Module A
-Power densils o EM wave Poynhirg vecto
wave
PolaTi zaBion Elec7omagnehic
theorem
lenear, cincdai and elliptical polarisatfon.
line - line parame ters.
lossless. taansmission
Unifom Cu TTen f
equaBions, VoHage and
TYansmission line
distaibution of lineerminaled
cwith: load
Deriation ofSWR
and
- Refleehio Co-iciend aansmission
inpal impedence of line.
wave and Poynhing Vechov
Powe7 denstHy of EM
The enegy can be transpaled don one paint
EM Cwave
to ano the1 poiH by means.
o
can be
of Such .energy Hanspo7tafhon
The ale
Maxwel's equalions 3d .
oblained JTm
vx E+E
Taking dot produc with E an
bot Sides qe'
veclor idenliky
- A(
Conside a veclo ohntdy
[Link]) B-(ox -A-(7x) -
:E-A) - v( xE) +A 7«E)-oE S
i-Conë) - v(t«i)_rt.e(t)
VrE=MH
Lel's ak
CE-E3E Ex) -o
=2E
Taka Vo la -
dV
Infegnal
E
Simulauly to the LHs
Appyng Divergence theoreo
H )
ee)dser'av {is
san
x H)ds- aau-f
O Tola Rale af which
-
pewe aving
stored elecdao magnehc powe
ha voluma dissipaBe
energy s decreasing
e is elkned to as in the Volume In he
voumo
poniting heozem
pouwer out
losses
elecBieT
enea slonedmagnetC
ene
1
powen i n
sBales hat the nel powe
poyntng heoven
volune U. [Link] to the
lowing cul a given
decrease in the enevg SBored eth in
ime 72le o
V minus the ohmic Jossas 6
EH aB any pornt
Poyning vecoy
The evoss produek d
powes pe unit. @rea..
ives
P-ExH wads
both E&H and is hevelore
P is nowmal t o
along he drechon of Cuave propagaBion 4
Average power.
Consicdes ECz) Eocostrt-B=)
HCz, )- Ho coso-pz-) 4
P Ex H
-pa-)a-pa-
Plz,) E co4Wt-p2 codwl -pz-4
PCz).
2/11 cosqt coskut-p -
4
Qt05A Co5B =
cosB) +014-8
Tu Tumu average er(paynking vedo7 Pea,4)
T
Pavg PCz,) dt
z
Pavaa) E -2
cos
power erossnga given
ihu dotal bime aveTage
Surlae
5 given by
Pavg ds. w ats
avg
Unisorm lossless tnansmission line line paarnelers
-
Transmission lines are used to kanse oleckromagmek
minimum
Cnegyom
one
poin to anothe Cwth
losses OveT wide band of Tequencres
ansmission lines
3. pes o
-Inansvense electaomagnehic CTEm) made
ans vetse elecic CTE) mode
-taansverse magnetic CTm)moda
pTopagaion in unboundead medra is used n
Wave
Tadio 0 TV bxoad casting
shucture Serve te
transmission bire is aguided
from he SouTce lo
Gunde the pTopagahon of enen9
load
wo 01 move
A agmission ine
basically Consists of
panalel Conductos.
lines include Co-Qriaa cable a tuw twire
Tpical sansm ission
line ponalel plate and micro stn ne.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure 10.1 Typical transmission lines in
(c) planar line, (d) wire above cross-sectional view: (a) coaxial line, (b) lin.
conducting plane, (e) microstrip line. two-WI
Transmission line paamelers. setos R&L
RResshw) Cnclucen
-
Shunt (capacikan
G and G C
Conduclona)
ww M
4wo-Conducko
a
Fig-Distnbuted panamelens
transmíssion ine
4TaDSmissidn pQtameters 7e
per
uni length - R
ResisBance
-L
2. nduclance pes unt length
3. CondueBance per wnit length-G
4. Copacitance pe wntt lengh- C
at aa two
wo wIre
uwme 7ansmio
tranSmi
crcuit model
An equi valent
line is 8hown.
