MODULE 2: Literature Review

Quote of the day

“Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge
is limited but imaginations encircles the world”.
―Albert Einstein
 Literature Review and Technical Reading
The primary goal of a literature review is to:

– Identify the research problem: This includes understanding the current state of knowledge on
the topic, identifying gaps in knowledge, and determining the research questions that need to
be answered.

– Advocate a specific approach: This involves evaluating the different approaches that have been
taken to study the problem, and selecting the approach that is most likely to be successful.

– Access the choice of methods: This includes assessing the validity and reliability of the methods
that have been used, and determining whether they are appropriate for the research problem.

– Demonstrate the need for new research: This involves showing that the existing research is not
sufficient to answer the research questions, and that new research is needed to make progress.
 Literature Review and Technical Reading contd..
• Basis used to evaluate the quality of a literature review
– Breadth and depth of coverage: The literature review should cover a wide range
of relevant sources, and provide a deep understanding of the research problem.

– Clarity and rigor: The literature review should be written in a clear and concise

CON…
style, and should use rigorous analytical methods.

– Consistency: The literature review should be consistent with the research

problem, approach, and methods. Effective analysis.

– The literature review should provide a critical analysis of the existing research,
and should identify the key findings and gaps in knowledge.
 New and Existing
Knowledge
• The interpretation of new knowledge heavily depends
on the researcher's background and perception, which
can range from indifference to excitement.

• The significance of new knowledge is often established

by identifying existing problems in the field and
demonstrating the gaps in the current understanding.

• Existing knowledge is essential for highlighting the

existence of a problem and its importance. Researchers
use the context, significance, originality, and tools from
existing literature to build a case for their work.

• This knowledge is gathered through extensive reading

and literature review, spanning both foundational
textbooks and recent research papers.
New and Existing Knowledge contd…
Textbooks provide established knowledge and foundational background, while research papers focus
on presenting new, cutting-edge information.

Research papers assume prior knowledge and can be challenging to understand without a solid
foundation. Researchers often need to refer to various sources to interpret the content of research papers
effectively.

A thorough literature review is crucial to demonstrate how a research piece builds upon existing work.
It provides a strong foundation for advancing knowledge, identifying gaps, and suggesting new
research directions.

A good literature survey is concept-focused rather than author-focused.

Components of a Comprehensive Literature Review:
• Summarize existing knowledge from the state of
the art.
• Detail key concepts, factors, parameters, and
relationships.
• Discuss complementary approaches to the
topic.
• Highlight inconsistencies, shortcomings, and
contradictory results.
• Justify the need for further research in the
field.
 Components of a Comprehensive Literature Review: Contd..
• When encountering important information, researchers often highlight, underline, or
mark it for future reference.

• However, to truly integrate this knowledge, it's essential to write about it in one's own
words, connecting it with the existing foundation.

• Building a strong knowledge foundation requires continuous reading, learning, and

writing.

• By crafting and reshaping newly acquired information to fit into the existing framework,
researchers ensure a robust understanding of the topic.

• New and existing knowledge play crucial roles in research. Understanding the
significance of existing knowledge, effectively reviewing the literature, and integrating
new findings into the foundation are essential steps for researchers seeking to
contribute meaningfully to their field.

• A comprehensive literature survey not only informs the researcher but also serves as a
cornerstone for future advancements.
Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Art Bibliographic
• Grasp the central research question or hypothesis of each article. This helps establish the
Understanding the Hypothesis
context and purpose of the research.

Understanding Models and • Delve into the models and experimental setups used in the articles. This understanding helps in
comparing and contrasting findings and methodologies.
Experimental Conditions

• Identify common themes, similarities, and differences across the articles. This step involves
Making Connections
synthesizing the information to derive meaningful insights.

• Compare various pieces of information, methodologies, and results across different sources. This
Comparing and Contrasting
comparison can reveal trends, contradictions, or gaps in the existing knowledge.

• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each article. Identify areas where the research is
Finding Strong Points and Loopholes
robust and where there might be limitations or areas that need further investigation.
Authority: Assess the author's credentials and affiliation. Consider the publisher of
the information. Academic or reputable sources carry more weight.

Accuracy: Compare the information presented with what is already known about
the topic. Does the information align with credible sources? Look for citations and
references that support the claims made.

Scope: Determine if the source matches the appropriate comprehension or research

Critical
Evaluation
level. Ensure that the content is relevant to your research goals.

