Biology:
This summarizes everything you need to know and in
summary its basically you have to:
know similarties of organelles of plant and
animal cells
Label structure of bacteria,animal,and plant cells
Describe functions of organelles
State that specilised cells have specific functions
and what they are
Know and differentiate between cell tissue organ
organ system and organism
Calculate image when give magnification and
actual size
Calculate magnification when given actual size
and image
Calculate actual size when given magnification
and image
Convert between mm and µm
Know the properties of electron and light
microscopes
● All cells originate from a previous cell through a process called cell division, which is
essential for growth and repair in all living organisms.
● Unicellular means made up of one cell and examples are yeast and bacteria
● Multicellular means millions of cells working together and some examples are animals
and plants
Microscopes :
2 types and they are electron and microscope:
Electron light
Magnifies 1.5k Magnifies 500k
Makes photomicrographs Makes electron micrograph
See general structure See tiny organelles and viral structures
lant cells we use iodine
P None
Animal we use methane blue
Cell structures:
Similarities in animal and plant cells:
● Nucleus:Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls cellactivities, including cell
division.
● Cell membrane :Partially permeable (what enters andexits); holds the cell together.
● Mitochondria:Site of aerobic respiration, releasingenergy for the cell.
● Cytoplasm:A jelly-like substance where most chemicalreactions take place,
containing enzymes.
● Ribosoms :Site of protein synthesis, found floatingin the cytoplasm or attached to the
RER.
Unique structures:
Plants animal
hloroplasts: sites of protein synthesis,
C x
found floating in the cytoplasm or attached
to the RER.
arge vacoulecontains cell sap (sugar and
L Vesicle (small vacoule) :Small vesicles for
salt solution); maintains cell shape, keeping it storing food or water.
plump and swollen.
Cell wallrigid, made of cellulose, providing x
protection and support. Fully permeable.
As we can see in the image
we can see the
componentscell
membrane , chloroplasts,
nucleus, mitochondria,
ribosomes , cell wall
,cytoplasm, and large
vacoule (large vacoule)
As we can see in the
image we have the
components nucleus,
cell membrane,
ribosomes,mitochondria,
cytoplasm
Now we will see a side
by side comparison
As we can see the
components in common
are nucleus, cell
membrane ,mitochondria
,ribosomes
And ones only for animals
aresmall vacuoles
(lysomes are not included)
And ones only for plant
cells are large vacuole ,
chloroplasts, and cell
walls.
Bacterial cells:
As we can see it has the
following componentscell
membrane, circular loop of
DNA , plasmid, cytoplasm,
ribosomes , and a cell wall
(made of peptidoglycan
unlike plants cell wall as its
made up of cellulose)
As we can see it lacks a
nucleus , mitochondria , and
chloroplasts
Sometimes has flagella for
movement
● Uni cellular
Specilised cells:
Cilliated cell:
They have cilia (hair-like structures) on
the top surface of the cell. The function of
these ciliated cells is tomove substances
( Such as Movement of mucus in trachea
and bronchi) -the ciliabeat to move
substances in one direction, along the
surface of the tissue
Only found inanimal cells
Root hair cell:
Feature a long "hair" extension to
increase surface area for efficient
absorption of water and minerals from
the soil. They lack chloroplasts.
Only found inplant cells
Red blood cells:
Biconcave disc shape provides a
large surface area for oxygen
absorption. They contain
haemoglobin and lack a nucleus
to maximise oxygen-carrying
capacity.
Only found inanimal cells
What you see above you are reproductive cells crucial for sexual reproduction, carrying genetic
information to form a new organism. Only inanimalcells
Root hair cell:
Features a long "hair" extension to increase
surface area for efficient absorption of water
and minerals from the soil. They lack
chloroplasts.
Only inplant cells
Palisade mesophyll cells:
located near the leaf's top
surface, packed with
chloroplasts to maximise light
absorption for photosynthesis.
Only inplant cells
Levels of organisms :
Tissue →a group of similar cells (same type) workingtogether to perform a particular task
Organ →a group of different tissues working togetherto perform a specific function
Organ system→A group of organs that cooperate to performa major function