MASS TRANSFER

Senior lecture: TRẦN CHÍ NHÂN

Telephone: [Link]
EMAIL : tcnhan@[Link]
 REFERENCES

1. Kỹ thuật thực phẩm 2 – [Link] Võ Tấn Thành, ThS. Vũ Trường Sơn, 2013

2. Principles of unit operations – Christi J. Geankoplis

3. Transport processes and unit operations - Alan S. Foust, Leonard A. Wenzel,

Currtis W. Clump, Louis Maus, L. Bryce Andersen
 REFERENCES

1. Quá trình và thiết bị trong công nghệ hóa học & thực phẩm tập 3 – Truyền
khối - Vũ Văn Bang, Võ Bá Minh. Nxb ĐH quốc gia TP. HCM, 2004.
2. Quá trình và thiết bị trong công nghệ hóa học & thực phẩm – Bài tập
Truyền khối - Trịnh văn Dũng. Nxb ĐH quốc gia TP. HCM, 2004.
3. Problems in heat and mass transfer - J.R. Backhurst, J.H. Harker and J.E.
Porter. Nxb Edward Arnold, 1974.
4. Examples and problems to the course of unit operation of chemical
engineering - K.F. Pavlov, P.G. Romankov and A.A. Noskov. Nxb Mir, 1978.
5. Mass transfer operation (International student edition) - Robert E. Treybal.
Nxb McGraw Hill, 1981
6. Mass transfer operation in engineering practice - Aksel L. Lydersen. Nxb John
Willey & Son, 1983.
7. Unit operation of chemical engineering - Warren L. McCabe, Julian C. Smith,
and Peter Harriot. Nxb McGraw Hill 1993.
 CONTENTS

Introduction to engineering principles and units

Principles of mass transfer

Phase relationships

Vapor-Liquid separation processes

Gas-Liquid separation processes

Liquid-Liquid & Fluid-Solid separation processes

Drying of process materials

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

1. Unit operations

2. Mass transfer processes

3. Equipment of food and chemical processes

4. Relative units of mass transfer processes

5. Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods

6. SI system of basic unit and other systems

7. Gas laws and vapor pressure

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Unit operations

…”deal mainly with transfer and

change of energy and transfer and
change of materials primarily by
physical means but also by
physical – chemical means”
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

1. Unit operations
2. Mass transfer processes
- Definition
- Classification of mass transfer processes
- Selection of separation processes
- Method of mass transfer processes
- Principles of unit operation design
3. Equipment of food and chemical processes
4. Relative units of mass transfer processes
5. Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods
6. SI system of basic unit and other systems
7. Gas laws and vapor pressure
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mass transfer processes

• Mass transfer: “ Mass is being transferred from one phase to another

distinct phase (gas, solid, or liquid). This includes distillation, absorption,

liquid-liquid extraction, membrane separation, absorption, leaching.

• Driving force: concentration difference

• Application: food and chemical engineering, …

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mass transfer processes

Classification of mass transfer processes

• Gas - Liquid

- Distillation: components of a liquid mixture are separated by boiling because

of their differences in vapor pressure.

- Absorption: a component is removed from gas stream by treating with a

liquid.

- Distraction: opposite of the process by which one thing absorbs or is

absorbed by another
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mass transfer processes

Classification of mass transfer processes

• Gas - Solid

- Adsorption: components of a gas or a liquid stream is removed and

adsorbed by a solid adsorbent.

- Drying: volatile liquids, usually water, are removed from solid material.

• Liquid – Liquid

- Liquid – Liquid extraction: a solute in a liquid solution is removed by

contacting with another liquid solvent which is relatively immiscible with the
solution
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mass transfer processes

Classification of mass transfer processes

• Liquid - Solid

- Crystallization: this concerns the removal of a solute such as a salt from a

solution by precipitating the solute from the solution.

- Liquid – solid leaching: this involves treating a finely divided solid with a
liquid that dissolves out and removes a solute contained in the solids.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mass transfer processes

Classification of mass transfer processes

Many of these unit operations have certain fundamental and basic principles or
mechanisms in common.

