic law he arranged elements in increasing order of atomic numbers.
In modern periodic table horizontal raws are called periods, vertical column are called groups.
The elements in same group shows similarity in properties.
Find period number of elements from electronic configuration:
The period number of element is the number of shell of element.
Eg:
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Element Symbol Atomic Electronic Number of Period
number configuration shells number
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 1
Helium He 2 2 1 1
Lithium Li 3 2,1 2 2
Sodium Na 11 2,8,1 3 3
Potassium K 19 2,8,8,1 4 4
Calcium Ca 20 2,8,8,2 4 4
Main group elements
Elements of group 1, group 2 and groups 13 to 18 are called main group elements.
They show similarity in properties in a group.
It includes metals, non-metals, metalloids.
Represent elements belonging to different physical states.
Find group number of main group element from electronic configuration:
The group can be found from number of electrons in outermost shell.
If number of electrons in outermost shell is 1 or 2, That will be the group of the element.
Eg: Sodium (atomic number=11)
Electronic configuration- 2,8,1
Group number= 1
If number of electrons in outermost shell is 3 to 8, Then add 10 to the element to get its group
number.
Eg: Neon (atomic number=10)
Electronic configuration- 2,8
Group number= 8+10=18
Group and family in periodic table:
Group number Family Name
1 Alkali metals
2 Alkaline earth metals
3 to 12 Transition elements
13 Boron family
14 Carbon family
15 Nitrogen family
16 Oxygen family
17 Halogens
18 Noble gases
Noble gases
The 18th group elements are known as noble gases. They usually do not take part in chemical
reactions due to stable electron arrangement.
They are:
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Element Atomic number Atomic number Electronic Group number
configuration
Helium He 2 2 18
Neon Ne 10 2,8 18
Argon Ar 18 2,8,8 18
Krypton Kr 36 2,8,18,8 18
Transition Elements
The elements in group 3 to 12 are called transition elements.
As they show regular transition from high metallic s block elements to less metallic p block
elements, the d block elements are called transition elements.
In transition elements electron filling takes place in penultimate shell
They generally shows similar properties in group as well as in period.
All are metals.
They forms coloured compounds.
Coloured compounds of d block elements
Lanthanoids and Actinoids
The lanthanoids and actinoids are given separately at bottom in periodic table.
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The lanthanoids are 14 elements after lanthanum (atomic number 57) to lutetium (atomic number
71).
The actinoids are 14 elements after actinium (atomic number 89) to lawrencium (atomic number
103) which are placed under lanthanoids.
Lanthanoids and Actinoids are also called as inner transition elements.
The actinoids after uranium (U, atomic number 92) are man made elements.
Size of atom along group and period
The atoms have specific size and they can be denoted in terms of atomic radius. Atomic radius is
the distance from center of nucleus to the outermost shell with electron.
The factors affecting atomic radius are nuclear charge and number of shells.
As the nuclear charge increases, the attraction of electron towards nucleus increases. In a period
from left to right there is no change in number of shells. But the nuclear charge increases. ie, In a
period from left to right the nuclear charge increases so the size of atom decreases.
Element Atomic number Electronic Number of shells
conflagration
Lithium 3 2,1 2
Sodium 11 2,8,1 3
Potassium 19 2,8,8,1 4
Rubidium 37 2,8,18,8,1 5
Down in a group the number of shells of elements increases, So the size of atom increases.
Ie, Down in a group number of shells increases, the size of atom also increases.
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