Currency: Consider the publication date. Depending on the field, currency may be
crucial to ensure you're working with up-to-date information. of Sources:
Objectivity: Evaluate the objectivity of the source. Is the information presented
without bias? Look for balanced viewpoints and comprehensive analyses.

Purpose: Understand the purpose of the source. Is it a research paper, review

article, or opinion piece? Different types of sources serve different purposes.
 Bibliographic Databases
• Bibliographic databases serve as essential resources for
researchers by offering access to citation-related information and
abstracts of scholarly research articles. These databases provide a
valuable tool for searching and retrieving relevant literature,
aiding in the exploration of new ideas and addressing research
problems.
Benefits of Bibliographic Databases:
Abstracting and Indexing Services: Bibliographic databases act as abstracting and indexing services, compiling
essential details about research articles. They include information such as citations, abstracts, authors, affiliations,
and keywords.

Access to Scholarly Literature: These databases facilitate access to a wide range of scholarly research articles,
helping researchers stay informed about the latest developments in their field.

Search Capabilities: Researchers can perform advanced searches using keywords, authors, publication years, and
other criteria to find relevant articles quickly.

Comprehensive Coverage: Bibliographic databases cover a vast array of disciplines and subjects, providing a
comprehensive repository of research materials.

Quality Research: Simultaneous searches across multiple databases help researchers avoid overreliance on a single
source and mitigate limitations associated with individual databases.
Challenges and Solutions:

Database Limitations: Relying solely on one

database can result in biased or incomplete results.
Researchers might encounter limitations in terms
of coverage, access, or search capabilities.

Intrinsic Shortcomings: Each database may have its

own limitations, such as biased indexing,
incomplete coverage of certain fields, or
inconsistencies in abstract quality.
 Identification of Relevance: Researchers should
quickly identify which databases are suitable for
exploring their ideas or addressing specific
research problems.

Selecting Diverse Selection: To ensure comprehensive

coverage, researchers can choose a combination

Databases of databases that cater to their research area.

for Research:
Cross-Database Searches: Researchers should
perform simultaneous searches across multiple
databases to enhance the breadth and quality of
their research findings.
 Bibliographic databases play a vital role in modern research,
enabling researchers to access, search, and retrieve scholarly
articles efficiently.

By utilizing multiple databases and conducting simultaneous

searches, researchers can overcome limitations and biases

Con… associated with individual sources, thereby enhancing the

quality and comprehensiveness of their research.

These databases are integral to the process of exploring new

ideas, addressing research problems, and building on existing
knowledge.
 Web of Science
Web of Science, formerly known as ISI or
Thomson Reuters, is a comprehensive
platform encompassing multiple
databases and specialized tools for
scholarly research. It provides researchers
with access to a wide range of scholarly
materials, making it an invaluable
resource for academic exploration.
[Link]

Web of Science platform - Clarivate

 Key Features and Usage:
Search Capabilities: Web of Science offers an extensive search functionality, allowing researchers to explore
scholarly materials within specific topics of interest. The search can be refined using various fields such as title,
topic, author, address, and more.

Sorting and Refining: Researchers can sort search results by factors such as the number of citations or publication
date. The "Refine Results" panel on the left enables narrowing down results using keywords, phrases in quotation
marks, material type (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles), date, language, and more.

Enhanced Search Strategies: The platform encourages effective search strategies by suggesting actions such as
putting quotes around phrases, adding more keywords, and considering alternate word endings. Researchers are
also advised to break down s
 Con…
Cited Reference Search: A unique feature is the "Cited Reference Search," enabling researchers to trace
articles that have cited a previously published paper. This option provides insights into how ideas have
been applied, improved, or extended over time.

Structured and Informed Results: The platform ensures efficient utilization of time by narrowing and
refining search results. Researchers can broaden or narrow down results based on their needs using
built-in fields.

Access to Detailed Information: Clicking on search results provides a wealth of information about the
paper, including the title, authors, journal type, volume, issue number, publication year, abstract, and
keywords. This information helps researchers decide whether to acquire the full version of the paper.
Google and Google Scholar
Google and Google Scholar are valuable starting points
for research due to their accessibility and potential to
find freely available information. However, both
platforms come with limitations and challenges,
leading researchers to seek alternative strategies for
obtaining relevant and accurate sources of information.
 Google's Limitations:

"Black Box" Nature: Google searches the entire internet without quality
control, making it difficult to determine the reliability and source of results.

Limited Search Functionality: Google offers limited search and refinement

options, potentially leading to overwhelming or irrelevant results.
 Google Scholar's
Limitations:
• Mixed Scholarly Content: Some results may
appear scholarly but lack credibility upon closer
examination.

