CS 8791 – CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
PART – A (2 Marks)
1. Define Cloud Computing with example.
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
For example, Google hosts a cloud that consists of both smallish PCs and larger servers. Google’s cloud
is a private one (that is, Google owns it) that is publicly accessible (by Google’s users).
2. What are the properties of Cloud Computing?
There are six key properties of cloud computing:
Cloud computing is
• user-centric
• task-centric
• powerful
• accessible
• intelligent
• programmable
3. What is the working principle of Cloud Computing?
The cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via the
Internet. This hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party on a consolidated basis in one or
more data center locations. The machines can run any combination of operating systems.
4. Draw the architecture of Cloud

5. Define Cloud services with example.

Any web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloud service. Cloud
services can include anything from calendar and contact applications to word processing and presentations.
6. What are the advantages of cloud services?
• If the user’s PC crashes host application and document both remain unaffected in
the cloud.
• An individual user can access applications and documents from any location on any
PC.
• Because documents are hosted in the cloud, multiple users can collaborate on the
same document in real time, using any available Internet connection.
• Documents are not machine-centric
7. Why is Cloud Computing important?
There are many implications of cloud technology, for both developers and end users. For developers,
cloud computing provides increased amounts of storage and processing power to run the applications they
develop. Cloud computing also enables new ways to access information, process and analyze data, and
connect people and resources from any location anywhere in the world.
For users, documents hosted in the cloud always exist, no matter what happens to the user’s machine. Users
from around the world can collaborate on the same documents, applications, and projects, in real time.
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cloud Computing?
Advantages
• Improved accessibilityOptimum Resource Utilization
• Scalability and Speed
• Minimizes licensing Cost of the Softwares
• On-demand self-service
• Broad network access
• Resource pooling
• Rapid elasticity
Disadvantages
• Security
• Privacy and Trust
• Vendor lock-in
• Service Quality
• Cloud migration issues
• Data Protection
• Data Recovery and Availability
• Regulatory and Compliance Restrictions
• Management Capabilities
• Interoperability and Compatibility Issue
9. Who get benefits from Cloud Computing?
• Collaborators
• Road Warriors
• Cost-Conscious Users
• Cost-Conscious IT Departments
• Users with Increasing Needs
10. Who shouldn’t be using Cloud Computing?
• The Internet-Impaired
• Offline Workers
• The Security Conscious
• Anyone Married to Existing Applications
11. List the advantages and disadvantages of cloud service deployment.
Advantages
• Economy of scale
• Offer better, cheaper, and more reliable applications
• Utilization of the full resources
• Less up-front investment
• Rapid provisioning
• Automatic scaling
Disadvantages
• Security
• Need Redundancy Tool
• No physical backup
12. List the companies who offer cloud service development?
• Amazon
• Google App Engine
• IBM
• [Link]
13. What are the features of robust Cloud development? Who it offers?
• Dynamic web serving
 • Full support for all common web technologies
• Persistent storage with queries, sorting, and transactions
• Automatic scaling and load balancing
• APIs for authenticating users and sending email using Google Accounts
[Link] are different characteristics of cloud computing ?
The characteristics of cloud computing are
• On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server
time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each
service provider.
• Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones,
tablets, laptops, and workstations).
• Resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using
a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to consumer demand.
• Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically,
to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities
available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at
any time.
• Measured service : Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability1 at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts).
15. Explain the term “Elasticity in cloud computing”.
The elasticity is very important for mission critical or business critical applications where any
compromise in the performance may leads to huge business loss. So, elasticity comes into picture where
additional resources are provisioned for such application to meet the performance requirements.
The Elasticity in cloud is a popular feature associated with scale-out solutions (horizontal scaling),
which allows for resources to be dynamically added or removed when needed.
The Elasticity is the ability to grow or shrink infrastructure resources (like compute, storage or
network) dynamically as needed to adapt to workload changes in the applications in an autonomic manner.
16. What is on-demand provisioning ?
The on-demand provisioning is the important benefit provided by cloud computing. The on demand
provisioning in cloud computing refers to process for the deployment, integration and consumption of cloud
resources or services by an individuals or enterprise IT organizations. It incorporates the policies, procedures
and an enterprise’s objective in sourcing the cloud services and solutions from a cloud service provider.

