What is CSS?

Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design

language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control
the color of the text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how
columns are sized and laid out, what background images or colors are used,
layout designs, variations in display for different devices and screen sizes as
well as a variety of other effects.
CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the
presentation of an HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with
the markup languages HTML or XHTML.

Advantages of CSS
● CSS saves time − You can write CSS once and then reuse same
sheet in multiple HTML pages. You can define a style for each
HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as you want.
● Pages load faster − If you are using CSS, you do not need to
write HTML tag attributes every time. Just write one CSS rule of a
tag and apply it to all the occurrences of that tag. So less code
means faster download times.
● Easy maintenance − To make a global change, simply change
the style, and all elements in all the web pages will be updated
automatically.
● Superior styles to HTML − CSS has a much wider array of
attributes than HTML, so you can give a far better look to your
HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.
● Multiple Device Compatibility − Style sheets allow content to
be optimized for more than one type of device. By using the
same HTML document, different versions of a website can be
presented for handheld devices such as PDAs and cell phones or
for printing.
● Global web standards − Now HTML attributes are being
deprecated and it is being recommended to use CSS. So its a
good idea to start using CSS in all the HTML pages to make them
compatible to future browsers.

Who Creates and Maintains CSS?

CSS is created and maintained through a group of people within the W3C
called the CSS Working Group. The CSS Working Group creates documents
called specifications. When a specification has been discussed and officially
ratified by the W3C members, it becomes a recommendation.
These ratified specifications are called recommendations because the W3C
has no control over the actual implementation of the language. Independent
companies and organizations create that software.
NOTE − The World Wide Web Consortium, or W3C is a group that makes
recommendations about how the Internet works and how it should evolve.

CSS Versions
Cascading Style Sheets level 1 (CSS1) came out of W3C as a
recommendation in December 1996. This version describes the CSS
language as well as a simple visual formatting model for all the HTML tags.
CSS2 became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and builds on CSS1. This
version adds support for media-specific style sheets e.g. printers and aural
devices, downloadable fonts, element positioning and tables.
 CSS - Syntax
A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then
applied to the corresponding elements in your document. A style rule is
made of three parts −
● Selector − A selector is an HTML tag at which a style will be
applied. This could be any tag like <h1> or <table> etc.
● Property − A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put
simply, all the HTML attributes are converted into CSS properties.
They could be color, border etc.
● Value − Values are assigned to properties. For
example, color property can have value
either red or #F1F1F1 etc.
You can put CSS Style Rule Syntax as follows −
selector { property: value }

Example − You can define a table border as follows −

table{ border :1px solid #C00; }
Here table is a selector and border is a property and given value 1px solid
#C00 is the value of that property.
You can define selectors in various simple ways based on your comfort. Let
me put these selectors one by one.

The Type Selectors

This is the same selector we have seen above. Again, one more example to
give a color to all level 1 headings −
h1 {
color: #36CFFF;
}
The Universal Selectors
Rather than selecting elements of a specific type, the universal selector quite
simply matches the name of any element type −
*{
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content of every element in our document in black.

The Descendant Selectors

Suppose you want to apply a style rule to a particular element only when it
lies inside a particular element. As given in the following example, style rule
will apply to <em> element only when it lies inside <ul> tag.
ul em {
color: #000000;
}

The Class Selectors

You can define style rules based on the class attribute of the elements. All
the elements having that class will be formatted according to the defined
rule.
.black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with class attribute
set to black in our document. You can make it a bit more particular. For
example −
[Link] {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with class
attribute set to black.
You can apply more than one class selectors to given element. Consider the
following example −
<p class = "center bold">
This para will be styled by the classes center and bold.
</p>

The ID Selectors
You can define style rules based on the id attribute of the elements. All the
elements having that id will be formatted according to the defined rule.
#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with id attribute set
to black in our document. You can make it a bit more particular. For example
−
h1#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements
with id attribute set to black.
The true power of id selectors is when they are used as the foundation for
descendant selectors, For example −
#black h2 {
color: #000000;
}
In this example all level 2 headings will be displayed in black color when
those headings will lie with in tags having id attribute set to black.

The Child Selectors

You have seen the descendant selectors. There is one more type of selector,
which is very similar to descendants but have different functionality.
Consider the following example −
body > p {
color: #000000;
}
This rule will render all the paragraphs in black if they are direct child of
<body> element. Other paragraphs put inside other elements like <div> or
<td> would not have any effect of this rule.
The Attribute Selectors
You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes. The
style rule below will match all the input elements having a type attribute with
a value of text −
input[type = "text"] {
color: #000000;
}
The advantage to this method is that the <input type = "submit" /> element
is unaffected, and the color applied only to the desired text fields.
There are following rules applied to attribute selector.
● p[lang] − Selects all paragraph elements with a lang attribute.
● p[lang="fr"] − Selects all paragraph elements
whose lang attribute has a value of exactly "fr".
● p[lang~="fr"] − Selects all paragraph elements
whose lang attribute contains the word "fr".
● p[lang|="en"] − Selects all paragraph elements
whose lang attribute contains values that are exactly "en", or
begin with "en-".

Multiple Style Rules

You may need to define multiple style rules for a single element. You can
define these rules to combine multiple properties and corresponding values
into a single block as defined in the following example −
h1 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
Here all the property and value pairs are separated by a semicolon (;). You
can keep them in a single line or multiple lines. For better readability, we
keep them in separate lines.
For a while, don't bother about the properties mentioned in the above block.
These properties will be explained in the coming chapters and you can find
complete detail about properties in CSS References
Grouping Selectors
You can apply a style to many selectors if you like. Just separate the
selectors with a comma, as given in the following example −
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
This define style rule will be applicable to h1, h2 and h3 element as well. The
order of the list is irrelevant. All the elements in the selector will have the
corresponding declarations applied to them.
You can combine the various id selectors together as shown below −
#content, #footer, #supplement {
position: absolute;
left: 510px;
width: 200px;
}
 CSS - Inclusion
There are four ways to associate styles with your HTML document. Most
commonly used methods are inline CSS and External CSS.

Embedded CSS - The <style> Element

You can put your CSS rules into an HTML document using the <style>
element. This tag is placed inside the <head>...</head> tags. Rules defined
using this syntax will be applied to all the elements available in the
document. Here is the generic syntax −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css" media = "all">
body {
background-color: linen;
}
h1 {
color: maroon;
margin-left: 40px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Attributes
Attributes associated with <style> elements are −

Attribu Value Description

te

type text/css Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type

(MIME type). This is required attribute.

media Specifies the device the document will be displayed on.

screen
Default value is all. This is an optional attribute.
 tty
tv
projectio
n
handhel
d
print
braille
aural
all

Inline CSS - The style Attribute

You can use style attribute of any HTML element to define style rules. These
rules will be applied to that element only. Here is the generic syntax −
<element style = "...style rules....">

Attributes
Attribu Value Description
te

style style The value of style attribute is a combination of style

rules declarations separated by semicolon (;).

Example
Following is the example of inline CSS based on the above syntax −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<h1 style = "color:#36C;">
This is inline CSS
</h1>
 </body>
</html>

External CSS - The <link> Element

The <link> element can be used to include an external stylesheet file in your
HTML document.
An external style sheet is a separate text file with .css extension. You define
all the Style rules within this text file and then you can include this file in any
HTML document using <link> element.
Here is the generic syntax of including external CSS file −
<head>
<link type = "text/css" href = "..." media = "..." />
</head>

Attributes
Attributes associated with <style> elements are −

Attribut Value Description

e

type Specifies the style sheet language as a content-

text css
type (MIME type). This attribute is required.

href Specifies the style sheet file having Style rules.

URL
This attribute is a required.

media Specifies the device the document will be

screen
displayed on. Default value is all. This is optional
tty attribute.
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
 all

Example
Consider a simple style sheet file with a name [Link] having the
following rules −
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
Now you can include this file [Link] in any HTML document as follows −
<head>
<link type = "text/css" href = "[Link]" media = " all" />
</head>

Imported CSS - @import Rule

@import is used to import an external stylesheet in a manner similar to the
<link> element. Here is the generic syntax of @import rule.
<head>
@import "URL";
</head>
Here URL is the URL of the style sheet file having style rules. You can use
another syntax as well −
<head>
@import url("URL");
</head>
Example
Following is the example showing you how to import a style sheet file into
HTML document −
<head>
@import "[Link]";
</head>
CSS Rules Overriding
We have discussed four ways to include style sheet rules in a an HTML
document. Here is the rule to override any Style Sheet Rule.
● Any inline style sheet takes highest priority. So, it will override
any rule defined in <style>...</style> tags or rules defined in
any external style sheet file.
● Any rule defined in <style>...</style> tags will override rules
defined in any external style sheet file.
● Any rule defined in external style sheet file takes lowest priority,
and rules defined in this file will be applied only when above two
rules are not applicable.

Handling old Browsers

There are still many old browsers who do not support CSS. So, we should
take care while writing our Embedded CSS in an HTML document. The
following snippet shows how you can use comment tags to hide CSS from
older browsers −
<style type = "text/css">
<!--
body, td {
color: blue;
}
-->
</style>

CSS Comments
Many times, you may need to put additional comments in your style sheet
blocks. So, it is very easy to comment any part in style sheet. You can simple
put your comments inside /*.....this is a comment in style sheet.....*/.
You can use /* ....*/ to comment multi-line blocks in similar way you do in C
and C++ programming languages.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
 p{
color: red;
/* This is a single-line comment */
text-align: center;
}
/* This is a multi-line comment */
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Measurement Units
Before we start the actual exercise, we would like to give a brief idea about
the CSS Measurement Units. CSS supports a number of measurements
including absolute units such as inches, centimeters, points, and so on, as
well as relative measures such as percentages and em units. You need these
values while specifying various measurements in your Style rules
e.g. border = "1px solid red".
We have listed out all the CSS Measurement Units along with proper
Examples −

Unit Description Example

% Defines a measurement as a p {font-size: 16pt; line-

percentage relative to another value, height: 125%;}
typically an enclosing element.

cm Defines a measurement in centimeters. div {margin-bottom: 2cm;}

em A relative measurement for the height

of a font in em spaces. Because an em
unit is equivalent to the size of a given
p {letter-spacing: 7em;}
font, if you assign a font to 12pt, each
"em" unit would be 12pt; thus, 2em
would be 24pt.

ex This value defines a measurement

relative to a font's x-height. The x- p {font-size: 24pt; line-
height is determined by the height of height: 3ex;}
the font's lowercase letter x.

in Defines a measurement in inches. p {word-spacing: .15in;}

mm Defines a measurement in millimeters. p {word-spacing: 15mm;}

pc Defines a measurement in picas. A pica

is equivalent to 12 points; thus, there p {font-size: 20pc;}
are 6 picas per inch.

pt Defines a measurement in points. A body {font-size: 18pt;}

point is defined as 1/72nd of an inch.

px Defines a measurement in screen p {padding: 25px;}

pixels.
 CSS - Colors
CSS uses color values to specify a color. Typically, these are used to set a
color either for the foreground of an element (i.e., its text) or else for the
background of the element. They can also be used to affect the color of
borders and other decorative effects.
You can specify your color values in various formats. Following table lists all
the possible formats −

Format Syntax Example

Hex Code #RRGGBB p{color:#FF0000;}

Short Hex Code #RGB p{color:#6A7;}

RGB % rgb(rrr%,ggg%,bbb%) p{color:rgb(50%,50%,50%);}

RGB Absolute rgb(rrr,ggg,bbb) p{color:rgb(0,0,255);}

keyword aqua, black, etc. p{color:teal;}

These formats are explained in more detail in the following sections −

CSS Colors - Hex Codes

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR)
represent a red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are
the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe
Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop Pro, or even using Advanced Paint Brush.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign '#'.
Following are the examples to use Hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000
 #00FF00

#0000FF

#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF

CSS Colors - Short Hex Codes

This is a shorter form of the six-digit notation. In this format, each digit is
replicated to arrive at an equivalent six-digit value. For example: #6A7
becomes #66AA77.
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe
Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop Pro, or even using Advanced Paint Brush.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign '#'.
Following are the examples to use Hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000

#F00

#0F0

#0FF

#FF0
 #0FF

#F0F

#FFF

CSS Colors - RGB Values

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes
three values, one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer
between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
NOTE − All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is
recommended not to use it.
Following is the example to show few colors using RGB values.