• Incomplete Coverage: Not all publishers make

their content available to Google Scholar.

• Limited Search Capabilities: Google Scholar

provides fewer search options for refining results.
 OR Operator: Broadens searches by capturing synonyms or variant spellings.
Example: Synchronous OR asynchronous captures results with either term.

Search Brackets/Parentheses: Group OR'd synonyms of a concept while combining

them with another. Example: RAM (synchronous OR asynchronous).

Operators Quotation Marks: Narrows searches by finding words together as a phrase.

Example: "Texas Instruments" narrows results to that specific phrase.

for Site Operator: Limits searches to a specific domain or website. Example: site:
[Link] focuses on results from that site.

Improved Filetype Operator: Filters results based on a specific file extension. Example:
filetype: pdf narrows results to PDF documents.

Results: Search Tools Button: Provides additional options like date limitation.
Seeking Scholarly Resources:
• Academic Databases: Databases offer specialized search
capabilities and better quality control. They provide
access to journal articles, conference proceedings, and
scholarly resources.
• Advantages of Databases: Databases offer more
relevant, focused results due to better quality control
and search functionality.
• Database Selection: Choose databases based on subject
area, date coverage, and publication type.
• Search Techniques Consistency: While database
interfaces vary, the core search techniques remain
consistent.
 Con…