17Highlight the importance of Cloud Computing.

Cloud computing is important in every business and applications due to the
following advantages
• Scalability and Speed
• Minimizes licensing Cost of the Softwares :
• Less personnel training :
• Flexibility of work practices :
• Sharing of resources and costs :
• Minimize spending on technology infrastructure
• Maintenance is easier :
• Less Capital Expenditure :
• On-demand self-service :
• Server Consolidation :
• Energy Resource Management :
[Link] SOA.
The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural style for building an enterprise Solution based on
Services. It maintains a software system into a collection of interacting services.
[Link] is web service ?
The Web services are loosely coupled (platform independent), contractual components that
communicate in XML-based (open standard) interfaces. The Web service composed of set of operations that
can be invoked by leveraging Internet-based protocols. It provides method operations supporting parameters
and return values with complex and simple types.

PART – B (16 Marks)

1. Explain the Evolution of Cloud Computing.

2. Describe the hardware architectures for parallel processing.

3. Explain the principles of parallel distributed computing.

4. Explain Cloud Characteristics.

5. Explain Elasticity in Cloud

UNIT II – CLOUD ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

PART – A (2 Marks)
1. What is the working principle of Cloud Computing?
The cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via theThis hardware is
typically owned and operated by a third party on a consolidated basis in one or more data center locations.
The machines can run any combination of operating systems.
[Link] is Virtualization?
Virtualization is a foundational element of cloud computing and helps deliver on the value of cloud
computing," Adams said. "Cloud computing is the delivery of shared computingresources, software or data
— as a service and on-demand through the Internet.
[Link] Cloud services with example.
Any web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloudCloud services can
include anything from calendar and contact applications to wordprocessing and presentations.
[Link] are the types of Cloud service development?
• Software as a Service
• Platform as a Service
• Infrastructure as a Service
[Link] Web and Web architectures are SOA based.
SOA is an architectural style for building software applications that use services available in a network
such as the web. The applications built using SOA are mostly web based that uses web architecture defined
by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The web and web services are the most common example
provided by the SOA model which delivers well-defined set of implementation choices for web architectures
like XML based SOAP and Web Service Definition Language (WSDL).
6. “Although virtualization is widely accepted today; it does have its limits”. Comment
on the statement.
Although virtualization is widely accepted today; it does have its limitations
that are listed below.
• High upfront Investments:Organisations need to acquire resources beforehand to implement
Virtualization. Also, there might occur a need to incur additional resources with time.
• Performance Issues:Although virtualization is an efficient technique and efficiency can be increased
by applying some techniques, there may be chances when the efficiency is not as good as that of the
actual physical systems.
• Licensing Issues:All software may not be supported on virtual platforms. Although vendors are
becoming aware of the increasing popularity of virtualization and have started providing licenses for
software to run on these platforms, the problem has not completely vanished.
• Difficulty in Root Cause Analysis:With the addition of an additional layer in virtualization, complexity
gets increased. This increased complexity makes root cause analysis difficult in case of unidentified
problems.
7. List the requirements of VMM.
The requirements of VMM or hypervisor are
• VMM must support efficient task scheduling and resource allocation techniques.
• VMM should provide an environment for programs which is essentially identical to
• the original physical machine.
• A VMM should be in complete control of the system resources.
• Any program run under a VMM should exhibit a function identical to that which it
• runs on the original physical machine directly.
• VMM must be tightly related to the architectures of processors
8. Give the role of a VM. OR Give the basic operations of a VM.
Virtualization allows running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. Each instance
of operating system running inside called Virtual machine (VM). The main role of VM is to allocate the host
machine resources to run Operating system. The other roles of VM are
• Provide virtual hardware, including CPUs, memory, storage, hard drives, network interfaces and other
devices to run virtual operating system.
• Provide fault and security isolation at the hardware level.
• Preserve performance with advanced resource controls.
• Save the entire state of a virtual machine to files.
• Move and copy virtual machines data as easily as like moving and copying files.
• Provision to migrate any virtual machine to any physical server.
9. What is the impact of SOA in cloud ?