Color Color RGB

rgb(0,0,0)

rgb(255,0,0)

rgb(0,255,0)

rgb(0,0,255)

rgb(255,255,0)

rgb(0,255,255)

rgb(255,0,255)

rgb(192,192,192)

rgb(255,255,255)
Building Color Codes
You can build millions of color codes using our Color Code Builder. Check
our HTML Color Code Builder. To use this tool, you would need a Java
Enabled Browser.

Browser Safe Colors

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be most safe and
computer independent colors. These colors vary from hexa code 000000 to
FFFFFF. These colors are safe to use because they ensure that all computers
would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette −

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF

33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF

33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF

660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF

66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF

990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF

99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF

CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF

CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF

CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF

CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF

FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF

FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF

FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF

FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

 CSS - Backgrounds
This chapter teaches you how to set backgrounds of various HTML elements.
You can set the following background properties of an element −
● The background-color property is used to set the background
color of an element.
● The background-image property is used to set the background
image of an element.
● The background-repeat property is used to control the
repetition of an image in the background.
● The background-position property is used to control the
position of an image in the background.
● The background-attachment property is used to control the
scrolling of an image in the background.
● The background property is used as a shorthand to specify a
number of other background properties.

Set the Background Color

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background
color for an element.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "background-color:yellow;">
This text has a yellow background color.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Background Image

We can set the background image by calling local stored images as shown
below −
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("/css/images/[Link]");
 background-color: #cccccc;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
</body>
<html>

Repeat the Background Image

The following example demonstrates how to repeat the background image if
an image is small. You can use no-repeat value for background-
repeat property if you don't want to repeat an image, in this case image will
display only once.
By default background-repeat property will have repeat value.
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("/css/images/[Link]");
background-repeat: repeat;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Tutorials point</p>
</body>
</html>
The following example which demonstrates how to repeat the background
image vertically.
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("/css/images/[Link]");
background-repeat: repeat-y;
}
 </style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Tutorials point</p>
</body>
</html>

The following example demonstrates how to repeat the background image

horizontally.
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("/css/images/[Link]");
background-repeat: repeat-x;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Tutorials point</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Background Image Position

The following example demonstrates how to set the background image
position 100 pixels away from the left side.
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("/css/images/[Link]");
background-position:100px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
 <p>Tutorials point</p>
</body>
</html>

The following example demonstrates how to set the background image

position 100 pixels away from the left side and 200 pixels down from the top.
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("/css/images/[Link]");
background-position:100px 200px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Tutorials point</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Background Attachment

Background attachment determines whether a background image is fixed or
scrolls with the rest of the page.
The following example demonstrates how to set the fixed background image.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url('/css/images/[Link]');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
 <p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
</body>
</html>
The following example demonstrates how to set the scrolling background
image.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url('/css/images/[Link]');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-attachment:scroll;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
</body>
</html>
Shorthand Property
You can use the background property to set all the background properties at
once. For example −
<p style = "
This parapgraph has fixed repeated background image.
</p>
 CSS - Fonts
This chapter teaches you how to set fonts of a content, available in an HTML
element. You can set following font properties of an element −
● The font-family property is used to change the face of a font.
● The font-style property is used to make a font italic or oblique.
● The font-variant property is used to create a small-caps effect.
● The font-weight property is used to increase or decrease how
bold or light a font appears.
● The font-size property is used to increase or decrease the size of
a font.
● The font property is used as shorthand to specify a number of
other font properties.

Set the Font Family

Following is the example, which demonstrates how to set the font family of
an element. Possible value could be any font family name.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-family:georgia,garamond,serif;">
This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the
default serif font depending on which font you have at your system.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Font Style

Following is the example, which demonstrates how to set the font style of an
element. Possible values are normal, italic and oblique.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-style:italic;">
This text will be rendered in italic style
 </p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Font Variant

The following example demonstrates how to set the font variant of an
element. Possible values are normal and small-caps.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-variant:small-caps;">
This text will be rendered as small caps
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Font Weight

The following example demonstrates how to set the font weight of an
element. The font-weight property provides the functionality to specify how
bold a font is. Possible values could be normal, bold, bolder, lighter, 100,
200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-weight:bold;">
This font is bold.
</p>

<p style = "font-weight:bolder;">

This font is bolder.
</p>

<p style = "font-weight:500;">

This font is 500 weight.
 </p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Font Size

The following example demonstrates how to set the font size of an element.
The font-size property is used to control the size of fonts. Possible values
could be xx-small, x-small, small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large, smaller,
larger, size in pixels or in %.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-size:20px;">
This font size is 20 pixels
</p>

<p style = "font-size:small;">

This font size is small
</p>

<p style = "font-size:large;">

This font size is large
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Font Size Adjust

The following example demonstrates how to set the font size adjust of an
element. This property enables you to adjust the x-height to make fonts
more legible. Possible value could be any number.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-size-adjust:0.61;">
 This text is using a font-size-adjust value.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Font Stretch

The following example demonstrates how to set the font stretch of an
element. This property relies on the user's computer to have an expanded or
condensed version of the font being used.
Possible values could be normal, wider, narrower, ultra-condensed, extra-
condensed, condensed, semi-condensed, semi-expanded, expanded, extra-
expanded, ultra-expanded.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-stretch:ultra-expanded;">
If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that your computer
doesn't have a <br>condensed or expanded version of the font being
used.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Shorthand Property
You can use the font property to set all the font properties at once. For
example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font:italic small-caps bold 15px georgia;">
Applying all the properties on the text at once.
</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Text
This chapter teaches you how to manipulate text using CSS properties. You
can set following text properties of an element −
● The color property is used to set the color of a text.
● The direction property is used to set the text direction.
● The letter-spacing property is used to add or subtract space
between the letters that make up a word.
● The word-spacing property is used to add or subtract space
between the words of a sentence.
● The text-indent property is used to indent the text of a
paragraph.
● The text-align property is used to align the text of a document.
● The text-decoration property is used to underline, overline, and
strikethrough text.
● The text-transform property is used to capitalize text or convert
text to uppercase or lowercase letters.
● The white-space property is used to control the flow and
formatting of text.
● The text-shadow property is used to set the text shadow around
a text.

Set the Text Color

The following example demonstrates how to set the text color. Possible value
could be any color name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "color:red;">
This text will be written in red.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Text Direction

The following example demonstrates how to set the direction of a text.
Possible values are ltr or rtl.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "direction:rtl;">
This text will be rendered from right to left
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Space between Characters

The following example demonstrates how to set the space between
characters. Possible values are normal or a number specifying space..
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "letter-spacing:5px;">
This text is having space between letters.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Space between Words

The following example demonstrates how to set the space between words.
Possible values are normal or a number specifying space.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "word-spacing:5px;">
This text is having space between words.
</p>
</body>
</html>
Set the Text Indent
The following example demonstrates how to indent the first line of a
paragraph. Possible values are % or a number specifying indent space.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "text-indent:1cm;">
This text will have first line indented by 1cm and this line will remain at
its actual position this is done by CSS text-indent property.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Text Alignment

The following example demonstrates how to align a text. Possible values
are left, right, center, justify.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "text-align:right;">
This will be right aligned.
</p>

<p style = "text-align:center;">

This will be center aligned.
</p>

<p style = "text-align:left;">

This will be left aligned.
</p>
</body>
</html>
Decorating the Text
The following example demonstrates how to decorate a text. Possible values
are none, underline, overline, line-through, blink.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "text-decoration:underline;">
This will be underlined
</p>

<p style = "text-decoration:line-through;">

This will be striked through.
</p>

<p style = "text-decoration:overline;">

This will have a over line.
</p>

<p style = "text-decoration:blink;">

This text will have blinking effect
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Text Cases

The following example demonstrates how to set the cases for a text. Possible
values are none, capitalize, uppercase, lowercase.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "text-transform:capitalize;">
This will be capitalized
</p>
 <p style = "text-transform:uppercase;">
This will be in uppercase
</p>

<p style = "text-transform:lowercase;">

This will be in lowercase
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the White Space between Text

The following example demonstrates how white space inside an element is
handled. Possible values are normal, pre, nowrap.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "white-space:pre;">
This text has a line break and the white-space pre setting
tells the browser to honor it just like the HTML pre tag.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Text Shadow

The following example demonstrates how to set the shadow around a text.
This may not be supported by all the browsers.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "text-shadow:4px 4px 8px blue;">
If your browser supports the CSS text-shadow property,
this text will have a blue shadow.
</p>
 </body>
</html>
 CSS - Using Images
Images play an important role in any webpage. Though it is not
recommended to include a lot of images, but it is still important to use good
images wherever required.
CSS plays a good role to control image display. You can set the following
image properties using CSS.
● The border property is used to set the width of an image border.
● The height property is used to set the height of an image.
● The width property is used to set the width of an image.
● The -moz-opacity property is used to set the opacity of an
image.

The Image Border Property

The border property of an image is used to set the width of an image border.
This property can have a value in length or in %.
A width of zero pixels means no border.
Here is the example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<img style = "border:0px;" src = "/css/images/[Link]" />
<br />
<img style = "border:3px dashed red;" src = "/css/images/[Link]" />
</body>
</html>

The Image Height Property

The height property of an image is used to set the height of an image. This
property can have a value in length or in %. While giving value in %, it
applies it in respect of the box in which an image is available.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>
 <body>
<img style = "border:1px solid red; height:100px;" src =
"/css/images/[Link]" />
<br />
<img style = "border:1px solid red; height:50%;" src =
"/css/images/[Link]" />
</body>
</html>

The Image Width Property

The width property of an image is used to set the width of an image. This
property can have a value in length or in %. While giving value in %, it
applies it in respect of the box in which an image is available.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<img style = "border:1px solid red; width:150px;" src =
"/css/images/[Link]" />
<br />
<img style = "border:1px solid red; width:100%;" src =
"/css/images/[Link]" />
</body>
</html>

The -moz-opacity Property

The -moz-opacity property of an image is used to set the opacity of an
image. This property is used to create a transparent image in Mozilla. IE
uses filter:alpha(opacity=x) to create transparent images.
In Mozilla (-moz-opacity:x) x can be a value from 0.0 - 1.0. A lower value
makes the element more transparent (The same things goes for the CSS3-
valid syntax opacity:x).
In IE (filter:alpha(opacity=x)) x can be a value from 0 - 100. A lower value
makes the element more transparent.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<img style = "border:1px solid red; -moz-opacity:0.4;
filter:alpha(opacity=40);" src = "/css/images/[Link]" />
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Links
This chapter teaches you how to set different properties of a hyper link using
CSS. You can set following properties of a hyper link −
We will revisit the same properties when we will discuss Pseudo-Classes of
CSS.
● The :link signifies unvisited hyperlinks.
● The :visited signifies visited hyperlinks.
● The :hover signifies an element that currently has the user's
mouse pointer hovering over it.
● The :active signifies an element on which the user is currently
clicking.
Usually, all these properties are kept in the header part of the HTML
document.
Remember a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition
in order to be effective. Also, a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS
definition as follows −
<style type = "text/css">
a:link {color: #000000}
a:visited {color: #006600}
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>
Now, we will see how to use these properties to give different effects to
hyperlinks.

