OBJECTIVES

1. understand the
different methods
that can be utilized to
collect data as well as
their uses,
advantages and
disadvantages;

2. properly select a
data collection tool
to be used; and

3. know the difference

between master
table and dummy
table.
 It is a collection of numbers, quantities, facts or records that are used as
bases to draw conclusions or make inferences.

It is what a researcher is looking for and these are analyzed using statistical
procedures and should be interpreted in order to generate principles or
generalizations.

Data can reveal satisfactory conditions that need to be improved.

 It is a collection of numbers, quantities, facts or records that are used as
bases to draw conclusions or make inferences.

It is what a researcher is looking for and these are analyzed using statistical
procedures and should be interpreted in order to generate principles or
generalizations.

Data can reveal satisfactory conditions that need to be improved.

TO PROVIDE EMPIRICAL FOUNDATION FOR ANALYSIS.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA ACCORDING TO SOURCE

PRIMARY DATA
associations, fraternities, schools, business firms,
These are gathered from primary sources
church, army, navy, air force, government, law making
Individual Persons bodies, family, tribe, etc

Organized groups or organizations marriage, religious rites, legal system, economic

system, democracy, system of morals, etc.
Established practices
Constitutions, laws, orders, proclamations, treaties,
Documents in their original forms
contracts, census and all kinds of original records,
Living organisms letters, diaries, etc.

Man-made material things building, machines, televisions, electricity, etc.

Natural objects and phenomena rain, wind, typhoon, water, earthquake, mountain,
snow, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA ACCORDING TO SOURCE

SECONDARY DATA

These are gathered from secondary sources

Books (dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, etc.)

Articles published in professional journals, magazines,

newspapers and other publications

Unpublished master’s theses and dissertations and other studies

Monographs, manuscripts, etc.

ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA

Primary data frequently give detailed definitions of terms and statistical units
used in the survey.

Secondary data usually have little or no explanatory notes and may contain
clerical and typographical mistakes which often arise from transcription of the
figures from the original or primary source.

Primary data usually includes a copy of the schedule and a description of the
procedure used in the selection of the type of sample and in collecting the data.
It gives the user an accuracy, applicability and limitation of the survey results.

Primary data are usually broken down into finer classifications.

ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data are more convenient to use because it is already

condensed and organized.

Analysis and interpretation are done more easily.

Libraries make secondary data more easily accessible.

 CATEGORIES OF DATA GATHERED FROM RESPONDENTS

RESPONDENTS:
These are individuals who are asked or requested by a researcher to supply data or
information about the research problem

PERSONAL INFORMATION
❖ age ❖ health information
❖ Sex ❖ civil status
FACTS ❖ Height
❖ Weight
❖
❖
Address
nationality
❖ color of skin, eyes, hair
These are perceptions,
observations and
recollections from the Habits and hobbies, profession, life style, activities and
respondents. practices
 CATEGORIES OF DATA GATHERED FROM RESPONDENTS

RESPONDENTS:
These are individuals who are asked or requested by a researcher to supply data or
information about the research problem

ATTITUDES These are the thoughts of the respondents about the

research topic.
& FEELINGS
 CATEGORIES OF DATA GATHERED FROM RESPONDENTS

RESPONDENTS:
These are individuals who are asked or requested by a researcher to supply data or
information about the research problem

It includes the ideas or opinion of the respondents,

their actual behavior in a given situation.
JUDGMENTS
It also pertains to what he/she thinks toward a thing or
situation should be.
 CATEGORIES OF DATA GATHERED FROM RESPONDENTS

RESPONDENTS:
These are individuals who are asked or requested by a researcher to supply data or
information about the research problem

These are manipulative skills of individual and

PSYCHOMOTOR activities involving his five senses.
SKILLS
 CATEGORIES OF DATA GATHERED FROM RESPONDENTS

RESPONDENTS:
These are individuals who are asked or requested by a researcher to supply data or
information about the research problem

RESULTS OF TESTS & EXPERIMENTS

 CATEGORIES OF DATA GATHERED FROM RESPONDENTS

RESPONDENTS:
These are individuals who are asked or requested by a researcher to supply data or
information about the research problem

All other data gathered from the

primary and secondary sources of data
 CRITERION IN SELECTING A MEASURING TOOL

It must be valid and reliable

It must be based upon the conceptual framework or what the researcher wants to
find out.

