Third Laboratory Report for CENG 3131

Modulation Waveforms

Noman Mansuri

2115951

Computer Science

University of Houston – Clear Lake

Houston, Texas 77058

02/22/2023
Abstract

In this experiment we created several different circuit designs in Multisim to

simulate the different modulation techniques. The main objective is to further

the understanding of modulation and why it is beneficial.

I. Introduction ...............................................................................................

II. Task 1: Amplitude Modulation ..................................................................

III. Task 2: Digital Modulation - ASK .............................................................

IV. Task 3: Digital Modulation - FSK ..............................................................

V. References ................................................................................................

VI. Appendices ................................................................................................

When the parameters of signals are systematically varied, this causes

changes in the signal’s waveform. This is what is known as modulation.

There are different types of modulation, and in this experiment, we

simulated Amplitude Modulation, AM and Digital Modulations:

Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK).

Amplitude Modulation results when the amplitude is varied. You will

find a carrier signal and a modulating signal. Amplitude Modulation is

widely used today in applications such as AM radio. AM has high

fidelity, but unfortunately is more prone to noise, so it is not good for

long distances. In digital signals, you can find two types of AM signals.

The two different types of digital signals are On-Off Keying, OOK, and

Amplitude Shift Keying, ASK. In task 2, we built a circuit that has the

carrier signal shifted between two levels to allow us to visualize ASK.

Frequency Shift Keying, or FSK, is similar to ASK, but differs in that the

frequency carrier signal is shifted.

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 II. Task 1: Amplitude Modulation

In the first part of this experiment, we were to create a circuit in Multisim

that allowed us to use an oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer to see amplitude

modulation in action. The circuit consisted of two AC power sources, one specially

for the carrier signal, a multiplier, and resisters. The signals were connected to a

two-channel oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer.

Procedure:

1. Set up the circuit diagram in Multism:

a. Two AC Power Sources

i. V1: set to : 20Vrms/ 7000Hz/ 0o

ii. V2: set to: 10Vrms/ 200Hz/ 0o

b. One multiplier set to: 0.1V/V 0V

c. Three resisters set to 1kohms

d. Three digital grounds

e. Oscilloscope

i. Time base: Scale: 100 us/Div.

ii. Channel A: 5 V/Div. y pos.: -1.2

iii. Channel B: 50 V/Div. y pos: 1.2

f. A Spectrum Analyzer set to default

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Questions:

[Link] is my circuit design for the amplitude modulation.

Fig. 1. Circuit Design for Task 1

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2. Here is the waveform from the oscilloscope for the circuit that generates

the amplitude modulation. When my circuit was run (shown in Fig. 2),

the parameters matched the parameters the TA recommended. Fig. 3 has

an adjusted waveform that has adjusted parameters, which I zoomed out

to allow you to see a great representation of the amplitude modulation.

Fig. 2. Waveform from Oscilloscope in Task 1

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3. Here is the spectrum analyzer for the Amplitude Modulation circuit

design, and you can see that the center frequency is 1 kHz. A larger graph

is located in Appendix A.

Fig. 3. Spectrum Analyzer for Task 1

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 III. Task 2: Digital Modulation - ASK

In task 2, we were to create a circuit design that allowed us to visualize

Amplitude Shift Keying, ASK. This required a carried signal with two or

more sinusoid waves. The circuit consisted of two function generators, a

four-channel oscilloscope, resistors, and a NPN bipolar planner low power

transistor (SN#BC107BP).

Procedure:

1. Set up a new circuit diagram in Multism:

a. Two Functional Generators

i. (digital signal) Square wave 10V, 500Hz

ii. (carrier signal) Sine wave 5V, 5kHz

b. One NPN bipolar planner low power transistor (SN#BC107BP)

c. A four channel Oscilloscope

d. Three digital grounds

e. Two resisters

i. R1: 22.5kOhms

ii. R2: 480Ohms

You can see the parameter changes in Appendix A.

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Questions:

[Link] was my circuit I set up for Task 2, that simulated ASK, Amplitude Shift
Keying.

Fig. 4. Circuit Design for Task 2.

2. Here is the waveform simulating the Amplitude Shift Keying, ASK, the

output of the oscilloscope. In this waveform the upper orange wave is the

square wave, as it follows a digital wave pattern. The upper red wave that

overlaps the square wave, which is a sednoid wave, is the carrier signal

or carrier wave. Below the square and sednoid waves, there is another red

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wave, but it has a pattern that is similar to both the carrier signal and the

square wave and is close to a combination of the two. This is our

modulated signal. When the square wave is at 0, the modulated sine wave

is close to 0 for the same period.

Fig. 5. Amplitude-Shift Keying Waveform for Task 2

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 IV. Task 3: Digital Modulation – FSK

In task 3, we created a circuit design that generated a

Frequency Shift Keying, FSK, with a square wave. This circuit

consisted of a two-channel oscilloscope, a function generator, a

not gate (SN#7404N), five resistors, four digital grounds, an

NPN bipolar planner low power transistor, two capacitors, a

times (SN#LM555CM), and a VCC power source.

Procedure

In Multisim, I recreated the provided circuit.

1. One two channel Oscilloscope

2. One Function Generator

3. Four grounds

4. One VCC 5.0 V

5. One not gate (SN#7404N)

6. 5 resisters

a. One set to 47kOhms

b. Three set to 1kOhms

c. One set to 100kOhms

a. One set to 0.22uF

b. One set to 0.1uF

8. One Timer (SN#LM5555CM)

Questions:

1. Here is my circuit design for the Frequency-Shift Keying simulation.

Fig. 6. FSK Circuit Diagram for Task 3.

2. Figures showing the function generator parameters for the square and sine

wave are in Appendix C. The parameters were: 1Hz, 50 % duty cycle, 10

Vp, and 0V.

simulated FSK. We used the square wave to modulate the signal. Adjusting

the parameters showed the changes and you could see how much the

frequency was affected. The carrier signal is the purple sednoid wave, and

the cyan was our square wave. From the parameters here, the modulated

wave overlaps with the square wave, also cyan in color, but it has a

frequency that varies, as you see here. In Appendix C, Fig. C-3, has another

wave form listed that shows the square wave more clearly.

Fig. 7. FSK Simulation Waveform for Task 3

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IIV. References

 Dr. J. Lu. (2022). Intro to Telecommunication and networks [PowerPoint slides].

Available: chrome- [Link]

 W. Stallings, “Transmission Impairments”, in Data and Computer

Communications, 10 ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Pearson, 2014,

Ch. 3, pp. 92-98.

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 IIV. Appendices
Appendix A
Task 1: Amplitude Modulation

Fig. A-1 Grapher Viewer for Task 1

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 Appendix B

Task 2: ASP – Amplitude-Shift Keying

Fig. B-1. Task-2 Parameters for Square Wave function generator

Fig. B-2. Parameters for Sine Wave generator

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 Appendix C

Task 3 FSK- Frequency-Shift Keying

Fig. C-1. Function Generator Parameters for Task 3.

Fig. C-1. Waveform for Task 3, with adjusted parameters to see square wave.

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