Set the Color of Links

The following example demonstrates how to set the link color. Possible
values could be any color name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:link {color:#000000}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "">Link</a>
</body>
</html>

Set the Color of Visited Links

The following example demonstrates how to set the color of visited links.
Possible values could be any color name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:visited {color: #006600}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = ""> link</a>
</body>
</html>

Change the Color of Links when Mouse is Over

The following example demonstrates how to change the color of links when
we bring a mouse pointer over that link. Possible values could be any color
name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "">Link</a>
</body>
</html>

Change the Color of Active Links

The following example demonstrates how to change the color of active links.
Possible values could be any color name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "">Link</a>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Tables
This tutorial will teach you how to set different properties of an HTML table
using CSS. You can set following properties of a table −
● The border-collapse specifies whether the browser should
control the appearance of the adjacent borders that touch each
other or whether each cell should maintain its style.
● The border-spacing specifies the width that should appear
between table cells.
● The caption-side captions are presented in the <caption>
element. By default, these are rendered above the table in the
document. You use the caption-side property to control the
placement of the table caption.
● The empty-cells specifies whether the border should be shown if
a cell is empty.
● The table-layout allows browsers to speed up layout of a table
by using the first width properties it comes across for the rest of
a column rather than having to load the whole table before
rendering it.
Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The border-collapse Property

This property can have two values collapse and separate. The following
example uses both the values −
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
[Link] {border-collapse:collapse;}
[Link] {border-collapse:separate;}

td.a {
border-style:dotted;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#000000;
padding: 10px;
}
td.b {
border-style:solid;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#333333;
 padding:10px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<table class = "one">
<caption>Collapse Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class = "a"> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class = "b"> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table class = "two">

<caption>Separate Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class = "a"> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class = "b"> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

The border-spacing Property

The border-spacing property specifies the distance that separates adjacent
cells'. borders. It can take either one or two values; these should be units of
length.
If you provide one value, it will applies to both vertical and horizontal
borders. Or you can specify two values, in which case, the first refers to the
horizontal spacing and the second to the vertical spacing −
NOTE − Unfortunately, this property does not work in Netscape 7 or IE 6.
<style type="text/css">
/* If you provide one value */
[Link] {border-spacing:10px;}
/* This is how you can provide two values */
[Link] {border-spacing:10px; 15px;}
</style>
Now let's modify the previous example and see the effect −
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
 [Link] {
border-collapse:separate;
width:400px;
border-spacing:10px;
}
[Link] {
border-collapse:separate;
width:400px;
border-spacing:10px 50px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<table class = "one" border = "1">

<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table class = "two" border = "1">

<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

The caption-side Property

The caption-side property allows you to specify where the content of a
<caption> element should be placed in relationship to the table. The table
that follows lists the possible values.
This property can have one of the four values top, bottom, left or right. The
following example uses each value.
NOTE − These properties may not work with your IE Browser.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
[Link] {caption-side:top}
[Link] {caption-side:bottom}
[Link] {caption-side:left}
[Link] {caption-side:right}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<table style = "width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class = "top">
This caption will appear at the top
</caption>
<tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table style = "width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class = "bottom">
This caption will appear at the bottom
</caption>
<tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table style = "width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class = "left">
This caption will appear at the left
</caption>
<tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table style = "width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class = "right">
This caption will appear at the right
</caption>
 <tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

The empty-cells Property

The empty-cells property indicates whether a cell without any content should
have a border displayed.
This property can have one of the three values - show, hide or inherit.
Here is the empty-cells property used to hide borders of empty cells in the
<table> element.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
[Link] {
width:350px;
border-collapse:separate;
empty-cells:hide;
}
[Link] {
padding:5px;
border-style:solid;
border-width:1px;
border-color:#999999;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<table class = "empty">

<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Title one</th>
<th>Title two</th>
</tr>
 <tr>
<th>Row Title</th>
<td class = "empty">value</td>
<td class = "empty">value</td>
</tr>

<tr>

<th>Row Title</th>
<td class = "empty">value</td>
<td class = "empty"></td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

The table-layout Property

The table-layout property is supposed to help you control how a browser
should render or lay out a table.
This property can have one of the three values: fixed, auto or inherit.
The following example shows the difference between these properties.
NOTE − This property is not supported by many browsers so do not rely on
this property.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
[Link] {
table-layout: auto
}
[Link] {
table-layout: fixed
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<table class = "auto" border = "1" width = "100%">

 <tr>
<td width = "20%">1000000000000000000000000000</td>
<td width = "40%">10000000</td>
<td width = "40%">100</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />

<table class = "fixed" border = "1" width = "100%">

<tr>
<td width = "20%">1000000000000000000000000000</td>
<td width = "40%">10000000</td>
<td width = "40%">100</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>
 CSS - Borders
The border properties allow you to specify how the border of the box
representing an element should look. There are three properties of a border
you can change −
● The border-color specifies the color of a border.
● The border-style specifies whether a border should be solid,
dashed line, double line, or one of the other possible values.
● The border-width specifies the width of a border.

Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The border-color Property

The border-color property allows you to change the color of the border
surrounding an element. You can individually change the color of the bottom,
left, top and right sides of an element's border using the properties −
● border-bottom-color changes the color of bottom border.
● border-top-color changes the color of top border.
● border-left-color changes the color of left border.
● border-right-color changes the color of right border.
The following example shows the effect of all these properties −
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
p.example1 {
border:1px solid;
border-bottom-color:#009900; /* Green */
border-top-color:#FF0000; /* Red */
border-left-color:#330000; /* Black */
border-right-color:#0000CC; /* Blue */
}
p.example2 {
border:1px solid;
border-color:#009900; /* Green */
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "example1">
 This example is showing all borders in different colors.
</p>

<p class = "example2">

This example is showing all borders in green color only.
</p>
</body>
</html>

The border-style Property

The border-style property allows you to select one of the following styles of
border −
● none − No border. (Equivalent of border-width:0;)
● solid − Border is a single solid line.
● dotted − Border is a series of dots.
● dashed − Border is a series of short lines.
● double − Border is two solid lines.
● groove − Border looks as though it is carved into the page.
● ridge − Border looks the opposite of groove.
● inset − Border makes the box look like it is embedded in the
page.
● outset − Border makes the box look like it is coming out of the
canvas.
● hidden − Same as none, except in terms of border-conflict
resolution for table elements.
You can individually change the style of the bottom, left, top, and right
borders of an element using the following properties −
● border-bottom-style changes the style of bottom border.
● border-top-style changes the style of top border.
● border-left-style changes the style of left border.
● border-right-style changes the style of right border.
The following example shows all these border styles −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:none;">
This is a border with none width.
</p>
 <p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:solid;">
This is a solid border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:dashed;">

This is a dashed border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:double;">

This is a double border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:groove;">

This is a groove border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:ridge">

This is a ridge border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:inset;">

This is a inset border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:outset;">

This is a outset border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:hidden;">

This is a hidden border.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4px;

border-top-style:solid;
border-bottom-style:dashed;
border-left-style:groove;
border-right-style:double;">
This is a a border with four different styles.
</p>
</body>
</html>
The border-width Property
The border-width property allows you to set the width of an element borders.
The value of this property could be either a length in px, pt or cm or it should
be set to thin, medium or thick.
You can individually change the width of the bottom, top, left, and right
borders of an element using the following properties −
● border-bottom-width changes the width of bottom border.
● border-top-width changes the width of top border.
● border-left-width changes the width of left border.
● border-right-width changes the width of right border.
The following example shows all these border width −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "border-width:4px; border-style:solid;">
This is a solid border whose width is 4px.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:4pt; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is 4pt.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:thin; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is thin.
</p>

<p style = "border-width:medium; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is medium;
</p>

<p style = "border-width:thick; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is thick.
</p>

<p style = "border-bottom-width:4px;border-top-width:10px;

border-left-width: 2px;border-right-width:15px;border-style:solid;">
 This is a a border with four different width.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Border Properties Using Shorthand

The border property allows you to specify color, style, and width of lines in
one property −
The following example shows how to use all the three properties into a single
property. This is the most frequently used property to set border around any
element.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "border:4px solid red;">
This example is showing shorthand property for border.
</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Margins
The margin property defines the space around an HTML element. It is
possible to use negative values to overlap content.
The values of the margin property are not inherited by the child elements.
Remember that the adjacent vertical margins (top and bottom margins) will
collapse into each other so that the distance between the blocks is not the
sum of the margins, but only the greater of the two margins or the same size
as one margin if both are equal.
We have the following properties to set an element margin.
● The margin specifies a shorthand property for setting the margin
properties in one declaration.
● The margin-bottom specifies the bottom margin of an element.
● The margin-top specifies the top margin of an element.
● The margin-left specifies the left margin of an element.
● The margin-right specifies the right margin of an element.
Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The Margin Property

The margin property allows you set all of the properties for the four margins
in one declaration. Here is the syntax to set margin around a paragraph −
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "margin: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
all four margins will be 15px
</p>

<p style = "margin:10px 2%; border:1px solid black;">

top and bottom margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2%
of the total width of the document.
</p>

<p style = "margin: 10px 2% -10px; border:1px solid black;">

top margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the
total width of the document, bottom margin will be -10px
 </p>

<p style = "margin: 10px 2% -10px auto; border:1px solid black;">

top margin will be 10px, right margin will be 2% of the total
width of the document, bottom margin will be -10px, left margin
will be set by the browser
</p>
</body>
</html>

The margin-bottom Property

The margin-bottom property allows you set bottom margin of an element. It
can have a value in length, % or auto.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "margin-bottom: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified bottom margin
</p>

<p style = "margin-bottom: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom margin in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>

The margin-top Property

The margin-top property allows you set top margin of an element. It can
have a value in length, % or auto.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>
 <body>
<p style = "margin-top: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified top margin
</p>

<p style = "margin-top: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>

The margin-left Property

The margin-left property allows you set left margin of an element. It can
have a value in length, % or auto.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "margin-left: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified left margin
</p>

<p style = "margin-left: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>

The margin-right Property

The margin-right property allows you set right margin of an element. It can
have a value in length, % or auto.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>
 <body>
<p style = "margin-right: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified right margin
</p>
<p style = "margin-right: 5%; border:1px solid black;">
This is another paragraph with a specified right margin in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Lists
Lists are very helpful in conveying a set of either numbered or bullet points.
This chapter teaches you how to control list type, position, style, etc., using
CSS.
We have the following five CSS properties, which can be used to control lists
−
● The list-style-type allows you to control the shape or
appearance of the marker.
● The list-style-position specifies whether a long point that wraps
to a second line should align with the first line or start
underneath the start of the marker.
● The list-style-image specifies an image for the marker rather
than a bullet point or number.
● The list-style serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.
● The marker-offset specifies the distance between a marker and
the text in the list.
Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The list-style-type Property

The list-style-type property allows you to control the shape or style of bullet
point (also known as a marker) in the case of unordered lists and the style of
numbering characters in ordered lists.
Here are the values which can be used for an unordered list −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
none
NA

2
disc (default)
A filled-in circle

3
circle
An empty circle
 4
square
A filled-in square

Here are the values, which can be used for an ordered list −

Value Description Example

decimal Number 1,2,3,4,5

decimal- 01, 02, 03, 04,

0 before the number
leading-zero 05

lower-alpha Lowercase alphanumeric characters a, b, c, d, e

upper-alpha Uppercase alphanumeric characters A, B, C, D, E

lower-roman Lowercase Roman numerals i, ii, iii, iv, v

upper-roman Uppercase Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V

alpha, beta,
lower-greek The marker is lower-greek
gamma

lower-latin The marker is lower-latin a, b, c, d, e

upper-latin The marker is upper-latin A, B, C, D, E

hebrew The marker is traditional Hebrew

numbering

The marker is traditional Armenian

armenian
numbering

The marker is traditional Georgian

georgian
numbering

cjk- The marker is plain ideographic numbers

ideographic

hiragana The marker is hiragana a, i, u, e, o, ka, ki

A, I, U, E, O, KA,
katakana The marker is katakana
KI

i, ro, ha, ni, ho,

hiragana-iroha The marker is hiragana-iroha
he, to

katakana- I, RO, HA, NI, HO,

The marker is katakana-iroha
iroha HE, TO

Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<ul style = "list-style-type:circle;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ul style = "list-style-type:square;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style = "list-style-type:decimal;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

<ol style = "list-style-type:lower-alpha;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
 <li>Physics</li>
</ol>

<ol style = "list-style-type:lower-roman;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

The list-style-position Property

The list-style-position property indicates whether the marker should appear
inside or outside of the box containing the bullet points. It can have one the
two values −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
none
NA

2
inside
If the text goes onto a second line, the text will wrap underneath
the marker. It will also appear indented to where the text would
have started if the list had a value of outside.