Ex: + the mechanism of diffusion or mass transfer occurs in drying, absorption,

distillation, and crystallization;

+ heat transfer occurs in drying, distillation, evaporation, and so on.

Hence, the following classification of more fundamental nature is often

made into transfer or transport processes.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mass transfer processes

Selection of separation processes

• Mass transfer and/or mechanical-physical separation processes;

• Mass transfer processes and/or chemical reactions;

• Suitable mass transfer processes.

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mass transfer processes

Methodology of mass transfer processes

- Solute collection and fractional processes;

- Steady- state and unsteady-state processes;

- Fractional contact and continuous contact.

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

1. Unit operations

2. Mass transfer processes

3. Equipment of food and chemical processes

3.1. Process of producing Na2SO4

3.2. Process of producing monosodium glutamate (MSG)

4. Relative units of mass transfer processes

5. Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods

6. SI system of basic unit and other systems

7. Gas laws and vapor pressure

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Example: process of producing Na2SO4

NaCl
(NH4)2SO4

1
Reactor Separator

2
Dryer
Dried NH4Cl

Crystallizer

Dryer
Separator
Dried Na2SO4
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Thí dụ : process of producing monosodium glutamate(MSG)

Starch H2SO4 Treacle Yeast 1
Nutrient broth Crystallizer
Water
Oxy
2
Filiter
Hydrolyzer Fermenter

NaOH
Crystallizer Acid glutamic

Dissolver Drier

MSG Product (MSG)

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

1. Unit operations
2. Mass transfer processes
3. Equipment of food and chemical processes

4. Relative units of mass transfer processes

4.1. Pressure
4.2. Temperature
4.3. Mol units, and weight units or mass units
4.4. Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity

5. Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods

6. SI system of basic unit and other systems
7. Gas laws and vapor pressure
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

Pressure: the force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an
area, typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area (N/m2).

Types of pressure: absolute and gauge pressure

Unlocked atmosphere Locked atmosphere

Gas Δh Gas Δh'

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

Types of pressure: absolute and gauge pressure

Unlocked atmosphere Locked atmosphere

Gas Δh Gas Δh'

Δh' > Δh Δh: absolute pressure Δh’: gauge pressure

Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmosphere pressure
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

• Gauge pressure = indicated on pressure measurement

• Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmosphere pressure

• Absolute pressure = atmosphere pressure – vacuum pressure

Note: it should be adjusted to 0oC by the following equation in case of measuring

the pressure in the units of mmHg

P = Po (1 – 0,000172t)
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

Temperature: is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold.

The common scales as follows

Celcius scale Kelvin scale Farenheit scale Rankin scale

(oC) (K) (oF) (oR)
Boiling temperature of
water at 760mmHg 100 373 212 672

Freezing temperature
of water at 760mmHg 0 273 32 492

Absolute vacuum -273 0 -460 0

pressure
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

Temperature: is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold.

Temperature conversion

T (K) = t (oC) + 273

T (oR) = t (oF) + 460

t (oF) = 1,8t (oC) + 32

t (oC) = T (K) = 1,8t (oF) = 1,8T (oR)

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

Mol units, and weight units or mass units

A mole (mole) of a pure substance is defined as the amount of that substance

whose mass is numerically equal to its molecular weight

g mol = the mass in grams / molecular weight

lb mol = the mass in lbs./ molecular weight

Example: The container consists of 2 lbs HCl. Calculate the amount

of HCl in lb mol and g mol.