The SOA and cloud computing share many common principles as both works on principals of service.
The key challenges of a cloud computing are security, integration, adaptation, agility and QoS aspects like
performance, latency and availability. These challenges can be addressed with an SOA-based architecture
using concept of service intermediation, service arbitrage and service aggregation. Because of SOA, cloud
computing leverage has many advantages like,
 • Simple construction and maintenance of services
• Service reusability
• Ease of data exchange
• Platform integration
• Loosely coupled architecture
[Link] the significance of virtualization.
The virtualization is a novel solution that can offer application inflexibility, software manageability,
optimum resource utilization and security concerns in existing physical machines. The different characteristics
of virtualization are,
• Maximum resource utilization • Reduces Hardware Cost
• Minimize the maintenance cost • Supports Dynamic Load balancing
• Supports Server Consolidation • Supports Disaster recovery
• Can run Legacy applications and can test Beta Softwares
[Link] Virtualization.
The term Virtualization is nothing but creation of a virtual version of hardware platform, operating
system, storage or network resources rather than actual. It allows to run multiple operating systems on a
single physical machine called host machine. Each instance of operating system called Virtual Machine (VM)
and operating system runs inside virtual machine is called guest operating system.
[Link] the term web service.
Web services are loosely coupled (platform independent), contracted components (behavior, input
and output parameters, binding specifications are public) that communicate in XML-based (open standard)
interfaces. When a web service is deployed, different applications and other web services can find and invoke
the deployed service.
[Link] are different characteristics of SOA ?
The different characteristics of SOA are as follows :
• Provides interoperability between the services.
• Provides methods for service encapsulation, service discovery, service composition, service
reusability and service integration.
• Facilitates QoS (Quality of Services) through service contract based on Service Level Agreement (SLA).
• Provides loosely couples services.
• Provides location transparency with better scalability and availability.
• Ease of maintenance with reduced cost of application development and deployment.
[Link] REST.
Representational State Transfer (REST) is a software architectural style for distributed system that
defines a set of constraints to be used for creating web based services. It is mean to provide interoperability
between the systems based on services running on the Internet. The web services that follow the REST
architectural style are called RESTful Web services.
13. Enlist different REST methods used in web services.
• Resource identification
• Controlled Interfaces
• Self-Descriptive Messages
• dStateless Communications
14. What is the role of WSDL in web services ?
The WSDL is an XML based document which describes the interfaces and set of operations supported
by a web service in a standardize format. It is used for standardizing the representation of input and output
parameters along with its operations. It is an XML document used for describing web services. The WSDL
document contains information on data types to be used, messages to be exchanged, operations performed
by the web service and communication protocol to be followed.
15What is Publish-subscribe model ?
The “Publish-Subscribe Model” describes a specific model for connecting source and destination for
a message transport. It is a design pattern that enables asynchronous interaction among distributed
applications. In this, the producer or publisher of the message (distributer) label the message in some style;
often this is done by associating at least one or more topic names from a (controlled) vocabulary. At that point
the receivers of the message (subscriber) will indicate the topics for which they wish to receive related
messages.
16. Enlist the pros and cons of virtualization ?
The pros are as follows :
• Cost Reduction
• Efficient resource utilization
• Optimization
• Increased Return on Investment
• Budgeting
• Increased Flexibility
The cons are as follows :
• Upfront Investments
• Performance Issues
• Licensing Issues
• Difficulty in Root Cause Analysis :
17. What is server virtualization ?
A server virtualization is the process of dividing a physical server into multiple unique and isolated virtual
servers by means of software. It partitions a single physical server into the multiple virtual servers; each
virtual server can run its own operating system and applications independently. The virtual server is also
termed as virtual machine. The consolidation helps in running many virtual machines under a single physical
server.
18. What is disaster recovery ?
Disaster recovery is the must have technique which provides continuous and uninterrupted delivery
of IT resources and services even in case of hardware or other failures due to natural disasters or any other
reasons. Disaster recovery involves a collection of policies, tools and procedures to enable the recovery or
continuation of critical infrastructure resources and systems following a natural or human-induced disaster.