3
outside
If the text goes onto a second line, the text will be aligned with the
start of the first line (to the right of the bullet).

Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
 <ul style = "list-style-type:circle; list-stlye-position:outside;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ul style = "list-style-type:square;list-style-position:inside;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style = "list-style-type:decimal;list-stlye-position:outside;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

<ol style = "list-style-type:lower-alpha;list-style-position:inside;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

The list-style-image Property

The list-style-image allows you to specify an image so that you can use your
own bullet style. The syntax is similar to the background-image property with
the letters url starting the value of the property followed by the URL in
brackets. If it does not find the given image then default bullets are used.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li style = "list-style-image: url(/images/[Link]);">Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
 <li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol>
<li style = "list-style-image: url(/images/[Link]);">Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

The list-style Property

The list-style allows you to specify all the list properties into a single
expression. These properties can appear in any order.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<ul style = "list-style: inside square;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style = "list-style: outside upper-alpha;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

The marker-offset Property

The marker-offset property allows you to specify the distance between the
marker and the text relating to that marker. Its value should be a length as
shown in the following example −
Unfortunately, this property is not supported in IE 6 or Netscape 7.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<ul style = "list-style: inside square; marker-offset:2em;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style = "list-style: outside upper-alpha; marker-offset:2cm;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Paddings
The padding property allows you to specify how much space should appear
between the content of an element and its border −
The value of this attribute should be either a length, a percentage, or the
word inherit. If the value is inherit, it will have the same padding as its
parent element. If a percentage is used, the percentage is of the containing
box.
The following CSS properties can be used to control lists. You can also set
different values for the padding on each side of the box using the following
properties −
● The padding-bottom specifies the bottom padding of an
element.
● The padding-top specifies the top padding of an element.
● The padding-left specifies the left padding of an element.
● The padding-right specifies the right padding of an element.
● The padding serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.
Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The padding-bottom Property

The padding-bottom property sets the bottom padding (space) of an
element. This can take a value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "padding-bottom: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified bottom padding
</p>

<p style = "padding-bottom: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom padding in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>
The padding-top Property
The padding-top property sets the top padding (space) of an element. This
can take a value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "padding-top: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified top padding
</p>

<p style = "padding-top: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top padding in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>

The padding-left Property

The padding-left property sets the left padding (space) of an element. This
can take a value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "padding-left: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified left padding
</p>

<p style = "padding-left: 15%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified left padding in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>

The padding-right Property

The padding-right property sets the right padding (space) of an element. This
can take a value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "padding-right: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified right padding
</p>

<p style = "padding-right: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified right padding in percent
</p>
</body>
</html>

The Padding Property

The padding property sets the left, right, top and bottom padding (space) of
an element. This can take a value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "padding: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
all four padding will be 15px
</p>

<p style = "padding:10px 2%; border:1px solid black;">

top and bottom padding will be 10px, left and right
padding will be 2% of the total width of the document.
 </p>

<p style = "padding: 10px 2% 10px; border:1px solid black;">

top padding will be 10px, left and right padding will
be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom padding will be 10px
</p>

<p style = "padding: 10px 2% 10px 10px; border:1px solid black;">

top padding will be 10px, right padding will be 2% of
the total width of the document, bottom padding and top padding will be
10px
</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Cursors
The cursor property of CSS allows you to specify the type of cursor that
should be displayed to the user.
One good usage of this property is in using images for submit buttons on
forms. By default, when a cursor hovers over a link, the cursor changes from
a pointer to a hand. However, it does not change form for a submit button on
a form. Therefore, whenever someone hovers over an image that is a submit
button, it provides a visual clue that the image is clickable.
The following table shows the possible values for the cursor property −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
auto
Shape of the cursor depends on the context area it is over. For
example an I over text, a hand over a link, and so on...

2
crosshair
A crosshair or plus sign

3
default
An arrow

4
pointer
A pointing hand (in IE 4 this value is hand)

5
move
The I bar

6
e-resize
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved right
(east)

7
ne-resize
 The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved up and
right (north/east)

8
nw-resize
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved up and
left (north/west)

9
n-resize
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved up
(north)

10
se-resize
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved down
and right (south/east)

11
sw-resize
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved down
and left (south/west)

12
s-resize
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved down
(south)

13
w-resize
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved left
(west)

14
text
The I bar

15
wait
An hour glass
 16
help
A question mark or balloon, ideal for use over help buttons

17
<url>
The source of a cursor image file

NOTE − You should try to use only these values to add helpful information
for users, and in places, they would expect to see that cursor. For example,
using the crosshair when someone hovers over a link can confuse visitors.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Move the mouse over the words to see the cursor change:</p>

<div style = "cursor:auto">Auto</div>

<div style = "cursor:crosshair">Crosshair</div>
<div style = "cursor:default">Default</div>

<div style = "cursor:pointer">Pointer</div>

<div style = "cursor:move">Move</div>
<div style = "cursor:e-resize">e-resize</div>
<div style = "cursor:ne-resize">ne-resize</div>
<div style = "cursor:nw-resize">nw-resize</div>

<div style = "cursor:n-resize">n-resize</div>

<div style = "cursor:se-resize">se-resize</div>
<div style = "cursor:sw-resize">sw-resize</div>
<div style = "cursor:s-resize">s-resize</div>
<div style = "cursor:w-resize">w-resize</div>

<div style = "cursor:text">text</div>

<div style = "cursor:wait">wait</div>
<div style = "cursor:help">help</div>
</body>
</html>

CSS - Outlines
Outlines are very similar to borders, but there are few major differences as
well −
 ● An outline does not take up space.
● Outlines do not have to be rectangular.
● Outline is always the same on all sides; you cannot specify
different values for different sides of an element.
NOTE − The outline properties are not supported by IE 6 or Netscape 7.
You can set the following outline properties using CSS.
● The outline-width property is used to set the width of the
outline.
● The outline-style property is used to set the line style for the
outline.
● The outline-color property is used to set the color of the outline.
● The outline property is used to set all the above three properties
in a single statement.

The outline-width Property

The outline-width property specifies the width of the outline to be added to
the box. Its value should be a length or one of the values thin, medium, or
thick, just like the border-width attribute.
A width of zero pixels means no outline.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "outline-width:thin; outline-style:solid;">
This text is having thin outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline-width:thick; outline-style:solid;">

This text is having thick outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline-width:5px; outline-style:solid;">

This text is having 5x outline.
</p>
</body>
</html>

The outline-style Property

The outline-style property specifies the style for the line (solid, dotted, or
dashed) that goes around an element. It can take one of the following values
−
● none − No border. (Equivalent of outline-width:0;)
● solid − Outline is a single solid line.
● dotted − Outline is a series of dots.
● dashed − Outline is a series of short lines.
● double − Outline is two solid lines.
● groove − Outline looks as though it is carved into the page.
● ridge − Outline looks the opposite of groove.
● inset − Outline makes the box look like it is embedded in the
page.
● outset − Outline makes the box look like it is coming out of the
canvas.
● hidden − Same as none.

Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "outline-width:thin; outline-style:solid;">
This text is having thin solid outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline-width:thick; outline-style:dashed;">

This text is having thick dashed outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline-width:5px;outline-style:dotted;">

This text is having 5x dotted outline.
</p>
</body>
</html>
The outline-color Property
The outline-color property allows you to specify the color of the outline. Its
value should either be a color name, a hex color, or an RGB value, as with
the color and border-color properties.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "outline-width:thin; outline-style:solid;outline-color:red">
This text is having thin solid red outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline-width:thick; outline-style:dashed;outline-

color:#009900">
This text is having thick dashed green outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline-width:5px;outline-style:dotted;outline-

color:rgb(13,33,232)">
This text is having 5x dotted blue outline.
</p>
</body>
</html>

The outline Property

The outline property is a shorthand property that allows you to specify
values for any of the three properties discussed previously in any order but
in a single statement.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>
 <body>
<p style = "outline:thin solid red;">
This text is having thin solid red outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline:thick dashed #009900;">

This text is having thick dashed green outline.
</p>
<br />

<p style = "outline:5px dotted rgb(13,33,232);">

This text is having 5x dotted blue outline.
</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Dimension
You have seen the border that surrounds every box ie. element, the padding
that can appear inside each box and the margin that can go around them. In
this tutorial we will learn how we can change the dimensions of boxes.
We have the following properties that allow you to control the dimensions of
a box.
● The height property is used to set the height of a box.
● The width property is used to set the width of a box.
● The line-height property is used to set the height of a line of
text.
● The max-height property is used to set a maximum height that
a box can be.
● The min-height property is used to set the minimum height that
a box can be.
● The max-width property is used to set the maximum width that
a box can be.
● The min-width property is used to set the minimum width that a
box can be.

The Height and Width Properties

The height and width properties allow you to set the height and width for
boxes. They can take values of a length, a percentage, or the keyword auto.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "width:400px; height:100px; border:1px solid red; padding:5px;
margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 400pixels wide and 100 pixels high
</p>
</body>
</html>
The line-height Property
The line-height property allows you to increase the space between lines of
text. The value of the line-height property can be a number, a length, or a
percentage.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "width:400px; height:100px; border:1px solid red; padding:5px;
margin:10px; line-height:30px;">
This paragraph is 400pixels wide and 100 pixels high and here line height
is 30pixels.
This paragraph is 400 pixels wide and 100 pixels high and here line height
is 30pixels.
</p>
</body>
</html>

The max-height Property

The max-height property allows you to specify maximum height of a box.
The value of the max-height property can be a number, a length, or a
percentage.
NOTE − This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p style = "width:400px; max-height:10px; border:1px solid red;
padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
</p>
 <br>
<br>
<br>
<img alt = "logo" src = "/css/images/[Link]" width = "195" height = "84"
/>
</body>
</html>

The min-height Property

The min-height property allows you to specify minimum height of a box. The
value of the min-height property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.
NOTE − This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "width:400px; min-height:200px; border:1px solid red;
padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
</p>
<img alt = "logo" src = "/css/images/[Link]" width = "95" height = "84"
/>
</body>
</html>

The max-width Property

The max-width property allows you to specify maximum width of a box. The
value of the max-width property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.
NOTE − This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
 </head>

<body>
<p style = "max-width:100px; height:200px; border:1px solid red;
padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
</p>
<img alt = "logo" src = "/images/[Link]" width = "95" height = "84" />
</body>
</html>

The min-width Property

The min-width property allows you to specify minimum width of a box. The
value of the min-width property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.
NOTE − This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "min-width:400px; height:100px; border:1px solid red;
padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
</p>
<img alt = "logo" src = "/css/images/[Link]" width = "95" height = "84" />
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Scrollbars
There may be a case when an element's content might be larger than the
amount of space allocated to it. For example, given width and height
properties do not allow enough room to accommodate the content of the
element.
CSS provides a property called overflow which tells the browser what to do if
the box's contents is larger than the box itself. This property can take one of
the following values −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
visible
Allows the content to overflow the borders of its containing
element.