To loac
To generab
T 9ansmission Line equalionS
onduclo7 Tansmiasioine o Jongth
Consider a tuwo
Az
The equivalent ciTcuit madel o this trans mission line
is shawn The line parametevs are R, L,G &e
Applyig kinchal's vollage lauw to the oulerlcop
VCz, t)- P Az I(z,) [Link] a I , v{z18z,
(VCzAz,)-vczE)OTGr
Az
RTC6)+ I(,)
ivoit,
aS Az>20
NC,e s(z, ) L -0 V=IR
V=Ldi
RAz Lz
MM- Tz+az,)
AI
To genea{c1
Ve+a2,) To load
C8z
Gaz
Z4AZ
Sunilarly, gplying kincholl's CuTent lqw to the main
hode of the
ciTeui
lz,) = I(zt»z, £) +AT iVG
I(z4 az, t) + G Az VCZ48Z, t) +
CJz.v(z+bz, t)
I(z:z, +)-T(z4) Gvz+82, 4 +c
dvz02,t
E
as 2o
-TED
Jz GVz) +c. NCZ)|e
Assume haTmonic hum dependane tun dounden e
becomas emoved)
j
dvs dz (R-j»L)Is
dis.G+jur)
dz
Vs
Take Seond deriale oVssR employ ea
d
-(Rj1) (Gijuc)y
d1s vs =o
wmore j B
dIs Emahae)
The solulion GK9 axa
z
4 Vo e
negive
tve Wave<
velliag gQveli ng wao.
Chauaclenishe Impedance (7) o taansmission Line
To denive the erpTession characlenistic impedance,
Consider the equalio0s,
dvs
d (Rrjal) Is -0
S-CGjuc) Vs
and vsc-e -
-
Sub. eq io O
-d(Ve v e R+jwL) I e
dz
de- e - RjwL (1 "I e)
Enunling e co-eltants,
7-Rja)I d-j)Gj)|
R juL
Characle isBic RtwL Rjo
Jrnpedante
RAjuajue) Gjwe
Special mses:- loss les
Lossless Line CR-0-G)
w L e
ellenualo
Cons
o1 doss less 0
o ue C Bja/ia
Distorhon less ine (R-G)
wkt Rtjw = R
GCIJwe
[Link].)aijw) RCi )Gr )G
Rat ee ejBB
RG B wLCe
VRG we
G
R RGC
)LE G2
Jnput Impedance otransmiss ion line
Conside a ransmission line of
length, connecled
fo load
a
Z Jts
propagalion conskanB- 9
characlenistic Impedame- Zo
Recall vo ltage and Current waves
equghons
VgC V e+ve' -o
-
Vo,Jo -
zin
(1,) Io
Zn
zo
Fiot nd v &V
0 Conside7 the teminal Condi tons
Vo VCz-o Io Izo)
. V , =V+V%
-
-
oI-2V
-
1 - (V-I,)
NOw onsisleu thu ven condition s,
VLVCz1)
-
- e-
TLzO V" e
- I _ Z , ) e " i -@
Vo
point On the line.
Zin Vs2at any
Joput npecance 1sc
al generatot Z
o-Vo
vo-Vo
L
Subsiukog e O&
Zin o (h+z)E,(V-Iz)e"
wKt
T)e -ILzo)
VL=IZL
) -z)e-
( ZZ0) e --)e
z( ) , 2(1- E)
(")+ (,")
by e4 dl
ZL tanh d! an h
Zin
tanh d!
lossy medium
0
Fo1 Joss lhss line wkt : 0
jP JP
.Han h?- lanhjpd j lan
.'. Zin : z +z tanp
Lzo ZLanp
VoHage ellechion co-ercient L
cwave to the
i s the 7lio of The voHage olleclion
inciden wave at he aad
V e VsCz)=Ve
10
Su bstita e ( - T ) e g l l
eq 104D (vo)e
VLIZ
ZL t7o
Roleclion whpaa Zo characlerisBic Imperlon
co-eicent Z+Z0 z -Joad impedance
SHanding wave 794i0-SWR (S)
Ralio maimum Vollage to minimum
valHage
01 the raBio matimuM CurTent lo minimum
o
CunTent
Vmaz VmaxV
it, S
Vmin Vain yv
1min
where Zo
ZL Z 1- yt
Special cases &
shosled Line (z-o
ZinoLi kng
FotjaJanptanBd
S
Z+20
opn cincurked Lie (z
S I+|r
Zin
1-1f
akhed Line (2)
Zin
S I