19. What is Xen ?

Xen is an open source Bare-Metal (Type I) hypervisor developed by Cambridge University. It runs on the top
of hardware without needing a host operating system. The absence of host OS eliminate the need for pass
through permission by the hypervisor. Xen is a microkernel hypervisor, which separates the policy from the
mechanism. It provides a virtual environment located between the hardware and the OS.

PART – B (16 Marks)

1. Explain in detail web services protocol stack and publish-subscribe models with
respect to web services.

2. Write a detailed note on virtualization and its structures.

3. Explain different types of virtualization with examples.

4. What are different tools and mechanisms of virtualizations ?

5. Explain in brief Xen architecture.

6. Explain in detail about REST.

UNIT III – CLOUD ARCHITECTURE SERVICES AND STORAGE
PART – A (2 Marks)
1. Explain cloud provider and cloud broker?
Cloud Provider: Is a company that offers some component of cloud computing typically infrastructure
as a service, software as a Service or Platform as a Service. It is something referred as CSP.
Cloud Broker: It is a third party individual or business that act as an intermediary between the
purchase of cloud computing service and sellers of that service.
[Link] - Private Cloud.
The private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet owned by a single organization. Therefore,
they are client owned and managed. Their access is limited to the owning clients and their partners. Their
deployment was not meant to sell capacity over the Internet through publicly accessible interfaces. Private
clouds give local users a flexible and agile private infrastructure to run service workloads within their
administrative domains.
[Link] - Public Cloud.
A public cloud is built over the Internet, which can be accessed by any user who has paid for the
service. Public clouds are owned by service providers. They are accessed by subscription. Many companies
have built public clouds, namely Google App Engine, Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, IBM Blue Cloud, and
Salesforce [Link]. These are commercial providers that offer a publicly accessible remote interface for
creating and managing VM instances within their proprietary infrastructure.
[Link] - Hybrid Cloud.
A hybrid cloud is built with both public and private clouds; Private clouds can also support a hybrid
cloud model by supplementing local infrastructure with computing capacity from an external public cloud.
For example, the research compute cloud (RC2) is a private cloud built by IBM
[Link] anything-as-a-service?
Providing services to the client on the basis on meeting their demands at some pay per use cost such
as data storage as a service, network as a service, communication as a service etc. It is generally denoted as
anything as a service (XaaS).
[Link] is mean by SaaS?
The software as a service refers to browser initiated application software over thousands of paid
customer. The SaaS model applies to business process industry application, consumer relationship
management (CRM), Enterprise resource Planning (ERP), Human Resources (HR) and collaborative
application.
[Link] is mean by IaaS?
The Infrastructure as a Service model puts together the infrastructure demanded by the user namely
servers, storage, network and the data center fabric. The user can deploy and run on multiple VM’s running
guest OS on specific application.
[Link] PaaS?
The Platform as a Service model enables the user to deploy user built applications onto a virtualized
cloud platform. It includes middleware, database, development tools and some runtime support such as
web2.0 and java. It includes both hardware and software integrated with specific programming interface.
9. What are the basic requirements for cloud architecture design ?
The basic requirements for cloud architecture design are given as follows :
• The cloud architecture design must provide automated delivery of cloud service along with
automated management.
• It must support latest web standards like Web 2.0 or higher and REST or RESTful APIs.
• It must support very large - scale HPC infrastructure with both physical and virtual machines.
• The architecture of cloud must be loosely coupled.
• It should provide easy access to cloud services through a self-service web portal.
• Cloud management software must be efficient to receive the user request, finds the correct
resources, and then calls the provisioning services which invoke the resources in the cloud.
• It must provide enhanced security for shared access to the resources from data centers.
• It must use cluster architecture for getting the system scalability.
• The cloud architecture design must be reliable and flexible.
• It must provide efficient performance and faster speed of access.
[Link] are different layers in layered cloud architecture design ?
The layered architecture of a cloud is composed of three basic layers called infrastructure, platform,
and application. The infrastructure layer consists of virtualized services for computing, storage, and
networking. It is responsible for provisioning infrastructure components like Compute (CPU and memory),
Storage, Network and IO resources to run virtual machines or virtual servers along with virtual storages.