2
hidden
The content of the nested element is simply cut off at the border of
the containing element and no scrollbars is visible.

3
scroll
The size of the containing element does not change, but the
scrollbars are added to allow the user to scroll to see the content.

4
auto
The purpose is the same as scroll, but the scrollbar will be shown
only if the content does overflow.

Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
.scroll {
display:block;
border: 1px solid red;
padding:5px;
margin-top:5px;
width:300px;
 height:50px;
overflow:scroll;
}
.auto {
display:block;
border: 1px solid red;
padding:5px;
margin-top:5px;
width:300px;
height:50px;
overflow:auto;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Example of scroll value:</p>
<div class = "scroll">
I am going to keep lot of content here just to show you how
scrollbars works if there is an overflow in an element box.
This provides your horizontal as well as vertical scrollbars.
</div>
<br />

<p>Example of auto value:</p>

<div class = "auto">

I am going to keep lot of content here just to show you how
scrollbars works if there is an overflow in an element box.
This provides your horizontal as well as vertical scrollbars.
</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - Rounded Corners
CSS3 Rounded corners are used to add special colored corner to body or text
by using the border-radius property.A simple syntax of rounded corners is as
follows −
#rcorners7 {
border-radius: 60px/15px;
background: #FF0000;
padding: 20px;
width: 200px;
height: 150px;
}
The following table shows the possible values for Rounded corners as follows
−

[Link]. Value & Description

1
border-radius
Use this element for setting four boarder radius property

2
border-top-left-radius
Use this element for setting the boarder of top left corner

3
border-top-right-radius
Use this element for setting the boarder of top right corner

4
border-bottom-right-radius
Use this element for setting the boarder of bottom right corner

5
border-bottom-left-radius
Use this element for setting the boarder of bottom left corner

Example
This property can have three values. The following example uses both the
values −
<html>
<head>
<style>
#rcorners1 {
border-radius: 25px;
background: #8AC007;
padding: 20px;
width: 200px;
height: 150px;
}
#rcorners2 {
border-radius: 25px;
border: 2px solid #8AC007;
padding: 20px;
width: 200px;
height: 150px;
}
#rcorners3 {
border-radius: 25px;
background: url(/css/images/[Link]);
background-position: left top;
background-repeat: repeat;
padding: 20px;
width: 200px;
height: 150px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p id = "rcorners1">Rounded corners!</p>
<p id = "rcorners2">Rounded corners!</p>
<p id = "rcorners3">Rounded corners!</p>
</body>
</html>

Each Corner property

We can specify the each corner property as shown below example −
<html>
<head>
<style>
#rcorners1 {
border-radius: 15px 50px 30px 5px;
background: #a44170;
 padding: 20px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
#rcorners2 {
border-radius: 15px 50px 30px;
background: #a44170;
padding: 20px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
#rcorners3 {
border-radius: 15px 50px;
background: #a44170;
padding: 20px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p id = "rcorners1"></p>
<p id = "rcorners2"></p>
<p id = "rcorners3"></p>
</body>
<body>
 CSS3 - Border Image
CSS Border image property is used to add image boarder to some
[Link] don't need to use any HTML code to call boarder image.A
sample syntax of boarder image is as follows −
#borderimg {
border: 10px solid transparent;
padding: 15px;
}
The most commonly used values are shown below −

[Link]. Value & Description

1
border-image-source
Used to set the image path

2
border-image-slice
Used to slice the boarder image

3
border-image-width
Used to set the boarder image width

4
border-image-repeat
Used to set the boarder image as rounded, repeated and stretched

Example
Following is the example which demonstrates to set image as a border for
elements.
<html>
<head>
<style>
#borderimg1 {
border: 10px solid transparent;
padding: 15px;
border-image-source: url(/css/images/[Link]);
 border-image-repeat: round;
border-image-slice: 30;
border-image-width: 10px;
}
#borderimg2 {
border: 10px solid transparent;
padding: 15px;
border-image-source: url(/css/images/[Link]);
border-image-repeat: round;
border-image-slice: 30;
border-image-width: 20px;
}
#borderimg3 {
border: 10px solid transparent;
padding: 15px;
border-image-source: url(/css/images/[Link]);
border-image-repeat: round;
border-image-slice: 30;
border-image-width: 30px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p id = "borderimg1">This is image boarder example.</p>
<p id = "borderimg2">This is image boarder example.</p>
<p id = "borderimg3">This is image boarder example.</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - Multi Background
Multi Background
CSS Multi background property is used to add one or more images at a time
without HTML code, We can add images as per our requirement.A sample
syntax of multi background images is as follows −
#multibackground {
background-image: url(/css/images/[Link]), url(/css/images/[Link]);
background-position: left top, left top;
background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat;
padding: 75px;
}
The most commonly used values are shown below −

[Link]. Value & Description

1
background
Used to setting all the background image properties in one section

2
background-clip
Used to declare the painting area of the background

3
background-image
Used to specify the background image

4
background-origin
Used to specify position of the background images

5
background-size
Used to specify size of the background images

Example
Following is the example which demonstrate the multi background images.
<html>
<head>
<style>
#multibackground {
background-image: url(/css/images/[Link]),
url(/css/images/[Link]);
background-position: left top, left top;
background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat;
padding: 75px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<div id = "multibackground">
<h1>[Link]</h1>
<p>
Tutorials Point originated from the idea that there exists a class of
readers who respond better to online content and prefer to learn new
skills at their own pace from the comforts of their drawing rooms.
The journey commenced with a single tutorial on HTML in 2006 and
elated
by the response it generated, we worked our way to adding fresh
tutorials
to our repository which now proudly flaunts a wealth of tutorials and
allied articles on topics ranging from programming languages to web
designing
to academics and much more..
</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Size of Multi background

Multi background property is accepted to add different sizes for different
images.A sample syntax is as shown below −
#multibackground {
background: url(/css/imalges/[Link]) left top no-repeat,
url(/css/images/[Link]) right bottom no-repeat, url(/css/images/[Link]) left
top repeat;
background-size: 50px, 130px, auto;
}
 CSS3 - Colors
CSS3 has Supported additional color properties as follows −

 RGBA colors
 HSL colors
 HSLA colors
 Opacity
RGBA stands for Red Green Blue [Link] is an extension of CSS2,Alpha
specifies the opacity of a color and parameter number is a numerical
between 0.0 to 1.0. A Sample syntax of RGBA as shown below −
#d1 {background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);}
#d2 {background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.5);}
#d3 {background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.5);}
HSL stands for hue, saturation, [Link] Huge is a degree on the
color wheel, saturation and lightness are percentage values between 0 to
100%. A Sample syntax of HSL as shown below −
#g1 {background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%);}
#g2 {background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 75%);}
#g3 {background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 25%);}
HSLA stands for hue, saturation, lightness and alpha. Alpha value
specifies the opacity as shown RGBA. A Sample syntax of HSLA as shown
below −
#g1 {background-color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 0.3);}
#g2 {background-color: hsla(120, 100%, 75%, 0.3);}
#g3 {background-color: hsla(120, 100%, 25%, 0.3);}
opacity is a thinner paints need black added to increase opacity. A sample
syntax of opacity is as shown below −
#g1 {background-color:rgb(255,0,0);opacity:0.6;}
#g2 {background-color:rgb(0,255,0);opacity:0.6;}
#g3 {background-color:rgb(0,0,255);opacity:0.6;}
The following example shows rgba color property.
<html>
<head>
<style>
#p1 {background-color:rgba(255,0,0,0.3);}
#p2 {background-color:rgba(0,255,0,0.3);}
#p3 {background-color:rgba(0,0,255,0.3);}
</style>
</head>
 <body>
<p>RGBA colors:</p>
<p id = "p1">Red</p>
<p id = "p2">Green</p>
<p id = "p3">Blue</p>
</body>
</html>

The following example shows HSL color property.

<html>
<head>
<style>
#g1 {background-color:hsl(120, 100%, 50%);}
#g2 {background-color:hsl(120,100%,75%);}
#g3 {background-color:hsl(120,100%,25%);}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>HSL colors:</p>
<p id = "g1">Green</p>
<p id = "g2">Normal Green</p>
<p id = "g3">Dark Green</p>
</body>
</html>

The following example shows HSLA color property.

<html>
<head>
<style>
#d1 {background-color:hsla(120,100%,50%,0.3);}
#d2 {background-color:hsla(120,100%,75%,0.3);}
#d3 {background-color:hsla(120,100%,25%,0.3);}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>HSLA colors:</p>
<p id = "d1">Less opacity green</p>
<p id = "d2">Green</p>
<p id = "d3">Green</p>
</body>
</html>
The following example shows Opacity property.
<html>
<head>
<style>
#m1 {background-color:rgb(255,0,0);opacity:0.6;}
#m2 {background-color:rgb(0,255,0);opacity:0.6;}
#m3 {background-color:rgb(0,0,255);opacity:0.6;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>HSLA colors:</p>
<p id = "m1">Red</p>
<p id = "m2">Green</p>
<p id = "m3">Blue</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - Gradients
What is Gradients?
Gradients displays the combination of two or more colors as shown below −

Types of gradients
 Linear Gradients(down/up/left/right/diagonally)
 Radial Gradients
Linear gradients
Linear gradients are used to arrange two or more colors in linear formats like
top to bottom.