Soution: lb mol = 2/36,5 = 0,055

g mol = (2 x 453,6)/36,5 = 24,85

(1 lb = 4,536.102 g)
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

Mol units, and weight units or mass units

The mole fraction of a particular substance is simply the moles of this

substance divided by the total number of moles.

xa (mole fraction of A) = moles of A/total moles

The weight or mass fraction of a particular substance is the mass of the

substance divided by the total mass

wa (weight or mass fraction of A) = mass A/total mass

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Realative units of mass transfer process

Mol units, and weight units or mass units

A mole ratio is the amounts in moles of particular substance divided by the

another one considered as the standard substance of the mixture

Xa (mole ratio of A) = moles of A/moles of the standard substance

A weight or mass ratio is the amounts in mass or wt of particular substance

divided by the another one considered as the standard substance of the
mixture

Xa (wt or mass ratio of A) = mass of A/mass of the standard substance

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

VD: a container holds 2 g mol oxygen, 3 g mol nitrogen and 5 g mol amoniac.
Calculate xi, wi and Xi of this mixture, nitrogen as a standard substance.
Oxygen Nitrogen Amoniac Total
Amount of g mol 2 3 5 10
Weight (g) 2 x 32 = 64 3 x 28 = 84 5 x 17 = 85 233
Mol fraction (xi) 0,2 0,3 0,5 1
Mass faction (wi) 64/233 84/233 85/233 1
Mole ratio (Xi) (nitrogen as a
2/3 3/3 5/3
standard substance)

Remark: xi = wi = 1 happened in any mixture

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

A mixture consists of two substances A mixture consists of n substances

wA wi
Mi
xA =
MA xi =
wA
MA
+ (1 − wA )
MB
 Mi
wi

xAM A
wA = xi M i
x A M A + (1 − x A ) M B wi =
 xi M i
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity

The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

Units: kg/m3, g/cm3, lb/in3 hay lb/ft3

The value of density depends on temperature and pressure.

m 1
= hh =
mix wi Mixture
v 
i

 : density mix: density of a mixture

m : wt or mass wi: wt or mass fraction of i substance
v : volume i: density of I substance
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity

The density of food components depend on temperature and calculated by the
equations as follows .

ρw = 997.18 + 0.0031439T - 0.0037574T2 (water)

ρc = 1599.1 + 0.31046T (carbohydrate)
ρp = 1330 + 0.5184T (protein)
ρl = 925.59 + 0.41757T (lipid)
ρa = 2423.8 + 0.28063T (minerals)
ρic = 916.89 + 0.1307T (iced water)
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Example: Calculate the density of food at 25oC, including 50% w/w of water; 25%

w/w of carbohydrate; 20% w/w of protein; 2.5% w/w of lipid; 2.5 % w/w of mineral.

1
hh =
mix wi Mixture

i

mix: density of a mixture

wi: wt or mass fraction of i substance
i: density of I substance
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Solution: At 25oC, the following data are calculated:

wi ρi (kg/m3)
Water 0.50 994.91
Carbohydrate 0.25 1606.86
Protein 0.20 1342.96
Lipid 0.025 936.03
Mineral 0.025 2430.82

1 1
s = = = 1184,75kg / m3
wi 0,5 0,25 0,2 0,025 0,025
 + + + +
i 994,91 1606,86 1342,96 936,03 2430,82
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity

Specific gravity is defined as the density of the solution at its given temperature
divided by the density of a reference substance at its temperature (water, air
commonly considered as solids/liquids, gases, respectively.

There is no unit of specific gravity. In reality, baumé (0Bé) is used similarly to

specific gravity for determining the concentration of solution (commonly acid
or base solution).

Baumé (oBé) could be estimated:

+ d > 1 : oBé = 145 - (145/d)
+ d < 1: oBé = (140/d) - 130
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity

Specific volume is a physical property of a substance that is the ratio of its
volume to its mass (m3/kg, cm3/g, inch3/lb hay ft3/lb), depend on temperature
and pressure.

Specific heat: the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one Celsius degree (cal/goC, cal/gmoloC, kcal/kgoC,
Btu/lboF, btu/lbmoloF), depend on temperature and pressure.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity.

Specific heat: Cp (kJ/kgoC) of food could be estimated by the equations as
follows:

‣ Siebel equation

+ Fruit juice: Cp = 0,837 + 3,349ww (ww: % w/w of water )

+ Food temperature below freezing point Cp= 0,837 + 1,256ww

‣ Heldman equation

Cp = 4,18 ww + 1,547 wp + 1,672 wf + 1,42 wc + 0,836 wa

ww, wp, wf, wc and wa: % w/w of water, protein, fat, glucide and mineral.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity.