11. What are different roles of cloud providers ?

Cloud provider is an entity that offers cloud services to interested parties. A cloud provider manages
the infrastructure needed for providing cloud services. The CSP also runs the software to provide services,
and organizes the service delivery to
cloud consumers through networks.
The major activities of a cloud provider include :
• Service deployment
• Service orchestration
• Cloud services management
• Security
• Privacy
12. What are different complications in PaaS ?
• Interoperability
• Compatibility
• Vulnerability and Security
• Providers have the ability to access and modify user objects/systems.
• Vendor lock-in
13. Enlist the pros and cons of storage as a service.
The key advantages or pros of storage as a service are given as follows :
 • Cost
• Invisibility
• Security
• Automation
• Accessibility
• Syncing
• Sharing
• Collaboration
• Data Protection
• Disaster Recovery
The disadvantages or cons of storage as a service are given as follows
• Potential downtimes
• Limited customization
• Vendor lock-in
• Unreliable
14. What are different risks in cloud storages ?
• Dependency
• Unintended Permanence
• Insecure Interfaces and APIs
• Compliance Risks
15. Enlist the different cloud storage providers.
• Amazon S3.
• Google Bigtable Datastore
• Microsoft Live Mesh
• Nirvanix
16. What is Amazon S3 ?
Amazon S3 is a cloud-based storage system that allows storage of data objects in the range of 1 byte up to 5
GB in a flat namespace. Amazon S3 offers a simple web services interface that can be used to store and
retrieve any amount of data from anywhere, at any time on the web. It gives any developer access to the
same scalable, secure, fast, low-cost data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses to operate its own global
website network.

PART – B (16 Marks)

1. Write a detailed note on layered cloud architecture design.

2. Explain in brief NIST cloud computing reference architecture.
3. List the cloud deployment models and give a detailed note about them.
[Link] Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
with example.
(OR)
Explain Cloud Service Models.
5. Enlist and contrast architectural design challenges of cloud computing.
6. Write a detailed note on storage-as-a-service
UNIT IV - RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY IN CLOUD
PART – A (2 Marks)
1. List any four host security threats in public IaaS.
The most common host security threats in public IaaS public cloud are
• Hijacking of accounts those are not properly secured.
• Stealing the keys like SSH private keys those are used to access and manage hosts.
• Attacking unpatched and vulnerable services by listening on standard ports like FTP,
• NetBIOS, SSH.
• Attacking systems that are not secured by host firewalls.
• Deploying Trojans embedded viruses in the software’s running inside the VM.
[Link] the importance of transport level security.
The TLS protocol allows client / server applications to communicate across a network in a way that
avoids eavesdropping, exploitation, tampering and message forgery.
TLS uses cryptography to ensure endpoint authentication and data confidentiality. TLS authentication
is a single way, since the client knows the identity of the server already. This means that on browser level, the
browser specifically validated the server’s certificate and checked the digital signatures of the server
certificate issuing chain of Certification Authorities (CAs).
No validation identifies the end user's server. The end user must verify the identifying information
contained in the certificate of the server in order to be truly identifiable.
[Link] on the application and use of identity and access management.
OR What is identity and access management in a cloud environment ?
The Identity and access management in cloud computing is the security framework composed of
policy and governance components used for creation, maintenance and termination of digital identities with
controlled access of shared resources. It composed of multiple processes, components, services and standard
practices.
[Link] are the various challenges in building the trust environment ?
The various challenges in building the trust environment are
• Lack of trust between service providers and cloud users can prevent cloud computing from
being generally accepted as a solution for on demand service.
• It can generate Lack of transparency, difficulty in communication and confidentiality between
cloud service provider and cloud users.
• Lack of Standardization.
• Challenges due to multi-tenancy and audit trails.
5. Differentiate between authentication and authorization.
Authentication is the process of validating individuals’ credentials like User Name/User ID and
password to verify your identity. Authentication technology provides access control for systems by checking
to see if a user's credentials match the credentials in a database of authorized users or in a data authentication
server. It determines the user’s identity before revealing the sensitive information.
 Authorization technique is used to determine the permissions that are granted to an authenticated
user. In simple words, it checks whether the user is permitted to access the particular resources or not.
Authorization occurs after authentication, where the user’s identity is assured prior then the access list for
the user is determined by looking
up the entries stored in the tables and databases.
6. List key privacy issues in cloud.
“Privacy is nothing but the right and obligations of individuals and organizations with respect to
collection, retention and disclosure of personal information”. Although privacy is important aspect of security
but most of the time it is ignored by the users. The privacy has many concerns related to data collection, use,
retention and storage in cloud which are listed as follows.
a) Compliance issue b) Storage issue
c) Retention issue d) Access issue
e) Auditing and monitoring f) Destruction of data
g) Privacy and security breaches
7. List out the security challenges in cloud.
The security challenges in cloud are
a) A Lack of Visibility and Control
b) Compliance complexity issues
c) Trust and Data Privacy Issues
d) Data Breaches and Downtime
e) Issues related to User Access Control
f) Vendor Lock-In
g) Lack of Transparency
h) Insecure Interfaces and APIs
i) Insufficient Due Diligence
j) Shared Technology Vulnerabilities
k) Potential Threats like Distributed Denial of Service (DDos), Man in the Middle attacks or
Traffic Hijacking etc.
8. How can the data security be enforced in cloud ?
In Cloud computing data security can be enforced by
a) Providing data encryption for in transit data
b) Providing data privacy and privacy protection
c) Providing data availability with minimal downtime
d) Preserving data integrity
e) Maintaining confidentiality, integrity, and availability for data
f) Incorporating different access control schemes like Role Based Access Control
(RBAC), Mandatory Access Control or Discretionary Access Control.
g) Secure data from different threats
9. What are three methods of resource provisioning ?
Ans. : Refer section 4.2.4.
10. What is the purpose of Open Authentication in the cloud computing ?
OAuth is a standard protocol in cloud computing which allows secure API authorization for various
types of web applications in a simple, standard method.
OAuth is an open standard for delegating access and uses it as a way of allowing internet users to
access their data on websites and applications without passwords. It is a protocol that enables secure
authorization from web, mobile or desktop applications in a simple and standard way.
It is a publication and interaction method with protected information. It allows developers access to their
data while securing credentials of their accounts. OAuth enables users to access their information which is
shared by service providers and consumers without sharing all their identities.