Top to bottom
<html>
<head>
<style>
#grad1 {
height: 100px;
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(pink,green);
background: -o-linear-gradient(pink,green);
background: -moz-linear-gradient(pink,green);
background: linear-gradient(pink,green);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "grad1"></div>
</body>
</html>

Left to right
<html>
<head>
<style>
#grad1 {
height: 100px;
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, red , blue);
background: -o-linear-gradient(right, red, blue);
background: -moz-linear-gradient(right, red, blue);
 background: linear-gradient(to right, red , blue);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "grad1"></div>
</body>
</html>

Diagonal
Diagonal starts at top left and right button.
<html>
<head>
<style>
#grad1 {
height: 100px;
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left top, red , blue);
background: -o-linear-gradient(bottom right, red, blue);
background: -moz-linear-gradient(bottom right, red, blue);
background: linear-gradient(to bottom right, red , blue);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "grad1"></div>
</body>
</html>

Multi color
<html>
<head>
<style>
#grad2 {
height: 100px;
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(red, orange, yellow, red, blue,
green,pink);
background: -o-linear-gradient(red, orange, yellow, red, blue,
green,pink);
background: -moz-linear-gradient(red, orange, yellow, red, blue,
green,pink);
 background: linear-gradient(red, orange, yellow, red, blue, green,pink);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "grad2"></div>
</body>
</html>

CSS3 Radial Gradients

Radial gradients appears at center.
<html>
<head>
<style>
#grad1 {
height: 100px;
width: 550px;
background: -webkit-radial-gradient(red 5%, green 15%, pink 60%);
background: -o-radial-gradient(red 5%, green 15%, pink 60%);
background: -moz-radial-gradient(red 5%, green 15%, pink 60%);
background: radial-gradient(red 5%, green 15%, pink 60%);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "grad1"></div>
</body>
</html>

CSS3 Repeat Radial Gradients

<html>
<head>
<style>
#grad1 {
height: 100px;
width: 550px;
background: -webkit-repeating-radial-gradient(blue, yellow 10%, green
15%);
background: -o-repeating-radial-gradient(blue, yellow 10%, green 15%);
 background: -moz-repeating-radial-gradient(blue, yellow 10%, green
15%);
background: repeating-radial-gradient(blue, yellow 10%, green 15%);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "grad1"></div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - Shadow
CSS3 supported to add shadow to text or [Link] property has
divided as follows −

 Text shadow
 Box Shadow

Text shadow
CSS3 supported to add shadow effects to text. Following is the example to
add shadow effects to text −
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px;
}
h2 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px red;
}
h3 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px red;
}
h4 {
color: white;
text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px #000000;
}
h5 {
text-shadow: 0 0 3px #FF0000;
}
h6 {
text-shadow: 0 0 3px #FF0000, 0 0 5px #0000FF;
}
p{
color: white;
text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black, 0 0 25px blue, 0 0 5px darkblue;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h1>[Link]</h1>
<h2>[Link]</h2>
<h3>[Link]</h3>
 <h4>[Link]</h4>
<h5>[Link]</h5>
<h6>[Link]</h6>
<p>[Link]</p>
</body>
</html>

box shadow
Used to add shadow effects to elements, Following is the example to add
shadow effects to element.
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
padding: 15px;
background-color: red;
box-shadow: 10px 10px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>This is a div element with a box-shadow</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - Text
CSS3 contained several extra features, which is added later on.

 text-overflow
 word-wrap
 word-break
There are following most commonly used property in CSS3 −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
text-align-last
Used to align the last line of the text

2
text-emphasis
Used to emphasis text and color

3
text-overflow
used to determines how overflowed content that is not displayed is
signaled to users

4
word-break
Used to break the line based on word

5
word-wrap
Used to break the line and wrap onto next line

Text-overflow
The text-overflow property determines how overflowed content that is not
displayed is signaled to users. the sample example of text overflow is shown
as follows −
<html>
<head>
 <style>
p.text1 {
white-space: nowrap;
width: 500px;
border: 1px solid #000000;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: clip;
}
p.text2 {
white-space: nowrap;
width: 500px;
border: 1px solid #000000;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<b>Original Text:</b>

<p>
Tutorials Point originated from the idea that there exists a class of
readers who respond better to online content and prefer to learn new
skills at their own pace from the comforts of their drawing rooms.
</p>

<b>Text overflow:clip:</b>

<p class = "text1">

Tutorials Point originated from the idea that there exists
a class of readers who respond better to online content and prefer
to learn new skills at their own pace from the comforts of their
drawing rooms.
</p>

<b>Text overflow:ellipsis</b>

<p class = "text2">

Tutorials Point originated from the idea that there exists
a class of readers who respond better to online content and
prefer to learn new skills at their own pace from the comforts
of their drawing rooms.
</p>

</body>
</html>
CSS3 Word Breaking
Used to break the line, following code shows the sample code of word
breaking.
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.text1 {
width: 140px;
border: 1px solid #000000;
word-break: keep-all;
}
p.text2 {
width: 140px;
border: 1px solid #000000;
word-break: break-all;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<b>line break at hyphens:</b>

<p class = "text1">
Tutorials Point originated from the idea that there exists a
class of readers who respond better to online content and prefer
to learn new skills at their own pace from the comforts of
their drawing rooms.
</p>

<b>line break at any character</b>

<p class = "text2">

Tutorials Point originated from the idea that there exists a
class of readers who respond better to online content and
prefer to learn new skills at their own pace from the comforts
of their drawing rooms.
</p>

</body>
</html>
CSS word wrapping
Word wrapping is used to break the line and wrap onto next [Link]
following code will have sample syntax −
p{
word-wrap: break-word;
}
 CSS3 - Web Fonts
Web fonts are used to allows the fonts in CSS, which are not installed on
local system.

Different web fonts formats

Sr.N Font & Description
o.

1
TrueType Fonts (TTF)
TrueType is an outline font standard developed by Apple and
Microsoft in the late 1980s, It became most common fonts for both
windows and MAC operating systems.

2
OpenType Fonts (OTF)
OpenType is a format for scalable computer fonts and developed by
Microsoft

3
The Web Open Font Format (WOFF)
WOFF is used for develop web page and developed in the year of
2009. Now it is using by W3C recommendation.

4
SVG Fonts/Shapes
SVG allow SVG fonts within SVG documentation. We can also apply
CSS to SVG with font face property.

5
Embedded OpenType Fonts (EOT)
EOT is used to develop the web pages and it has embedded in
webpages so no need to allow 3rd party fonts

Following code shows the sample code of font face −

<html>
<head>
<style>
@font-face {
font-family: myFirstFont;
src: url(/css/font/[Link]);
 }
div {
font-family: myFirstFont;
}
</Style>
</head>

<body>
<div>This is the example of font face with CSS3.</div>
<p><b>Original Text :</b>This is the example of font face with CSS3.</p>
</body>
</html>

Fonts description
The following list contained all the fonts description which are placed in the
@font-face rule −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
font-family
Used to defines the name of font

2
src
Used to defines the URL

3
font-stretch
Used to find, how font should be stretched

4
font-style
Used to defines the fonts style

5
font-weight
Used to defines the font weight(boldness)
 CSS3 - 2d Transforms
2D transforms are used to re-change the element structure as translate,
rotate, scale, and skew.
The following table has contained common values which are used in 2D
transforms −

[Link]. Value & Description

1
matrix(n,n,n,n,n,n)
Used to defines matrix transforms with six values

2
translate(x,y)
Used to transforms the element along with x-axis and y-axis

3
translateX(n)
Used to transforms the element along with x-axis

4
translateY(n)
Used to transforms the element along with y-axis

5
scale(x,y)
Used to change the width and height of element

6
scaleX(n)
Used to change the width of element

7
scaleY(n)
Used to change the height of element

8
rotate(angle)
Used to rotate the element based on an angle
 9
skewX(angle)
Used to defines skew transforms along with x axis

10
skewY(angle)
Used to defines skew transforms along with y axis

Rotate 20 degrees
Box rotation with 20 degrees angle as shown below −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#myDiv {
/* IE 9 */
-ms-transform: rotate(20deg);

/* Safari */
-webkit-transform: rotate(20deg);

/* Standard syntax */
transform: rotate(20deg);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
Tutorials [Link].
</div>

<div id = "myDiv">
Tutorials [Link]
</div>
</body>
</html>
Rotate -20 degrees
Box rotation with -20 degrees angle as shown below −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#myDiv {
/* IE 9 */
-ms-transform: rotate(-20deg);

/* Safari */
-webkit-transform: rotate(-20deg);

/* Standard syntax */
transform: rotate(-20deg);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
Tutorials [Link].
</div>

<div id = "myDiv">
Tutorials [Link]
</div>
</body>
</html>

Skew X axis
Box rotation with skew x-axis as shown below −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
 width: 300px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#skewDiv {
/* IE 9 */
-ms-transform: skewX(20deg);

/* Safari */
-webkit-transform: skewX(20deg);

/* Standard syntax */
transform: skewX(20deg);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
Tutorials [Link].
</div>

<div id = "skewDiv">
Tutorials [Link]
</div>
</body>
</html>

Skew Y axis
Box rotation with skew y-axis as shown below −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#skewDiv {
/* IE 9 */
-ms-transform: skewY(20deg);

/* Safari */
 -webkit-transform: skewY(20deg);

/* Standard syntax */
transform: skewY(20deg);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
Tutorials [Link].
</div>

<div id = "skewDiv">
Tutorials [Link]
</div>
</body>
</html>

Matrix transform
Box rotation with Matrix transforms as shown below −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#myDiv1 {
/* IE 9 */
-ms-transform: matrix(1, -0.3, 0, 1, 0, 0);

/* Safari */
-webkit-transform: matrix(1, -0.3, 0, 1, 0, 0);

/* Standard syntax */
transform: matrix(1, -0.3, 0, 1, 0, 0);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
 Tutorials [Link].
</div>

<div id = "myDiv1">
Tutorials [Link]
</div>
</body>
</html>

Matrix transforms with another direction.

<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#myDiv2 {
/* IE 9 */
-ms-transform: matrix(1, 0, 0.5, 1, 150, 0);

/* Safari */
-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, 0.5, 1, 150, 0);

/* Standard syntax */
transform: matrix(1, 0, 0.5, 1, 150, 0);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
Tutorials [Link].
</div>

<div id = "myDiv2">
Tutorials [Link]
</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - 3D Transforms
Using with 3d transforms, we can move element to x-axis, y-axis and z-axis,
Below example clearly specifies how the element will rotate.

Methods of 3D transforms
Below methods are used to call 3D transforms −

[Link]. Value & Description

1
matrix3d(n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n)
Used to transforms the element by using 16 values of matrix

2
translate3d(x,y,z)
Used to transforms the element by using x-axis,y-axis and z-axis

3
translateX(x)
Used to transforms the element by using x-axis

4
translateY(y)
Used to transforms the element by using y-axis

5
translateZ(z)
Used to transforms the element by using y-axis

6
scaleX(x)
Used to scale transforms the element by using x-axis

7
scaleY(y)
Used to scale transforms the element by using y-axis

8
scaleY(y)
 Used to transforms the element by using z-axis

9
rotateX(angle)
Used to rotate transforms the element by using x-axis

10
rotateY(angle)
Used to rotate transforms the element by using y-axis

11
rotateZ(angle)
Used to rotate transforms the element by using z-axis

X-axis 3D transforms
The following an example shows the x-axis 3D transforms.
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#myDiv {
-webkit-transform: rotateX(150deg);

/* Safari */
transform: rotateX(150deg);

/* Standard syntax */
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<div>
tutorials [Link]
</div>
 <p>Rotate X-axis</p>

<div id = "myDiv">
tutorials [Link].
</div>

</body>
</html>

Y-axis 3D transforms
The following an example shows the y-axis 3D transforms −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#yDiv {
-webkit-transform: rotateY(150deg);

/* Safari */
transform: rotateY(150deg);

/* Standard syntax */
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<div>
tutorials [Link]
</div>

<p>Rotate Y axis</p>

<div id = "yDiv">
tutorials [Link].
</div>

</body>
</html>
Z-axis 3D transforms
The following an example shows the Z-axis 3D transforms −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
background-color: pink;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div#zDiv {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(90deg);

/* Safari */
transform: rotateZ(90deg);

/* Standard syntax */
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
tutorials [Link]
</div>

<p>rotate Z axis</p>

<div id = "zDiv">
tutorials [Link].
</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - Animation
Animation is process of making shape changes and creating motions with
elements.

@keyframes
Keyframes will control the intermediate animation steps in CSS3.