‣ Choi-Okos equation C p =  wiC pi

- C pi depends on temperature and could be calculated:

Cpw1 = 4081,7 – 5,3062T + 0,99516T2 (T= -40oC ÷ 0oC)

Cpw2 = 4176,2 – 0,0909T + 5,4731*10-3T2 (T= 0oC ÷ 150oC)

Cpc = 1548,8 + 1,9625T – 5,9399*10-3 T2 (T= -40oC ÷ 150oC)

Cpp = 2008,2 +1,2089T – 1,3129*10-3 T2 (T= -40oC ÷ 150oC)

Cpf = 1984,2 +1,4733T – 4,8008*10-3 T2 (T= -40oC ÷ 150oC)

Cpa = 1092,6 + 1,8896T – 3,6817*10-3 T2 (T= -40oC ÷ 150oC)

Cpic = 2062,3 - 6,0769T

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Density, specific volume, specific heat, specific gravity.

Specific heat

Example: Calculate the specific heat of food at 25oC containing the following
components: (using the Choi-Okos equation):

H2O 8.5%

Carbohydrate 75.3%

Protein 14.1%

Lipid 0.7%

Mineral 1.4%
 Solution: At 25oC, specific heat of food components is calculated:

Components wi Cpi (J/Kg0C)

Water 0.085 4176.6

Carbohydrate 0.753 158.7

Protein 0.141 2031.9

Lipid 0.007 2011

Mineral 0.014 1128.9

C p =  w i C pi

Cp= (0,085*4176,6) + (0,753*1585,7) + (0,141*2031,9) + (0,007*2011)

+ (0,014*1128,9)

Cp= 1865,4 J/kg0C

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

1. Unit operations
2. Mass transfer processes
3. Equipment of food and chemical processes

4. Relative units of mass transfer processes

5. Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods

5.1. Graphical method

5.2. Numeral method

5.3. Mathematical method

6. SI system of basic unit and other systems
7. Gas laws and vapor pressure
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods

‣ Graphic: the relative volatility of vapor – liquid equilibrium system of 2 substances
including acetone–methanol (1-2); acetone – chloroform (1-3) and methanol–
chloroform (2-3)
.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods

‣ Equation
Example: - Vapor pressure of volatile substances depend on temperature
P = 10A - B/(C + t)
P : vapor pressure, mmHg
t : temperature, oC
A,B,C : constant, related to each substance
- Cp depend on temperature and can be calculated as folows:
Cp = a + bT + cT2
Cp : specific heat, J/gmol0K
T : temperature, K
a,b,c : constant, related to each component
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Graphical, numerical and mathematical

methods
‣ Mathematical graph

Liquid x Y
Acid acetic 100% 12,1 14,2
Acetone 100% 14,5 7,2
Amoniac 100% 12,6 2 
Benzene 12,5 10,9
Carbon dioxide 11,6 0,3

Chloroform 14,4 10,2

Ethyl alcohol 100% 10,5 13,8
Methanol 100% 12,4 10,5
Toluene 13,7 10,4
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

1. Unit operations
2. Mass transfer processes
3. Equipment of food and chemical processes

4. Relative units of mass transfer processes

5. Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods

6. SI system of basic unit and other systems
6.1. System of units
6.2. Unit conversion
7. Gas laws and vapor pressure
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

SI system of basic unit and other systems

‣ System of units

CGS FPS Technical British SI system

system system system system

Weight Gram Lbm Lbm Slug Kg

Length Cm Ft Ft Ft m
Time Giây Giây Giây Giây Giây
Force Dyne Poundal Lbf Lbf Newton
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

SI system of basic unit and other systems

‣ Units conversion

1 lb 453,6g
1lb = 453,6 g, can be written = =1
453,6 g 1 lb

1ft 3 28320cm3
1 ft3 = 28320 cm3, can be written 3
= 3
=1
28320cm 1ft
 CGS system FPS system Technical system British system
Weight 1 gram 0,0022 lbm 0,0022lbm 6,85*10-5slug
Length 1 cm 0,0328 ft 0,0328 ft 0,0328 ft
Force 1 dyne 7,233*10-5 2,248*10-6 lbf 2,248*10-6 lbf
poundal

1lb = 453,6 g, can be written 1 lb 453,6 g

= =1
453,6 g 1 lb

1ft 3 28320cm3
1 ft3 = 28320 cm3, can be written 3
= 3
=1
28320cm 1ft

Example 1: Convert 1 g/cm3 of density to lb/ft3 of density?

