Missouri TB Risk Assessment Form
Missouri TB Risk Assessment Form
A chest x-ray is indicated if the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) or Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) is positive. It's used to check for abnormalities suggestive of tuberculosis infection. If the x-ray shows abnormalities indicative of TB, it prompts further evaluation and reporting .
For patients testing positive via TST or IGRA, further evaluation includes a chest x-ray to determine the presence of active TB disease. If active disease is suspected, collecting sputum samples for smear and culture testing is the next step. Positive results from these tests should be reported to the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services or the local public health agency for further intervention and management .
In the TB risk assessment process, 'immunosuppressed' includes individuals taking more than 15 mg of prednisone daily for over a month or those on TNF-α antagonists. This is relevant because it lowers the TST positivity threshold to >5 mm due to the heightened risk of TB progression in immunocompromised states. These patients require more careful monitoring and possibly proactive treatment strategies to mitigate TB risks .
A healthcare provider should initiate further TB diagnostic evaluations if the patient answers 'YES' or provides no response to any of the TB risk assessment questions, especially if they include past positive TB tests, abnormal chest x-rays, or significant travel history. Additional testing is also needed for those showing symptoms of TB, having close contact with TB patients, or possessing certain medical conditions that significantly increase TB risks .
The Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) result is interpreted based on the size of the induration and patient-specific risk factors. An induration of >5 mm is considered positive in recent close contacts of TB cases, persons with fibrotic changes consistent with TB, organ transplant recipients, immunosuppressed individuals on high-dose steroids or TNF-α antagonists, and persons with HIV/AIDS. An induration of >10 mm is positive for those born in high prevalence countries, individuals with certain medical conditions, history of drug use, or living in high-risk settings. The induration of >15 mm is positive for persons with no known risk factors .
Country of origin plays a significant role in TB risk assessment. Individuals born in or having traveled to countries with high TB incidence rates face heightened scrutiny. The World Health Organization lists countries with TB incidence rates greater than 20 cases per 100,000 population. Being from or having exposure to these countries increases one's risk category and can affect TST interpretation, where an induration >10 mm could be considered positive .
TB risk factors are pivotal in interpreting TST results, modifying the induration size threshold for positivity. High-risk factors like HIV infection, recent TB contacts, and previous fibrotic lung changes lower the threshold to >5 mm. Intermediate risk factors, such as certain medical conditions or being from high TB prevalence countries, adjust the threshold to >10 mm. Individuals without known risk factors have a higher threshold of >15 mm for a positive test, recognizing that positive TSTs can be due to factors unrelated to an active TB infection .
Three consecutive sputum samples are necessary because TB bacteria may not be present in every respiratory sample due to irregular shedding. Collecting multiple samples increases the probability of detecting mycobacterium if TB is present. Samples should be collected at different times, particularly in the morning when sputum production is higher, to ensure the highest diagnostic yield .
Certain medical conditions lower the positivity threshold of a Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) from >15 mm to >10 mm. These conditions include silicosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, leukemias, and lymphomas, among others. These conditions either increase susceptibility to TB or can reflect an altered immune response, necessitating a lower threshold for a positive test to ensure early detection and treatment .
If a patient has an inconclusive or positive result on any TB risk assessment question, the health care provider should conduct additional medical evaluations. This could involve doing a Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA), reviewing signs and symptoms, conducting a chest x-ray, or collecting sputum samples as necessary. For immunosuppressed patients lacking previous TB documentation, an IGRA is recommended .