Example of key frames with left animation −

@keyframes animation {
from {background-color: pink;}
to {background-color: green;}
}
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
animation-name: animation;
animation-duration: 5s;
}

Moving left animation

<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
h1 {
-moz-animation-duration: 3s;
-webkit-animation-duration: 3s;
-moz-animation-name: slidein;
-webkit-animation-name: slidein;
}
@-moz-keyframes slidein {
from {
margin-left:100%;
width:300%
}
to {
margin-left:0%;
width:100%;
}
}
@-webkit-keyframes slidein {
 from {
margin-left:100%;
width:300%
}
to {
margin-left:0%;
width:100%;
}
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Tutorials Point</h1>
<p>this is an example of moving left animation .</p>
<button onclick = "myFunction()">Reload page</button>
<script>
function myFunction() {
[Link]();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Moving left animation with keyframes

<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
h1 {
-moz-animation-duration: 3s;
-webkit-animation-duration: 3s;
-moz-animation-name: slidein;
-webkit-animation-name: slidein;
}
@-moz-keyframes slidein {
from {
margin-left:100%;
width:300%
}
75% {
font-size:300%;
margin-left:25%;
width:150%;
}
to {
 margin-left:0%;
width:100%;
}
}
@-webkit-keyframes slidein {
from {
margin-left:100%;
width:300%
}
75% {
font-size:300%;
margin-left:25%;
width:150%;
}
to {
margin-left:0%;
width:100%;
}
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Tutorials Point</h1>

<p>This is an example of animation left with an extra keyframe

to make text changes.</p>
<button onclick = "myFunction()">Reload page</button>
<script>
function myFunction() {
[Link]();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>i
 CSS3 - Multi Columns
CSS3 supported multi columns to arrange the text as news paper structure.
Some of most common used multi columns properties as shown below −

[Link] Value & Description

.

1
column-count
Used to count the number of columns that element should be
divided.

2
column-fill
Used to decide, how to fill the columns.

3
column-gap
Used to decide the gap between the columns.

4
column-rule
Used to specifies the number of rules.

5
rule-color
Used to specifies the column rule color.

6
rule-style
Used to specifies the style rule for column.

7
rule-width
Used to specifies the width.

8
column-span
Used to specifies the span between columns.
Example
Below example shows the arrangement of text as new paper structure.
<html>
<head>
<style>
.multi {
/* Column count property */
-webkit-column-count: 4;
-moz-column-count: 4;
column-count: 4;

/* Column gap property */

-webkit-column-gap: 40px;
-moz-column-gap: 40px;
column-gap: 40px;

/* Column style property */

-webkit-column-rule-style: solid;
-moz-column-rule-style: solid;
column-rule-style: solid;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<div class = "multi">

Tutorials Point originated from the idea that there exists a class
of readers who respond better to online content and prefer to learn
new skills at their own pace from the comforts of their drawing rooms.
The journey commenced with a single tutorial on HTML in 2006 and elated
by the response it generated, we worked our way to adding fresh tutorials
to our repository which now proudly flaunts a wealth of tutorials and
allied articles on topics ranging from programming languages to web
designing to academics and much more.
</div>

</body>
</html>

For suppose, if user wants to make text as new paper without line, we can do
this by removing style syntax as shown below −
.multi {
 /* Column count property */
-webkit-column-count: 4;
-moz-column-count: 4;
column-count: 4;

/* Column gap property */

-webkit-column-gap: 40px;
-moz-column-gap: 40px;
column-gap: 40px;
}
 CSS3 - User Interface
The user interface property allows you to change any element into one of
several standard user interface elements.
Some of the common properties which are using in css3 User interface.

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
appearance
Used to allow the user to make elements as user interface elements.

2
box-sizing
Allows to users to fix elements on area in clear way.

3
icon
Used to provide the icon on area.

4
resize
Used to resize elements which are on area.

5
outline-offset
Used to draw the behind the outline.

6
nav-down
Used to move down when you have pressed on down arrow button in
keypad.

7
nav-left
Used to move left when you have pressed on left arrow button in
keypad.

8
nav-right
 Used to move right when you have pressed on right arrow button in
keypad.

9
nav-up
Used to move up when you have pressed on up arrow button in
keypad.

Example of resize property

Resize property is having three common values as shown below −

 horizontal
 vertical
 both
Using of both value in resize property in css3 user interface −
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
border: 2px solid;
padding: 20px;
width: 300px;
resize: both ;
overflow: auto;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>[Link]</div>
</body>
</html>

CSS3 Outline offset

Out line means draw a line around the element at outside of border.
<html>
<head>
<style>
 div {
margin: 20px;
padding: 10px;
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
border: 5px solid pink;
outline: 5px solid green;
outline-offset: 15px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>TutorialsPoint</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS3 - Box Sizing
Box sizing property is using to change the height and width of element.
Since css2, the box property has worked like as shown below −
width + padding + border = actual visible/rendered width of an element's
box
height + padding + border = actual visible/rendered height of an element's
box
Means when you set the height and width, it appears little bit bigger then
given size cause element boarder and padding added to the element height
and width.

CSS2 sizing property

<html>
<head>
<style>
.div1 {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
border: 1px solid green;
}
.div2 {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
padding: 50px;
border: 1px solid pink;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div class = "div1">[Link]</div><br />
<div class = "div2">[Link]</div>
</body>
</html>
Above image is having same width and height of two element but giving
result is different, cause second one is included padding property.

CSS3 box sizing property

<html>
 <head>
<style>
.div1 {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
border: 1px solid blue;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.div2 {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
padding: 50px;
border: 1px solid red;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div class = "div1">[Link]</div><br />
<div class = "div2">[Link]</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Visibility
A property called visibility allows you to hide an element from view. You can
use this property along with JavaScript to create very complex menu and
very complex webpage layouts.
You may choose to use the visibility property to hide error messages that are
only displayed if the user needs to see them, or to hide answers to a quiz
until the user selects an option.
NOTE − Remember that the source code will still contain whatever is in the
invisible paragraph, so you should not use this to hide sensitive information
such as credit card details or passwords.
The visibility property can take the values listed in the table that follows −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
visible
The box and its contents are shown to the user.

2
hidden
The box and its content are made invisible, although they still affect
the layout of the page.

3
collapse
This is for use only with dynamic table columns and row effects.

Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>
This paragraph should be visible in normal way.
</p>

<p style = "visibility:hidden;">

This paragraph should not be visible.
</p>
 </body>
</html>
 CSS - Positioning
CSS helps you to position your HTML element. You can put any HTML
element at whatever location you like. You can specify whether you want the
element positioned relative to its natural position in the page or absolute
based on its parent element.
Now, we will see all the CSS positioning related properties with examples −

Relative Positioning
Relative positioning changes the position of the HTML element relative to
where it normally appears. So "left:20" adds 20 pixels to the element's LEFT
position.
You can use two values top and left along with the position property to move
an HTML element anywhere in the HTML document.

 Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

 Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
 Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
 Move Down - Use a positive value for top.
NOTE − You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way
as top and left.
Here is the example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<div style = "position:relative; left:80px; top:2px; background-
color:yellow;">
This div has relative positioning.
</div>
</body>
</html>

Absolute Positioning
An element with position: absolute is positioned at the specified
coordinates relative to your screen top-left corner.
You can use two values top and left along with the position property to move
an HTML element anywhere in the HTML document.

 Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

 Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
 Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
 Move Down - Use a positive value for top.
NOTE − You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way as top
and left.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<div style = "position:absolute; left:80px; top:20px; background-
color:yellow;">
This div has absolute positioning.
</div>
</body>
</html>

Fixed Positioning
Fixed positioning allows you to fix the position of an element to a particular
spot on the page, regardless of scrolling. Specified coordinates will be
relative to the browser window.
You can use two values top and left along with the position property to move
an HTML element anywhere in the HTML document.

 Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

 Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
 Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
 Move Down - Use a positive value for top.
NOTE − You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way
as top and left.
Here is an example −
<html>
<head>
</head>
 <body>
<div style = "position:fixed; left:80px; top:20px; background-
color:yellow;">
This div has fixed positioning.
</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - Layers
CSS gives you opportunity to create layers of various divisions. The CSS
layers refer to applying the z-index property to elements that overlap with
each other.
The z-index property is used along with the position property to create an
effect of layers. You can specify which element should come on top and
which element should come at bottom.
A z-index property can help you to create more complex webpage layouts.
Following is the example which shows how to create layers in CSS.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<div style = "background-color:red;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:10px;
left:80px;
z-index:2">
</div>

<div style = "background-color:yellow;

width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:-60px;
left:35px;
z-index:1;">
</div>

<div style = "background-color:green;

width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:-220px;
left:120px;
z-index:3;">
</div>
</body>
</html>

CSS - Pseudo Classes

CSS pseudo-classes are used to add special effects to some selectors. You do
not need to use JavaScript or any other script to use those effects. A simple
syntax of pseudo-classes is as follows −
selector:pseudo-class {property: value}
CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-classes −
[Link]:pseudo-class {property: value}
The most commonly used pseudo-classes are as follows −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
:link
Use this class to add special style to an unvisited link.

2
:visited
Use this class to add special style to a visited link.

3
:hover
Use this class to add special style to an element when you mouse
over it.

4
:active
Use this class to add special style to an active element.

5
:focus
Use this class to add special style to an element while the element
has focus.

6
:first-child
Use this class to add special style to an element that is the first child
of some other element.

7
:lang
 Use this class to specify a language to use in a specified element.

While defining pseudo-classes in a <style>...</style> block, following points

should be noted −
 a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition
in order to be effective.
 a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to
be effective.
 Pseudo-class names are not case-sensitive.
 Pseudo-class are different from CSS classes but they can be
combined.

The :link pseudo-class

The following example demonstrates how to use the :link class to set the link
color. Possible values could be any color name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:link {color:#000000}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "">Black Link</a>
</body>
</html>

The :visited pseudo-class

The following is the example which demonstrates how to use
the :visited class to set the color of visited links. Possible values could be any
color name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:visited {color: #006600}
</style>
</head>

<body>
 <a href = "">Click this link</a>
</body>
</html>

The :hover pseudo-class

The following example demonstrates how to use the :hover class to change
the color of links when we bring a mouse pointer over that link. Possible
values could be any color name in any valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "">Bring Mouse Here</a>
</body>
</html>

The :active pseudo-class

The following example demonstrates how to use the :active class to change
the color of active links. Possible values could be any color name in any valid
format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "">Click This Link</a>
</body>
</html>
The :focus pseudo-class
The following example demonstrates how to use the :focus class to change
the color of focused links. Possible values could be any color name in any
valid format.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
a:focus {color: #0000FF}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "">Click this Link</a>
</body>
</html>

The :first-child pseudo-class

The :first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first
child of another element and adds special style to that element that is the
first child of some other element.
To make :first-child work in IE <!DOCTYPE> must be declared at the top of
document.
For example, to indent the first paragraph of all <div> elements, you could
use this definition −
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
div > p:first-child {
text-indent: 25px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<div>
<p>First paragraph in div. This paragraph will be indented</p>
<p>Second paragraph in div. This paragraph will not be indented</p>
</div>
<p>But it will not match the paragraph in this HTML:</p>
 <div>
<h3>Heading</h3>
<p>The first paragraph inside the div. This paragraph will not be
effected.</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

The :lang pseudo-class

The language pseudo-class :lang, allows constructing selectors based on the
language setting for specific tags.
This class is useful in documents that must appeal to multiple languages that
have different conventions for certain language constructs. For example, the
French language typically uses angle brackets (< and >) for quoting
purposes, while the English language uses quote marks (' and ').
In a document that needs to address this difference, you can use the :lang
pseudo-class to change the quote marks appropriately. The following code
changes the <blockquote> tag appropriately for the language being used −
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">

/* Two levels of quotes for two languages*/

:lang(en) { quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'"; }
:lang(fr) { quotes: "<<" ">>" "<" ">"; }
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>...<q lang = "fr">A quote in a paragraph</q>...</p>
</body>
</html>
The :lang selectors will apply to all the elements in the document. However,
not all elements make use of the quotes property, so the effect will be
transparent for most elements.
 CSS - Pseudo Elements
CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors. You
do not need to use JavaScript or any other script to use those effects. A
simple syntax of pseudo-element is as follows −
selector:pseudo-element {property: value}
CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-elements −
[Link]:pseudo-element {property: value}
The most commonly used pseudo-elements are as follows −

Sr.N Value & Description

o.