1g 1lb 28320cm 3
3 453,6g 3
= 62, 4 lb
3
cm ft ft
 CGS system FPS system Technical system British system
Weight 1 gram 0,0022 lbm 0,0022lbm 6,85*10-5slug
Length 1 cm 0,0328 ft 0,0328 ft 0,0328 ft
Force 1 dyne 7,233*10-5 2,248*10-6 lbf 2,248*10-6 lbf
poundal

1lb = 453,6 g, can be written 1 lb 453,6 g

= =1
453,6 g 1 lb

1ft 3 28320cm3
1 ft3 = 28320 cm3 , can be written 3
= 3
=1
28320cm 1ft

Example 2: Convert 1g/cm.s of viscosity to lb/ft.h of viscosity?

1g 1 lb 30,48 cm 3600 giây

= 242 lb
[Link]ây 453,6g 1ft 1 gio ft .gio
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

1. Unit operations
2. Mass transfer processes
3. Equipment of food and chemical processes
4. Relative units of mass transfer processes
5. Graphical, numerical and mathematical methods
6. SI system of basic unit and other systems
7. Gas laws and vapor pressure
7.1. Ideal gas
7.2. Ideal gas law
7.3. Ideal gas mixtures – Dalton’s law
7.4. Law of partial volumes – Amagat’s law
7.5. Real gas
7.6. Vapor pressure
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Gas law and vapor pressure

‣ Ideal gas is defined as one that obeys simple law. Also, in an ideal gas the
gas molecules are considered as rigid spheres which themselves occupy no
volume and do not exert forces on one another.

No real gases obey these law exactly, but at ordinary temperatures and
pressures of not more than several atmosphere, the ideal law give answers
within a few percent or less of the actual answer. Hence, these law are
sufficiently accurate for engineering calculation.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

P: absolute pressure
Gas law and vapor pressure
V: volume
n: gmol/lbmol
‣ Ideal gas law T: absolute temperature
R: constant of an ideal gas

PV = nRT
Boyles’s law : PV = k
Charles’s law : V = bT
Gay Luccac’s law : (P/T) = kG
Avogadro’s law : V = an
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Gas law and vapor pressure

‣ Ideal gas mixtures – Dalton’s law

+ Mixture of ideal gases consist of n components hold in closed container (V:

volume, T: temperature);

+ number of moles of gas n: 1, 2.., i,...,n; nT total number of moles of ideal

gas mixture;

+ partial pressures: p1, p2,...., pi,.....pn.

+ In case of each component is an ideal gas, mixture of these is an ideal
gas mixture.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Gas law and vapor pressure

‣ Ideal gas mixtures – Dalton’s law
- Ideal gas law for each component

p1V = n1RT; p2V = n2RT,.......  Vpi = RTni

- Ideal gas mixtures

PV = nTRT

nT = ni  P = pi → Dalton’s law

 (pi/P) = (ni/nT) = xi ???

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Gas law and vapor pressure

‣ Law of partial volume – Amagat’s law

+ Mixture of ideal gases consist of n components hold in closed container (V:

volume, T: temperature);

+ number of moles of gas n: 1, 2.., i,...,n; nT number of moles of ideal gas

mixture;

+ partial pressures: p1, p2,...., pi,.....pn.

