Nucle
Notes j
Based on Rutherford Experiment
4) size of atom is 1810m
4) size of Nucleis is Ism
O central core of atoi
② proton and nutron present
③ size of nucleus is 1515m
& the Combination Named as "Nucleons"
⑤ Repretation of Nuclei
z atomic
number
AX -
At mass number
2
member xig = 1 .
072 A s
S
1827 1 00806 amu
1 67
kg
=
x
-
=
m
.
me = 9 11 x .
153g = 0 00055 amu .
carbon atomie
lamu
massone
=
I ma Re
12y
=
23
I mol us of atom = 6 022X10
.
2
6.022x10 atom of DR =
12g
of c
atom
= 99x1523
1 =
1
22x1023 .
: 1 . 57x1527
leg
(1) Isotopes : -
(3) Isotons : -
same z
same (A-z) neutrons
"O
-
EX1N
Example 11 7 S
2) Isobars :-
samet 7
Radius of Nuclei
Volume of Nuclei a Atomic mass no
AR A
R32 A
RC (A)
R =
Ro Al Refi
Density (5) of Nuclei
MA
S=
= 2 .
3
x10"Krys
4) 9 is Independent of A
# of the Nucleus
mmm :
# M =
UpMp + UnMr
also lame
MpEM
M= (up + un) lamu = Aamu
-
EX . 1 of aburdance
Ch
Nuder fore
·
strogest fore In Nature
Very Short Range (3-4 fm)
·
Charge Independent
·
·
(Fpp =
FNN =
FPN)
·
It is not central force
Spin
·
dependent > stron same
-
Spin
week for opp.
· & < 08Fm-Repulsive
& >0 8
.
Fm + atrative
Energ
evalence
Einstine gives the Relation .
E = mc 2
If Ig mass is converted into
Energy ...
&= (53)(3x1082
E =
gy1035
·
s defect
Alm
[Mp (A-2) Mu-Mad
= +
E0' Sp = 8x1 0005sU .
S 8N = 8X 1 .
0072 74
.
Sum of mass SPSON = 16 . 12744
Spectroscopy mass of 0 = 15 . 99033
5 Here there is
, differen In mass
known as "mass diefect.!
mu
Empre
Binding
Nuclear
Energy devoted Eb
·
It is
by
·
E =
Am
b
· It is measurement of How
Well Nucleus is Held togather
bounded
Ent means nucleus
strongly
·
.
·
It means It is the EnergyRequired
to split a nucleus into its nucleas -
Stability of Nucleus
1So , ED↑ so Nucleus is
Stable Tor
I"
"
Stability of any
Nucleus is
define value"
in
Eb/a
1)
Means ↑
Eb/ value means
It is stable nucleus"
: 200 Mer
EX by 40 (Ed)x =
-
50 100
CED] y = 400 Mer
ED/A VS A catomic mass curve)
For
Light Nuclei
·
(A(30) there
is well define maximas minima
Ed/a is Curve
comparitively less
·
.
-
From
for
·
curve
Ep/ curve is
Lighter &
Heavy Nucleus max for Fe
A 30 +
Light ED/A Fe5
·
·
for = 8 8 Mex
.
A) 170
Heavy
+
from graph
·
·
mediumSize of
· that Type of Nucleus is unstable Nuclei is most stable nuclei
(30 A <170)
Emmar
fusion
↑
&
Too or more
light
> combined to
Nuclei.-
form a stable nucleus
stability Incresed 4
·
Energy Relesed .
A+ B - C + Q .
Light Light (Energy Relesed)
Enfission
Heavy Nucleus
↓
·
split into teo or more
medium size of nudei .
stability ↑
·
Energ Relesed
·
Emeetin
A+ B - c + D + Q
L
(mr-
R
q =
a =
(M2 -
Mp)x9315 MeV
If Q) 0 Exothermic (Relesed
& O Endothemic (ab)
Q (BE) p [BE)2
-
Q =
(RE)-(k .)
;
quioactivity j Key Lot anvinoJ
B decay
=
(e , i)
·
Alpha decay : -
AX-Ay + 2+ 0
XA
24/
He +O
C-Partide Atomic number + 1
Incresed .
At same
Decay : Let r)
,
X
+
K -
Capture (2-capture)
p+ -n + 0
=
Ay
*
X - + 0
22-
Electron Capture from Shell-k
(gama decay) (EM-Radiation)
*
X- y + C
,
↑
Excited
State
* - (gama)
y -
y + 2
ground state