PART – B (16 Marks)

1. Write detailed note on Resource Provisioning and Resource Provisioning Methods

2. Describe the IAM practices in SaaS, PaaS and IaaS availability in cloud.
3. What is the purpose of IAM ? Describe its functional architecture with an illustration.
4. How Security Governance can be achieved in cloud computing environment
5. Explain different Security Standards used in cloud computing

UNIT V – CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES AND ADVANCEMENTS

PART – A (2 Marks)

1. What is Hadoop?
The Apache Hadoop is an open source software project that enables distributed processing of large
data sets across clusters of commodity servers using programming models. It is designed to scale up from a
single server to thousands of machines, with a very high degree of fault tolerance.
2. What are the advantages of using Hadoop ?
The advantages of Hadoop are listed as follows :
a. Hadoop is a highly scalable in nature for data storage and processing platforms.
b. It satisfies all four characteristics of big data like volume, velocity, variety and
veracity.
c. It is a cost-effective solution for Big data applications as it uses a cluster of
commodity hardware to store data.
d. It provides high throughput and low latency for high computational jobs.
e. It is highly fault tolerance in nature along with features like self-healing and
replication. It automatically replicates data if server or disk get crashed.
f. It is flexible in nature as it supports different file formats of data like structured,
unstructured and semi structured.
g. It provides faster execution environment for big data applications.
h. It provides support for business intelligence by querying, reporting, searching,
filtering, indexing, aggregating the datasets.
i. It provides tools for report generation, trend analysis, search optimization, and
information retrieval.
j. It supports different types of analytics like predictive, prescriptive and descriptive along with
functions like as document indexing, concept filtering, aggregation, transformation, semantic text
analysis, pattern recognition, and searching.
3. What is the purpose of heart beat in Hadoop. OR
State the significance of heart beat message in Hadoop. OR
Give the significance of heart beat message in Hadoop.
In Hadoop Name node and data node does communicate using Heartbeat. The Heartbeat is the signal
that is sent by the data node to the name node in regular time interval to indicate its presence, i.e. to indicate
that it is alive. Data Nodes send a heartbeat signal to the Name Node every three seconds by default.
4. Name the different modules in Hadoop framework.
The Hadoop core is divided into two fundamental modules called HDFS and MapReduce engine. The
HDFS is a distributed file system inspired by GFS that organizes files and stores their data on a distributed
computing system, while MapReduce is the computation engine running on top of HDFS as its data storage
manager. Apart from that there are several other modules in Hadoop, used for data storage, processing and
analysis which are listed below :
a. HBase : Column-oriented NOSQL database service
b. Pig : Dataflow language and provides parallel data processing framework
c. Hive : Data warehouse infrastructure for big data
d. Scoop : Transferring bulk data between Hadoop and structured data stores
e. Oozie : Workflow scheduler system
f. Zookeeper : Distributed synchronization and coordination service
g. Mahaout : Machine learning tool for big data.
5. “HDFS” is fault tolerant. Is it true ? Justify your answer.
Fault tolerance refers to the ability of the system to work or operate uninterrupted even in case of
unfavorable conditions (like components failure due to disaster or by any other reason). The main purpose of
this fault tolerance is to remove frequently taking place failures, which occurs commonly and disturbs the
ordinary functioning of the system. The three main solutions which are used to produce fault tolerance in
HDFS are data replication, heartbeat messages and checkpoint and recovery.
6. How does divide and conquer strategy related to MapReduce paradigm ?
In MapReduce, Mapper uses divide approach where input data gets splitted into blocks; each block
is represented as an input key and value pair. The unit of work in MapReduce is a job. During map phase the
input data is divided in to input splits for analysis where each split is an independent task. These tasks run in
parallel across Hadoop clusters. A map function is applied to each input key/value pair, which does some user-
defined processing and emits new key/value pairs to intermediate storage to be processed by the reducer.
7. How MapReduce framework executes user jobs ?
The unit of work in MapReduce is a job. During map phase the input data is divided in to input splits
for analysis where each split is an independent task. These tasks run in parallel across Hadoop clusters. The