+ partial volume: V1, V2, V3,…, Vn
+ In case of each component is an ideal gas, mixture of these is an ideal
gas mixture.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Gas law and vapor pressure

‣ Law of partial volume – Amagat’s law

- Ideal gas law for each component

PV1 = n1RT; PV2 = n2RT,.......  PVi = RTni

- Ideal gas mixtures

PV = nTRT
nT = ni  V = Vi → Amagat’s law
 (Vi/V) = (ni/nT) = yi ≈ xi???

In case of an ideal gas, yi = xi

 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Gas law and vapor pressure

‣ Real gas

Real gases are nonideal gases whose molecules occupy space and have
interactions; consequently, they do not adhere to the ideal gas law. The real
gas relationship can be shown below

PV = znRT

z : compressibility factor is changed by temp. and pres.

z = 1 → ideal gas
Distinguish the difference
z ≠ 1 → real gas z ??? between ideal gas and real gas.
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Determine the compressibility factor

T
Tr =
Tc

P
Pr =
Pc
Graph of compressibility factor
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

P T
Where, Pr = and Tr =
Pc Tc
Pr : reduced pressure; Tr : reduced temperature
P : measured pressure; T : measured temperature
PC : critical pressure; TC : critical temperature
TC and PC can be found in a handbook.

Compressibility factor can be calculated by using equation, as follows :

3,53Pr 0,274Pr2
z = 1− +
0,9813Tr
10 100,8157 Tr
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Estimating the parameters of real gases by using the models , as follows

RT a
i. Van der Walls model: P= −
Vm − b Vm2

Where p is the pressure, T is the temperature, R the ideal gas constant,

and Vm the molar volume. a and b are parameters that are determined
empirically for each gas, but are sometimes estimated from their critical
temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (Pc) using these relations:

27R 2Tc2 RT
a= và b = c
64Pc 8Pc
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

RT a
ii. Berthelot model: P= −
Vm − b TVm2

RTe( −a Vm RT)
iii. Dieterici model: P=
Vm − b

a ( Vm − b)
iv. Redlich-Kwong model: RT = P( Vm − b) +
Vm ( Vm + b)T1 2

a and b are parameters that are determined empirically for each gas
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mixture of real gas

Critical pressure and temperature of mixture of real gas can be estimated, as follows:

Pc' =  yi Pci và Tc' =  yiTci

Pc' : critical pressure of mixture of real gas

Tc' : critical temperature of mixture of real gas
yi: mole fraction of i component in mixture of real gas
Pci và Tci critical pressure, critical temperature of i component of real
gas mixture, respectively P T
 Pr = và Tr = z
Pc' Tc'
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Example: Calculate V = ? (do not obey ideal gas law)

- 50 kg of mixture (20% of CH4; 30% of C2H4; 50% of N2)
- t = 27oC and P = 200at.
- critical pressure (PC) and critical temperature (TC):
+ CH4: 45,8at and 190,7K;
+ C2H4: 50,5at and 283,1K;
+ N2: 33,5atand 125,2K;
- R = 0,08206 ([Link]/gmolK).
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

Mole fraction of each component in the mixture of gas

Chất khí Phân tử lượng Khối lượng (g) Số gmol Phân mol PC (at) TC(K)
CH4 16 10000 625 0,304 45.8 190,7
C2H4 28 15000 536 0,261 50,5 283,1
N2 28 25000 893 0,435 33,5 125,2
Tổng cộng 50000 2054 1

Critical pressure of mixture of gas

Pc' =  yi Pci = (0,304x 45,8) + (0,261x50,5) + (0,435x 33,5) = 41,58at

Critical temperature of mixture of gas

Tc' =  yiTci = (0,304x190,7) + (0,261x 283,1) + (0,435x125,2) = 186,7K
 Chapter 1
Introduction to engineering principles and units

P 200
Reduced pressure Pr = = = 4,81
PC' 41,58
T 300
Reduced temperature Tr = = = 1,6
' 186,7
TC
Pr = 4,81
 compressibility factor z = 0,88
Tr = 1,6
Equation of mixture of real gas
znRT 0,88 x 2054 x 0,8206 x 300
PV = znRT  V= = = 222lit
L
P 200
Volume of mixture of real gas 222 L