1
:first-line
Use this element to add special styles to the first line of the text in a
selector.

2
:first-letter
Use this element to add special style to the first letter of the text in a
selector.

3
:before
Use this element to insert some content before an element.

4
:after
Use this element to insert some content after an element.

The :first-line pseudo-element

The following example demonstrates how to use the :first-line element to
add special effects to the first line of elements in the document.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
p:first-line { text-decoration: underline; }
[Link]:first-line { text-decoration: none; }
 </style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "noline">
This line would not have any underline because this belongs to nline class.
</p>

<p>
The first line of this paragraph will be underlined as defined in the
CSS rule above. Rest of the lines in this paragraph will remain normal.
This example shows how to use :first-line pseduo element to give effect
to the first line of any HTML element.
</p>
</body>
</html>

The :first-letter pseudo-element

The following example demonstrates how to use the :first-letter element to
add special effects to the first letter of elements in the document.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
p:first-letter { font-size: 5em; }
[Link]:first-letter { font-size: 10px; }
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "normal">
First character of this paragraph will be normal and will have font size 10
px;
</p>

<p>
The first character of this paragraph will be 5em big as defined in the
CSS rule above. Rest of the characters in this paragraph will remain
normal. This example shows how to use :first-letter pseduo element
to give effect to the first characters of any HTML element.
</p>
</body>
</html>
The :before pseudo-element
The following example demonstrates how to use the :before element to add
some content before any element.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
p:before {
content: url(/images/[Link])
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p> This line will be preceded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be preceded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be preceded by a bullet.</p>
</body>
</html>

The :after pseudo-element

The following example demonstrates how to use the :after element to add
some content after any element.
<html>
<head>
<style type = "text/css">
p:after {
content: url(/images/[Link])
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p> This line will be succeeded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be succeeded by a bullet.</p>
<p> This line will be succeeded by a bullet.</p>
</body>
</html>
 CSS Filters - Text and Image Effects
You can use CSS filters to add special effects to text, images and other
aspects of a webpage without using images or other graphics. Filters only
work on Internet Explorer 4.0. If you are developing your site for multiple
browsers, then it may not be a good idea to use CSS filters because there is
a possibility that it would not give any advantage.
In this chapter, we will see the details of each CSS filter. These filters may
not work in your browser.

Alpha Channel
The Alpha Channel filter alters the opacity of the object, which makes it
blend into the background. The following parameters can be used in this
filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
opacity
Level of the opacity. 0 is fully transparent, 100 is fully opaque.

2
finishopacity
Level of the opacity at the other end of the object.

3
style
The shape of the opacity gradient.
0 = uniform
1 = linear
2 = radial
3 = rectangular

4
startX
X coordinate for opacity gradient to begin.
 5
startY
Y coordinate for opacity gradient to begin.

6
finishX
X coordinate for opacity gradient to end.

7
finishY
Y coordinate for opacity gradient to end.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]" alt = "CSS Logo"

style = "Filter: Alpha(Opacity=100,
FinishOpacity = 0,
Style = 2,
StartX = 20,
StartY = 40,
FinishX = 0,
FinishY = 0)" />
<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: blue;
Filter: Alpha(Opacity=100, FinishOpacity=0, Style=1, StartX=0, StartY=0,
FinishX=580, FinishY=0)">CSS Tutorials</div>
</body>
</html>

Motion Blur
Motion Blur is used to create blurred pictures or text with the direction and
strength. The following parameters can be used in this filter −
Sr.N Parameter & Description
o.

1
add
True or false. If true, the image is added to the blurred image; and if
false, the image is not added to the blurred image.

2
direction
The direction of the blur, going clockwise, rounded to 45-degree
increments. The default value is 270 (left).
0 = Top
45 = Top right
90 = Right
135 = Bottom right
180 = Bottom
225 = Bottom left
270 = Left
315 = Top left

3
strength
The number of pixels the blur will extend. The default is 5 pixels.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]" alt = "CSS Logo"

style = "Filter: Blur(Add = 0, Direction = 225, Strength = 10)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
 font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: blue;
Filter: Blur(Add = 1, Direction = 225, Strength = 10)">CSS Tutorials
</div>
</body>
</html>

Chroma Filter
Chroma Filter is used to make any particular color transparent and usually it
is used with images. You can use it with scrollbars also. The following
parameter can be used in this filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
color
The color that you'd like to be transparent.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo" style = "Filter: Chroma(Color = #FFFFFF)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 580;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: #3300FF;
Filter: Chroma(Color = #3300FF)">CSS Tutorials</div>
</body>
</html>
Drop Shadow Effect
Drop Shadow is used to create a shadow of your object at the specified X
(horizontal) and Y (vertical) offset and color.
The following parameters can be used in this filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
color
The color, in #RRGGBB format, of the dropshadow.

2
offX
Number of pixels the drop shadow is offset from the visual object,
along the x-axis. Positive integers move the drop shadow to the right,
negative integers move the drop shadow to the left.

3
offY
Number of pixels the drop shadow is offset from the visual object,
along the y-axis. Positive integers move the drop shadow down,
negative integers move the drop shadow up.

4
positive
If true, all opaque pixels of the object have a dropshadow. If false, all
transparent pixels have a dropshadow. The default is true.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter:drop-shadow(2px 2px 1px #FF0000);">
 <p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter:drop-shadow(3px 3px 2px #000000);">CSS Tutorials</div>
</body>
</html>

Flip Effect
Flip effect is used to create a mirror image of the object. The following
parameters can be used in this filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
FlipH
Creates a horizontal mirror image

2
FlipV
Creates a vertical mirror image

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: FlipH">

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]" alt = "CSS Logo" style = "filter: FlipV">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 300;

height: 50;
 font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: FlipV">CSS Tutorials</div>
</body>
</html>

Glow Effect
Glow effect is used to create a glow around the object. If it is a transparent
image, then glow is created around the opaque pixels of it. The following
parameters can be used in this filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
color
The color you want the glow to be.

2
strength
The intensity of the glow (from 1 to 255).

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: Chroma(Color = #000000) Glow(Color=#00FF00,
Strength=20)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: Glow(Color=#00FF00, Strength=20)">CSS Tutorials</div>
 </body>
</html>

Grayscale Effect
Grayscale effect is used to convert the colors of the object to 256 shades of
gray. The following parameter is used in this filter −

[Link]. Parameter & Description

1
grayscale
Converts the colors of the object to 256 shades of gray.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: grayscale(50%)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: grayscale(50%)">CSS Tutorials</div>
</body>
</html>

Invert Effect
Invert effect is used to map the colors of the object to their opposite values
in the color spectrum, i.e., to create a negative image. The following
parameter is used in this filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

 o.

1
Invert
Maps the colors of the object to their opposite value in the color
spectrum.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: invert(100%)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: invert(100%)">CSS Tutorials</div>
</body>
</html>

Mask Effect
Mask effect is used to turn transparent pixels to a specified color and makes
opaque pixels transparent. The following parameter is used in this filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
color
The color that the transparent areas will become.

Example
<html>
 <head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: Chroma(Color = #000000) Mask(Color=#00FF00)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: Mask(Color=#00FF00)">CSS Tutorials
</div>
</body>
</html>

Shadow Filter
Shadow filter is used to create an attenuated shadow in the direction and
color specified. This is a filter that lies in between Dropshadow and Glow. The
following parameters can be used in this filter −

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
color
The color that you want the shadow to be.

2
direction
The direction of the blur, going clockwise, rounded to 45-degree
increments. The default value is 270 (left).
0 = Top
45 = Top right
90 = Right
 135 = Bottom right
180 = Bottom
225 = Bottom left
270 = Left
315 = Top left

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: Chroma(Color = #000000) Shadow(Color=#00FF00,
Direction=225)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family:
Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: Shadow(Color=#0000FF, Direction=225)">CSS Tutorials
</div>
</body>
</html>

Wave Effect
Wave effect is used to give the object a sine wave distortion to make it look
wavy. The following parameters can be used in this filter −

[Link] Parameter & Description

.

1
add
 A value of 1 adds the original image to the waved image, 0 does not.

2
freq
The number of waves.

3
light
The strength of the light on the wave (from 0 to 100).

4
phase
At what degree the sine wave should start (from 0 to 100).

5
strength
The intensity of the wave effect.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: Chroma(Color = #000000)
Wave(Add=0, Freq=1, LightStrength=10, Phase=220, Strength=10)">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: Wave(Add=0, Freq=1, LightStrength=10, Phase=20,
Strength=20)">CSS Tutorials
</div>
</body>
</html>
X-Ray Effect
X-Ray effect grayscales and flattens the color depth. The following parameter
is used in this filter:

Sr.N Parameter & Description

o.

1
xray
Grayscales and flattens the color depth.

Example
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p>Image Example:</p>

<img src = "/css/images/[Link]"

alt = "CSS Logo"
style = "filter: Xray">

<p>Text Example:</p>

<div style = "width: 357;

height: 50;
font-size: 30pt;
font-family: Arial Black;
color: red;
filter: Xray">CSS Tutorials
</div>
</body>
</html>
 CSS - float
Description
The float property causes an element to be moved to one side of the parent
element.s content area, which allows other content to flow around it.

Possible Values
 left − The element is floated to the left side of its parent
element's content area.
 right − The element is floated to the right side of its parent
element's content area.
 none − The element is not floated.

Applies to
All the elements but positioned elements and generated content.

DOM Syntax
[Link] = "left";

Example
Here is the example showing usage of this property −
<h1 style = "float: left;">
CSS float Example
</h1>
<p>
If your browser supports the CSS float Property, this text will be flowing
around the heading.
</p>
 Floating Elements with CSS
The CSS float property is used for positioning or formatting a box or content.
Developer can position element towards left or right with CSS float.
The float property can have one of the following values −

 left − The element floats to the left of its container

 right − The element floats to the right of its container
 none − The element does not float. It is default value
 inherit − The element inherits the float value of its parent

Example
Let’s see an example of CSS Float property −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>CSS Float</title>
<style>
form {
width:70%;
margin: 0 auto;
text-align: center;
}
input[type="button"] {
border-radius: 10px;
}
#container {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column-reverse;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
}
.child{
height: 40px;
 width: 40px;
color: white;
border: 4px solid black;
}
.orange{
background-color: #FF8A00;
}
.red{
background-color: #F44336;
}
.violet{
background-color: #C303C3;
}
.green{
background-color: #4CAF50;
}
.blue{
background-color: #03A9F4;
}
.yellow{
background-color: #FEDC11;
}
#left{
display: flex;
float: left;
}
#right{
display: flex;
float: right;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<fieldset>
<legend>CSS-Float</legend>
<div id="container">
<div class="child orange"></div><div class="child red"></div><div
class="child violet"></div><div class="child green"></div><div class="child
blue"></div><div class="child yellow"></div>
</div><br>
<input type="button" value="float-->left" onclick="floatDecider('left')">
<input type="button" value="float-->right" onclick="floatDecider('right')">
<div><div id="left"></div><div id="right"></div></div>
</fieldset>
</form>
<script>
var left = [Link]('left');
var right = [Link]('right');
function floatDecider(direction){
var allChildren = [Link]('child');
if(direction === 'left')
[Link]('beforeend',allChildren[0]);
else
[Link]('afterbegin',allChildren[0]);
}
</script>
</body>
</html>