reducer phase uses result obtained from mapper as an input to generate the final result.
The MapReduce takes a set of input <key, value> pairs and produces a set of output <key, value> pairs
by supplying data through functions.
8. What is Map - reduce ? enlist the features of Map - reduce framework.
The Map - reduce is a programming model provided by Hadoop that allows expressing distributed
computations on huge amount of [Link] provides easy scaling of data processing over multiple computational
nodes or clusters.
Features of MapReduce
The different features provided by MapReduce are explained as follows :
• Synchronization
• Data locality
• Error handling
• Scheduling
9. Enlist the features of Virtual Box.
The VirtualBox provides the following main features
• It supports Fully Para virtualized environment along with Hardware virtualization.
• It provides device drivers from driver stack which improves the performance of
virtualized input/output devices.
• It provides shared folder support to copy data from host OS to guest OS and viceversa.
• It has latest Virtual USB controller support.
• It facilitates broad range of virtual network driver support along with host, bridge and
NAT modes.
• It supports Remote Desktop Protocol to connect windows virtual machine (guest OS)
remotely on a thin, thick or mobile client seamlessly.
• It has Support for Virtual Disk formats which are used by both VMware and Microsoft
Virtual PC hypervisors.
10. Describe google app engine.
Google App Engine (GAE) is a platform-as-a-service cloud computing model that supports
many programming languages. GAE is a scalable runtime environment mostly devoted to execute
Web applications. In fact, it allows developers to integrate third-party frameworks and libraries with
the infrastructure still being managed by Google. It allows developers to use readymade platform to
develop and deploy web applications using development tools, runtime engine, databases and
middleware solutions.
11. What are the core components of Google app engine architecture ?
The infrastructure for GAE composed of four main components like Google File System
(GFS), MapReduce, BigTable, and Chubby. The GFS is used for storing large amounts of data on
google storage clusters. The MapReduce is used for application program development with data
processing on large clusters. Chubby is used as a distributed application locking services while
BigTable offers a storage service for accessing structured as well as unstructured data.
12. What is GFS.
Google has designed a distributed file system, named GFS, for meeting its exacting demands
off processing a large amount of data. GFS provides a file system interface and different APIs for
supporting different file operations such as create to create a new file instance, delete to delete a file
instance, open to open a named file and return a handle, close to close a given file specified by a
handle, read to read data from a specified file and write to write data to a specified file.
12. Enlist the advantages of GFS.
The advantages of GFS are :
a. Automatic recovery from component failure on a routine basis.
b. Efficient storage support for large - sized files as a huge amount of data to be processed is
stored in these files.
c. With the workloads that mainly consist of two large streaming reads and small random
reads
d. The system supports small writes without being inefficient, along with the usual large and
sequential writes through which data is appended to files.
e. Semantics that are defined well are implemented.
f. Atomicity is maintained with the least overhead due to synchronization.
g. Provisions for sustained bandwidth is given priority rather than a reduced latency.
13. What is the role of chubby in Google app engine ?
Chubby is the crucial service in the Google infrastructure that offers storage and coordination
for other infrastructure services such as GFS and Bigtable. It is a coarse - grained distributed locking
service that is used for synchronizing distributed activities in an asynchronous environment on a large
scale. It is used as a name service within Google and provides reliable storage for file systems along
with the election of coordinator for multiple replicas. The Chubby interface is similar to the interfaces
that are provided by distributed systems with advisory locks. However, the aim of designing Chubby
is to provide reliable storage with consistent availability.
14. What is Openstack ? Enlist its important components.
OpenStack is an open source highly scalable cloud computing platform that provides tools for
developing private, public or hybrid clouds, along with a web interface for users to access resources
and admins to manage those resources. The different components of Openstack architecture are :
a. Nova (Compute)
b. Swift (Object storage)
c. Cinder (Block level storage)
d. Neutron (Networking)
e. Glance (Image Management)
f. Keystone (Key management)
g. Horizon (Dashboard)
h. Ceilometer (Metering)
i. Heat (Orchestration)

