What This Module Is About

Sets of random variables are not always discrete. At most, you will be calculating
probabilities of very large cases and end up with good predictions and decisions relative to the
population. At times like these, you encounter data that are of continuous type.

This module will consider distribution of this type known as the Normal Probability
Distribution or the Normal Curve. While the distribution take on a wide range of data values,
meaning the existence of extreme numbers is evident, still this allows the data to be normally
distributed and appear to be less varied. That when plotted, is visualized to approximate the
shape of a bell.

Most statisticians found the normal curve easy to use since most of
statistical tests can be derived from the normal distributions.

More so, because it works very well even when the distributions are approximately
normally distributed so with those very wide deviations* from normality.

This module will take the lessons on:

Lesson 1 – Understanding the Normal Curve Distributions
Lesson 2 – Identifying Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve
Lesson 3 – Determining Probabilities Lesson 4 – Understanding
the Z-Scores
Lesson 5 – Locating Percentiles under the Normal Curve

What I Need To Know

Once you have gone through this module, you are expected to have gained the ability to:
1. illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics
2. construct a normal curve
3. identify regions under the normal curve
4. convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa; and
5. compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.

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How to Learn from This Module

In order to gain the skills mentioned above and meet what is expected of you,
you need to do the following:
• prepare yourself to acquire essential body of knowledge;
• desire to work independently and learn to accurately calculate
and solve mathematical problems religiously;
• patiently read all the contents discussed with comprehension; and
follow all the steps presented on the illustrations in answering the
problems considered.
• familiarize the following words contained in studying normal
distribution. The word/s marked with * has been defined in this
vocabulary.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at
hand, meant specifically to gauge prior
related
Knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Write the letter and its
corresponding answer in your paper.

1. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3
2. Which of the following is the curve symmetrical to?
A. Mean C. Standard deviation
B. Variance D. Area
3. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
A. 0.0800 C. 0.1628
B. 0.0279 D. 0.3129
4. Find the area if the value of z = -0.13.
A. 0.0248 C. 0.1398
B. 0.0517 D. 0.2467
5. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
A. 1.63 C. 2.01
B. 1.97 D. 2.83
6. Find the area between z=-1 and z=3.
A. 0.8300 C. 0.8400
B. 0.8350 D. 0.8450
7. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
A. 0.0100 C. 0.0300
B. 0.0200 D. 0.0400
8. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
A. z=0.24 and z=0.31 C. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
B. z=1.6 and z=2.1 D. z=-2.5 and z=1
9. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
A. 0.1573 C. 0.1575
B. 0.1574 D. 0.1576
10. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
A. 0.1585 C.0.1587
B. 0.1586 D.0.1588

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11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
A. 0.9937 C.0.9936
B. 0.9934 D.0.9938
12. Given μ=180 and σ = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding
z- value of the score by the following students if X = 150.
A. 2 C. 2.5
B. -2 D.-2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
A. 1.33 C.1.99
B. 1.66 D.2.22
th
14. What is the value of 70 percentile?
A. 0.13 C.0.52
B. 0.23 D.0.71
nd
15. What is the value of 82 percentile?
A. 0.92 C.0.53
B. 0.83 D.0.23

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 Lesson
Normal Distribution
1
The normal distribution is the most important distributions in statistics. Many researchers
from different field use its idea in order to test their research hypotheses that will generate new
knowledge and transform this knowledge into new applications that improve the quality of
people’ s lives (Albay 2019, p. 82). As Senior High School students, you are expected to learn
normal distribution and its characteristics and how to construct normal curve.

What I Need to Know

At the of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics,

2. construct a normal curve
3. describe the characteristics of normal random variable.
4. discuss the importance of knowing ourselves better than the other.

What’s In

To understand the concept of the normal curve distribution, let’s start by

sketching the frequency polygon of each of the following frequency distributions.

The following frequency distributions show the score of students in a Mathematics quiz.
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Score, X Frequency, f Score, X Frequency, f Score, X Frequency, f

5 1 11 1 15 1
4 3 10 2 14 2
3 5 9 3 13 3
2 3 8 5 12 4
1 1 7 7 11 5
N 13 6 8 10 6
5 7 9 7
4 5 8 8
3 3 7 7
2 2 6 6
1 1 5 5
N 44 4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
N 64

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Guide Questions:

1. Sketch a frequency polygon of each distribution.

2. For each distribution, compute for the three measures of central tendency (mean,
median and mode). What do you observe? Where did you find these measures on the
graph (left end, at the center or right end)?

3. If we will continue to increase the number of students, what do you think will
the shape of the graph be?

Answers:

1. The frequency polygon of each frequency distribution.

Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3

2. Computing for the mean, median and mode of each given distributions, we will realize
that the resulting values are equal. Since these measures are equal, they all lie at one
point. That is, at the center of the graph.

3. If we will continue to increase the number of students then in the long run, we can
approximate the graph to the shape of a bell.

In reality, if a distribution contains a very large number of cases with equal measures of
central tendency values, then the distribution is symmetrical* and the skewness* is 0. In
statistics, it is called normal distribution or normal curve (Rene, et al. 2015).In specific sense,
it is called a normal probability distribution whenever the frequencies are converted to
probabilities.

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 What’s New

Activity 1
Consider the following data pertaining to the points of the students in Mathematics test.

13 68 51 66 82 87 48
66 60 75 41 67 101 42
77 63 37 57 37 78 61
42 67 60 54 49 43 64
The data have an average of 59.15 and a standard deviation of 17.856.
Guide Questions:
1. Graph the data using probability histogram

2. List all your observations about the graph.

What Is It
Now, to understand the nature of normal distributions, let us learn more about the properties
of a normal probability distribution. There are six properties of normal distributions and these
are the following:
1. The curve of the distribution is a bell-shaped.

2. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.

This means if we will cut the curve about the

mean, we will have balanced proportions of
the halves. Specifically, we say that one is a
reflection of the other. Meaning, the qualities
exhibited by one are the same qualities exhibited
by the other.

3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they coincide
at the center of the graph.

This means that the mean, median and mode

of the given distribution are located at exactly
one point since their values are equal, and
they are located at the center the graph which
indicates the highest peak of the curve.
Mean = Median = Mode

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 4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.

The curve considered at the left side defines a

standard normal curve. A standard normal
curve is a normal probability distribution that has
mean value equal to 0 and standard deviation
equal to 1.

width of the curve

This property explains that the standard normal curve is

used as a guide for distributions which has mean value not
equal to 0 and standard deviation not equal to 1.

86 89 92 95 98 101 104

For instance, in a given distribution with mean equals 95 and standard deviation equals 3, the
width of the curve will be 3 numbers away from each other, which is determined from the given
standard deviation.

5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it. Thus,
the curve is asymptotic to the line.

6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or percentage
or proportion associated with the specific sets of measurement values.

This means that for every specific

measurement value, there corresponds
exactly one probability / percentage /
proportion value which describes a
particular area of the region under the
normal curve.

What’s More

Directions: Look at the graph below and answer the following questions

Questions:
1. Give the following:
1.1 mean score
1.2 Median score
1.3 Modal score

2. What is the standard deviation?

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1

Sketch a normal curve for each distribution. Label the x-axis at one, two, and three standard
deviations from the mean.

1. mean = 30; standard deviation = 5

2. mean = 95; standard deviation = 1