CRITERION It must gather data suitable for and relevant to the research topic.

IN SELECTING A It must gather data that would test the hypothesis or answer the questions under
MEASURING investigation.

TOOL It should be free from all kinds of bias

It must contain only questions or items that are unequivocal

EQUIVOCAL

EQUIVOCAL Example : “When you were born?” – Month, Day, Year or complete and exact data
UNEQUIVOCAL

UNEQUIVOCAL Example: “Are you employed?” – Yes or No answer only

 CRITERION IN SELECTING A MEASURING TOOL

It must contain clear and definite directions to accomplish it.

CRITERION The instrument must be of the best or latest model for mechanical devices.
IN SELECTING A
MEASURING There should be a good cover letter.

TOOL It must be accompanied by a letter of recommendation from sponsor if possible.

 COMMON DATA COLLECTION METHODS

CLERICAL TOOLS MECHANICAL DEVICES

MICROSCOPES
Used when the people are being studied and
data about feelings, emotions, attitudes and
judgments of the subjects are being gathered. THERMOMETERS

QUESTIONNAIRES CAMERAS

INTERVIEWS TAPE RECORDERS

SCHEDULES VIDEO TAPES

OBSERVATIONS

RATING SCALES
 QUESTIONNAIRES

❖ Most common instrument.

❖ It is a list of planned, written questions that are related to a specific topic.
❖ A set of questions given to properly selected respondents
❖ A space is provided for each question where the respondents can write their responses.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
DATA Easy to construct since the rules are very It cannot be given to those who are not
COLLECTION easy to follow. able to read and write.
METHODS The distribution is easy and inexpensive Follow-ups are being done when the
because it can be given through mail. respondents do not return the
questionnaires.
The responses are easy to tabulate since Rate of retrieval is low.
it is standardized.
The responses are free because their Some or many questions can be left
replies are of their free will. unanswered.
Preserves the anonymity and Respondents may provide only the
confidentiality of the respondents. socially acceptable answers.
 QUESTIONNAIRES

CLOSED FORM/CLOSE-ENDED OPEN FORM/OPEN-ENDED

DATA
COLLECTION Short, checkmark responses Unrestricted due to free response based
on the respondent’s own words
METHODS
Examples: True or False ; Yes or No ; Example: Essay type ; Completion test ;
Multiple Choice Definition of term
 INTERVIEWS
❖ It is a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons.
❖ It is in a sense of an oral questionnaire.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
A more complete and valid information Additional cost may be posed if many
can be given interviewers must be hired to meet the
target date
DATA
Interview can be done and used with all Additional time is needed whenever the
COLLECTION
kinds of people researcher is the one who will also
METHODS conduct the interview
Clarifications can be made whenever Time and place may be inconvenient for
there are vague points for the respondent both interviewer and respondent
Observations can be made by the If the interviewer modify a question, the
interviewer during the interview which standardized construction of questions is
may reveal pertinent information lessened
There is flexibility for the interviewer Reponses may be inaccurate if the
since he can modify the questions if there respondent has no time to consult his
is a need to do so records
 INTERVIEWS

❖ The questions, sequence and wordings are fixed

DATA ❖ Uses Interview schedule which is made up by a set
COLLECTION of carefully prepared and logically ordered questions
METHODS STANDARDIZED/
STRUCTURED
 INTERVIEWS

DATA
COLLECTION
METHODS UNSTRUCTURED/
UNSTANDARDIZED

❖ The contents, sequence and wordings are up to the

interviewer
❖ Uses Interview guide which is the listing of topics that
will be taken up during the interview
 INTERVIEWS

DATA
COLLECTION TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS
METHODS
 INTERVIEWS

DATA
COLLECTION
FOCUSED INTERVIEWS
METHODS

❖ “Depth interview”
❖ A series of questions are asked based on the
interviewer’s understanding about a certain situation
 INTERVIEWS