While Google and Google Utilizing search operators and

Researchers should select
Scholar are valuable initial tools can improve search
appropriate databases based on
search tools, researchers must results. However, for in-depth
their subject area, ensuring
be aware of their limitations and credible scholarly research,
better control and accuracy in
and refine their search academic databases offer more
their search for information
strategies accordingly. focused and reliable resources.
 Effective Search: The
Way Forward
• Scholarly publications are authored by researchers in
specific fields, undergo peer review, and target
experts and students in the field.
• While engineering researchers often refer to scholarly
journals and peer-reviewed sources, useful content
can also be found in popular publications for broader
readership.
• A comprehensive search involves using various search
tools and considering the type and availability of
information
 Effective Search: The Way Forward contd..
• Searching is an iterative process.
– Experiment with different keywords and operators;
– Evaluate and assess results, use filters;
– Modify the search as needed; and
– When relevant articles are found, look at their citations and
references
• After search engage in critical and thorough reading
• Make observations of salient points and summarize
findings.
• Make a detailed comparison and contrast findings.
 Effective Search: The Way Forward contd..
• Importance of continuous and cyclic literature search
– It helps in understanding confusing parts, and getting
through relevant coursework to build up the required skills
and intuition.
– New literature keeps appearing, and as one’s understanding
of the problem grows, one finds new connections and
related/evolving problems.
– One source leads to another.
 Search for literature
• Select the appropriate database
• Collect documents
• Go through documents and categorize them based on
methodology used/ based on accuracy of results
obtained
• Analyze and identify gaps
• Make a comparative table based on the experimental
results
 Technical Reading
• While reading an engineering research paper, the goal is
to understand the technical contributions that the
authors are making.
• It is useful to adopt a quick, purposeful, and useful way
of reading the manuscripts from journals.
• It may require rereading the paper multiple times and
one might expect to spend many hours reading the
paper.
 Efficient, and logical approach for
Technical Reading
• Start out the skimming process by reading the title and keywords.
• One should then read the abstract to get an overview of the paper in
minimum time.
• If the abstract is of interest, one should skip most of the paper and go
straight to the conclusions to find if the paper is relevant to the intended
purpose.
• If so, then one should read the figures, tables, and the captions therein,
because these would not take much time but would provide a broad enough
idea.
• If the paper has continued to be of interest so far, then one is now ready to
delve into other sections introduction, results and discussions. read further
sections
• To really wish to understand then read sections like the Experimental
Setup/Modeling, etc.,
 Conceptualizing Research
• To conceptualize one must already be aware of what is in
the literature.
• One actually has a good research objective.
• One is probably already an expert at the edge of
knowledge
• One needs to be continually reading the literature so as to
bring together
– significant problem,
– the knowledge that will address it, and
– a possible way to make that new knowledge.
 Conceptualizing Research
• In case of UG and PG thesis conceptualizing the research is
possibly too tough to do.
• In this case, the researcher needs the help of someone
else, typically the supervisor or guide.
• They may advise on what a good research objective might
be.
• One should be able to immediately point to the landmark
literature that one should read first.
• The objective of research is to make knowledge.
• One is building a new thing and has never been built
before.
• It is relatively easier to critically read to find the mistakes than to
read it so as to find the good ideas in the paper.
 Critical and Creative Reading
• Be suspicious and ask questions.
– Have the authors attempted to solve the right problem?
– Are there simpler solutions that have not been considered?
– What are the limitations (both stated and ignored) of the solution
and are there any missing links?
– Are the assumptions that were made reasonable?
– Is there a logical flow to the paper or is there a flaw in the
reasoning?
– whether the data presented in the paper is right data to
substantiate the argument?
– whether the data was gathered and interpreted in a correct
manner?
– whether some other dataset is more compelling?
 Creative reading
• Requires positive approach.
• In creative reading, the idea is to actively look for other
applications, interesting generalizations, or extended work
which the authors might have missed?
• Are there plausible modifications that may throw up important
practical challenges?
• One might be able to decipher properly if one would like to
start researching an extended part of this work, and what
should be the immediate next aspect to focus upon.
 Taking notes while reading
• A researcher reads to write and writes well only if the reading skills
are good.
• Researchers needs to read and build on that knowledge to write
based on the notes taken.
• Take notes on margins of their copies of papers or even digitally on
an article aggregator tool.
• Questions of criticisms, need to be written down.
• Write summary of the paper in a few sentences after reading.
• Comparative perspective with respect to existing works
• Whether there are new ideas in the paper, or if existing ideas were
implemented through experiments or in a new application, or if
different existing ideas were brought together under a novel
framework.
 Reading Mathematics and Algorithms
• Mathematics is the heart of any technical paper.
• It is often the foundation of new advances, for evolution and
development of engineering research and practice.
• Identify the relevance of the paper, develop sound
understanding about the problem.
• Meticulous reading is required for understanding more.
• Implementation of an intricate algorithm in programming
language is prone to errors.
• Even if the researcher is confident about its working there is a a
fair chance that it will not work at all.
• one may wish to code it quickly to check its working.
 Reading a Datasheet
• Researchers in the field of electronics need to read
datasheets.
• As you know datasheets are instruction manuals for
electronic components.
• It enable a researcher (or a working professional) to design a
circuit or debug any given circuit with that component.
• It consists of part’s function and features, basic
specifications, pinout and usually provides a functional block
diagram.
• It may also consists of performance graphs, safe operating
regions, truth tables and timing diagrams.
 Attributions and Citations
• Citing is the practice of quoting from, referring to other authors’
works and ideas in the text of our work. Giving credit others for
their work.
• Referencing is the listing of the full publication details of a
published work.
• Acknowledgment in research publications indicates
contributions to scientific work.
• Acknowledgment, attributions, and citations differ in the
manner of their application.
• Acknowledgment is arguably more personal, singular, and simply
an expression of appreciations and contribution
 Citations
• What is citation?
– Citing is the practice of quoting from, referring to other
authors’ works and ideas in the text of our work. Giving credit
others for their work.
• Any portion of someone else’s work or ideas in papers,
patents, or presentations must be used in any new
document that we are preparing only by clearly citing the
source.
• the researcher may need to give due credit to the creator
of the original source
 Citations
• When a bibliography of previously published patents or papers is
placed in the new works of a researcher, a connection is
established between the new and previous work.
• Citations help the readers to verify the quality and importance
of the new work and justification of the findings.
• As an ethical responsibility, appropriate credit shall be given to
the original author or writer.
– Materials that can be cited include journal papers, conference
proceeding, books, theses, newspaper articles, websites, or other
online resources and personal communication.
 Where do we add citations? How do we add?
• A researcher needs to cite each source twice:
i. in-text citation, in the text of the article exactly where the source is
quoted or paraphrased, and
ii. next in the references, typically at the end of the chapter or a book
or at the end of a research article.
• The citation elements differ and so what is to be recorded can
differ from one source to another.
• Its important to add date of publication.
• Some times for web contents along with publication date one
can add a particular date when it is referred.
• LaTeX, a document preparation system , is very effective to
track and update citations
 Functions of citations
• Verification function:
– Citation offers the readers a chance to ascertain if the original
source is justified or not, and if that assertion is properly
described in the present work.
• Acknowledgment function:
– Citations play crucial role in promotion of individual researchers
– Citations help all researchers to enhance their reputation and
provide detailed background of the research work.
• Documentation function:
– Citations are also used to document scientific concepts and
historical progress.
 Citations contd..
• Comprehension skills are required for identifying, estimating,
and incorporating other’s research work and then create to
express their own ideas.
• Cite sources to indicate significance of the work to the reader.
• Citations help authors develop an easily understandable
argument.
• Citations prevent the need to navigate through work irrelevant
to the reader’s interest areas
• citations honor those who initiated the ideas to credit them for
their work.
 Cases that s do not fulfill citation goals
• Spurious citations: Inappropriate citations result in loss of time of
the reader or reviewer
• Biased citations: Selective citations based on personal affiliations
leads objectivity
• Self-citations: Relevant and appropriate self citations are
encouraged but there can also be negative impact on the journal
as well as individual researchers due to inappropriate and
irrelevant self-citations
• Coercive citations: manipulations in citation to increase the
journal ranking.