15. Explain the term “federation in the cloud”

As many of the cloud computing environments present difficulties in creating and managing
decentralized provisioning of cloud services along with maintaining consistent connectivity between
untrusted components and fault-tolerance. Therefore, to overcome such challenges the federated
cloud ecosystem is introduced by associating multiple cloud computing providers using a common
standard. Cloud federation includes services from different providers aggregated in a single pool
supporting three essential interoperability features like resource redundancy, resource migration, and
combination of complementary resources respectively.
16. Mention the importance of Transport Level Security (TLS).
 The Transport Layer Securities (TLS) are designed to provide security at the transport layer.
TLS was derived from a security protocol called Secure Service Layer (SSL). TLS ensures that no
third party may eavdrops or tamper with any message.
The benefits of TLS are :
a. Encryption : TLS/SSL can help to secure transmitted data using encryption.
b. Interoperability : TLS/SSL works with most web browsers, including Microsoft
Internet Explorer and on most operating systems and web servers.
c. Algorithm Flexibility : TLS/SSL provides operations for authentication
mechanism, encryption algorithms and hashing algorithm that are used during the
secure session.
d. Ease of Deployment : Many applications TLS/SSL temporarily on a windows
server 2003 operating systems.
e. Ease of Use : Because we implement TLS/SSL beneath the application layer, most
of its operations are completely invisible to client.
17. Enlist the features of extensible messaging & presence protocol for cloud computing.
The features of extensible messaging & presence protocol for cloud computing are :
a. It is decentralized and supports easy two-way communication.
b. It doesn’t require polling for synchronization.
c. It has built-in publish subscribe (pub-sub) functionality.
d. It works on XML based open standards.
e. It is perfect for instant messaging features and custom cloud services.
f. It is efficient and scales up to millions of concurrent users on a single service.
g. It supports worldwide federation models
h. It provides strong security using Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Simple
Authentication and Security Layer (SASL).
i. It is flexible and extensible.

PART – B (16 Marks)

1. Give a detailed note on Hadoop framework.

2. Explain the Hadoop Ecosystem framework.

3. Explain the Hadoop Distributed File System architecture with a diagram.

4. Elaborate HDFS concepts with suitable diagram.

5. Illustrate the design of Hadoop file system.

6. Illustrate dataflow in HDFS during file read/write operation with suitable diagrams.

7. What is Federation? Explain the levels of federation and its Applications.

8. Explain in detail about Google App Engine.