DATA
COLLECTION
NONDIRECTIVE INTERVIEWS
METHODS

❖ The respondent is allowed to express his feelings

without fear of disapproval.
 OBSERVATIONS
❖ A way of collecting data by utilizing the senses
❖ Sense of sight is the most important and most commonly used
❖ It is the most direct way to study behavior of an individual

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
The investigator can gather first-hand Extraneous variables are not controlled
DATA
information about the subject of his study which may affect the validity of the
COLLECTION attribution of certain causes upon certain
METHODS effects
An extended time can be utilized by the A smaller size of the sample is used
researcher for him to observe his when a very wide area is covered and if
subjects the researcher cannot afford to observe a
substantial area
Non-verbal behavior information can be Respondents may withdraw or keep
obtained secrets from the observer due to
sensitive or controversial information due
to lack of anonymity
 OBSERVATIONS

Participant:
❖ The observer takes active part in the
activities of the group being observed.
❖ He/She lives and works with the group
DATA for a certain period of time until
COLLECTION PARTICIPANT AND NON-PARTICIPANT he/she learns the behaviors he/she is
METHODS intended to learn
Non-participant:
❖ The observer is a mere bystander
observing the group
 OBSERVATIONS

Structured:
❖ Concentrates on a particular aspect of
the thing being observed
STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED
Unstructured:
❖ The observer does not hold any list of
DATA things to be observed
COLLECTION
METHODS Controlled:
❖ Used in experimental studies where
there are manipulations being done
CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLED
Uncontrolled:
❖ Used in natural settings where there is
no control being set
 RATING SCALE
❖ Scaling is a process of attempting to develop complete measurement or rank or unit
measurement of phenomena
❖ Opinions are expressed on a scale of values

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Attitudes are evaluated not on the basis
DATA
of the opinions of the subjects but on the Emotions can have an impact on the
COLLECTION basis of the opinions of the experimenter respondent’s responses
METHODS himself
A halo effect causes raters to carry
qualitative judgment from one aspect to
It involves qualitative description another
Limits of justifications;
Over rating
 RATING SCALE
❖ First method of attitude assessment

THURSTONE TECHNIQUE ❖ A number of statements (20 or more)

are gathered that express various
point of view toward a specific subject

❖ Most widely used scale for summated

ratings
DATA ❖ It can be performed without a panel of
COLLECTION judges and has yielded scores similar
LIKERT METHOD
METHODS to Thurstone technique
❖ It express definite favorableness or
unfavorableness to a particular point
of view

❖ Similar to likert method

❖ It usually provides the individual
SCHEMATIC TECHNIQUE seven-point scale with two adjectives
at either end of the scale such as
unhealthy-healthy, clean-dirty
 CHECKLIST

❖ Consist of a prepared list of items to be observed

❖ There is a space allotted for the number or checkmark or short verbal entries

DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

COLLECTION Simplest device
METHODS
 STEPS IN DEVELOPING DATA COLLECTION TOOL
5.
2. 4. 6.
1. 3. Choose an
Decide what The Choose a
Determine Who should appropriate the
you are audience collection
your you be method of how
intended to must be procedure
purpose asked? you will collect
measure considered
your data

For
❖ Choose the measurement scale and scoring to be used questionnaires
❖ Place a title of your questionnaire
❖ Start with non-threatening questions
❖ Construct simple instructions
❖ Use plain language
❖ Make questions as precise as possible
❖ Attach a cover letter
STEPS IN DEVELOPING DATA COLLECTION TOOL

7.
Thank the respondents
8.
Check reliability

9.
Determine the need to obtain approval from Institutional Review
Board before using the instrument to the respondents/ subjects

10.
Conduct evaluation
 MASTER TABLE VS. DUMMY TABLE

It is a table that holds records which containing Also called Planned tables and figures
the general information of the participants or
subjects
It is an outline of a table which will be utilized in
presenting the result
In a master table, the column represents
regions and the rows are the respondents/ A dummy table has empty cells which are to be
subjects populated after the data gathered has been
analyzed.
END OF PRESENTATION
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