Author(s) must maintain a balance between too few and too

many citations. At the same time, author(s) must give credit
whenever due even if it is their own work.
 Impact of Title on Citations
• Titles importance and impact
 Title characteristics and citation rates
• Title length

• Types of titles

• Keywords in title
 Keywords and its role
• Keyword represent essential information as well as main
content of the article, which are relevant to the area of
research.
• Search engines, journal, digital libraries, and indexing
services use keywords.
• Keyword ensures that readers are aware about research
articles and their content
 Citation based knowledge flow
• knowledge flow and
elements such as
researchers, papers,
journal publications or
conferences across
institutions through
citation.
• If paper A is cited by
paper B, then
knowledge flows
through citation
networks across
institutions.
 Authorship network
• Three articles (X, Y, and Z)
• Five references (X1, X2, X3, Y1,
• and Y2) of article X and Y,
respectively.
• A, B, and C are authors of article
X, and D, E, F, G, and also A are
authors of article Y. Article Z has
two authors H and E.
• References X1, X2, X3, Y1, and Y2
have authors (A, P), (H, R),(D), (Q,
B, F), and (R), respectively.
 Citing datasets
• Engineering research has evolved rapidly and heavily relies
on data.
• Data citations are required to give credit and legal
attribution to all contributors.
• It enable identification and access of dataset for their
work.
Obtain necessary permission for using data from a particular source.
 Styles for Citations
• ASCE style (American Society of Civil Engineers)

This part is to be placed

in the bibliography or
references at the end of
the article or report.
 Styles for Citations
• In-text citation for journals or books:
• Text (Author Surname/Website URL Year Published)
• Examples:
i. Citation is a very important part of technical writing. (Deb
2016)
ii. Engineers create devices to monitor mountains so that
nearby inhabitants can be warned of impending eruptions.
([Link] 2014)
 Styles for Citations (IEEE style)
• IEEE style is standard for all IEEE journals and magazines,
and is frequently used for papers and articles in the fields
of electrical engineering and computer science.
• The IEEE style requires endnotes and that references be
cited numerically in the text.

• Refer IEEE guidelines for the specific journal or magazine

and site them
ASME style (The Association of Mechanical Engineers)
 Acknowledgements and attributions
• A brief appreciation of the contribution of someone or an
organization or funding body to the present work is
acknowledgement.
• Where it should be added
– At the end of the text as footnote in technical papers or as per the
guidelines of the publishers. e.g.
– At the beginning of the project reports before abstract.
• We add to recognize persons or agencies for being responsible
in some form or other for completion of a publishable research
outcome.
• Six acknowledgement classifications: moral, financial, editorial,
institutional or technical, and conceptual support
 Acknowledgment in Engineering research
• Acknowledgments shall be added for
– participating technicians,
– students,
– funding agency with grant number,
– institution,
– or anyone who provide scientific inputs,
– shared unpublished results,
– provided equipment,
– participated in discussions.
 What Should be Acknowledged?
• As discussed in previous slide author should acknowledge
quotation, ideas, facts, paraphrasing, funding
organization, oral discussion or support, laboratory, and
computer work.
• Quotation:
– Direct quotation: use actual words or sentences in the same
order as the original one
• The author said[2] “Citations are also used to document scientific
concepts and historical progress”
– Indirect quotation: summarizes or paraphrases the actual quote
• Scientific concepts and historical progress must be added with proper
citations[2] .
 What Should be Acknowledged?
• We generally acknowledge people who give appropriate
contribution in our research work.
• Non research work contributions are not generally
acknowledged in a scientific paper but it may be in a thesis.
• Authors should acknowledge assistants, students, or technicians,
who helped experimentally and theoretically during the
research work.
• Funding agency who financially helped for the work should be
acknowledged with full details.
• Acknowledging the results that have been presented elsewhere
e.g in scientific meeting, symposium, or other gathering etc.
 Acknowledgement for grants

• It’s not simply expressing gratitude but agencies often

require that their grant be acknowledged.
• The format of required information is often explicitly
stated in the terms and conditions of grants provided.
 Acknowledgments in Books/Dissertations
• The following are often acknowledged in these types of acknowledgments:
main supervisor, second supervisor, peers in the lab, other academic staff
in the department, technical or support staff in the department, colleagues
from other departments, other institutions, or organizations, former
students, family, and friends
 Dedication or Acknowledgments?
• Dedication is almost never used in a journal paper, an
article in a conference proceedings, or a patent.
• It is used in larger documents like books, thesis, or
dissertations.
– It may be the author’s mother, the best friend, the pet dog, or
Almighty God
• One may dedicate a book to one’s parents, but
acknowledge them for giving the moral support and
encourage when one got very stressed
 Research topics
Signal/Image processing Computing/Information processing
1. Image compression
2. Underwater Image enhancement 1. AI based secured communication
3. Face recognition mechanism
4. Image denoising 2. Smart grid energy management
5. Enhancement of MRI Images 3. Channel analysis for cryptographic
6. Echo cancellation systems
7. Speech to text and text to voice
4. Security proofs of authentication of
conversion mobile devices
8. Speaker identification 5. Block chain: Cloud-Based Data
Security and Privacy for healthcare
9. Speech recognition
6. Privacy in the Internet of things
[Link] reduction using CNN
7. Data flow management
[Link] of Deep learning algorithms 8. Use of AI in education
[Link] recognition/reconstruction 9. ChatGPT impacts and analysis
 Search for literature
• Select the appropriate database
• Collect documents
• Go through documents and categorize them based on
methodology used/ based on accuracy of results
obtained
• Analyze and identify gaps
• Make a comparative table based on the experimental
results
 Fingerprint reconstruction to improve
matching
• Search is based on
– Fingerprint matching
– Fingerprint reconstruction
• Inpainting methods
• Using standard template
• Minutiae reconstruction
 Documents collected
[1] Chul-Hyun Park, Joon-Jae Lee, Mark J. T. Smith, Sang-il Park and Kil-Houm Park (2004).
Directional Filter Bank-Based Fingerprint Feature Extraction and Matching. IEEE Transactions
on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 14(1), 74-85

[2] Anil K. Jain, Yi Chen and Meltem Demirkus (2007). Pores and Ridges: High-Resolution
Fingerprint Matching Using Level 3 Features. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and
machine intelligence, 29(1), 15-27.

[3] W. Sheng, G. Howells, M. Fairhurst and F. Deravi. (2007). A Memetic Fingerprint Matching
Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2(3),402-412.

[4] Jianjiang Feng and Anil K. Jain, “Fingerprint Reconstruction: From Minutiae to Phase,” IEEE
Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, vol. 33, no. 2, February 2011
pp.209-223.

[5] Sunpreet S. Arora, Eryun Liu, Kai Cao, and Anil K. Jain, “Latent Fingerprint Matching:
Performance Gain via Feedback from Exemplar Prints,” IEEE transactions on pattern analysis
and machine intelligence, vol. 36, no. 12, December, 2014, pp.2452-2464.

[6] Carola-Bibiane, “Modern PDE Techniques for Image Inpainting”, PhD Thesis submitted to
DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, June
2009,[online]available:[Link] 64
Literature Survey : summarize paper content

[4] Jianjiang Feng and Anil K. Jain, “Fingerprint Reconstruction: From

Minutiae to Phase,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, Vol. 33, No. 2, February 2011 pp.209-223.
In this paper, a novel fingerprint reconstruction algorithm is
proposed to reconstruct the phase image, which is then converted into
the grayscale image. The proposed reconstruction algorithm not only
gives the whole fingerprint, but the reconstructed fingerprint contains
very few spurious minutiae. Specifically, a fingerprint image is
represented as a phase image which consists of the continuous phase
and the spiral phase (which corresponds to minutiae). An algorithm is
proposed to reconstruct the continuous phase from minutiae. The
proposed reconstruction algorithm has been evaluated with respect to
the success rates of type-I attack (match the reconstructed fingerprint
against the original fingerprint) and type-II attack (match the
reconstructed fingerprint against different impressions of the original
fingerprint) using a commercial fingerprint recognition system.

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Thank you

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