Overview of Water Quality

-- drinking water parameters

‘

CIV 320
Spring 2025

1
 Class Objectives

• Understand the need to treat water

• Understand different water quality parameters

‘
• Learn solving problems related to water quality
determination

2
 Why Treat Water?

• Protect public health;

• Meet regulatory requirements;

‘
• Protect surface water quality.

3
 ‘

Source: [Link] Last Accessed: July 16, 2018

4
 Water Quality Parameters
• pH
• Alkalinity
• Conductivity
• Salinity
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Turbidity
• Total dissolved solids (TDS) ‘
• Hardness
• Temperature Source: [Link]
fort-lauderdale-drinking-water/ Last Accessed: July 2018

• Pathogens
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• Emerging Contaminants

5
 Water Uses
Use Typical Monitored Parameters

Public Water Supply Turbidity, TDS, inorganic and

organic compounds, microbes

Water contact recreation Turbidity, bacteria, toxic

compounds
‘
Fish propagation and wildlife DO, chlorinated organic
compounds
Industrial water supply Suspended and dissolved
constituents
Agricultural water supply Sodium, TDS

Shellfish harvesting DO, bacteria

6
Freshwater Criteria (U.S. EPA)

Criteria Recommended Standard

pH 6.5-9.5

Alkalinity 20 mg/L or more

‘
Dissolved Oxygen 30 day average 5.5 mg/L
(warm water fish)
Suspended Solids Should not reduce photosynthesis by
more than 10% in the water

7
Drinking Water Criteria (U.S. EPA)

Criteria Recommended Standard Reason

Coliform Bacteria 0 colonies/ml Health

pH 6.5-8.5 Aesthetic
‘
Barium 2 mg/L Health

Nitrate 10 mg/L Health

Total Dissolved 500 mg/L Taste

Solids

8
 pH

• Measures hydrogen ion

concentration
• Negative log of hydrogen
ion concentration
‘
• Ranges from 0 to 14 std.
units
• pH
– 7 neutral
– 0 - 7 acidic
– 7 - 14 alkaline Source: [Link]
Last Accessed: July, 2018

Source: [Link]
[Link]
Last Accessed: July, 2018
9
 pH

Source: [Link]
Last Accessed: July, 2018

Solubility of Specific Ions based on Water pH

10
 Alkalinity
• ‘acid neutralizing capacity'.
• Important because it buffers the water against
changes in pH.
• For most waters, alkalinity includes the
- 2-
bicarbonate (HCO3 ) and carbonate (CO3 )
ions. ‘

• Other ions such as orthophosphates,

borates etc. may contribute to alkalinity but
in small amounts.

11
 Alkalinity
Total alkalinity is measured by measuring the amount of acid (e.g., sulfuric acid)
needed to bring the sample to a pH of 4.2. At this pH all the alkaline
compounds in the sample are "used up." The result is reported as milligrams
per liter of calcium carbonate (mg/L CaCO3).

12
Source: [Link] Last Accessed: July, 2018
 Conductivity
• Measures electric
conductivity (EC) of water
• Higher value means water
is a better electrical
conductor
• Increases when more salt ‘
(e.g., sodium chloride) is
dissolved in water
• Indirect measure of salinity
• Units are μmhos/cm at 25o
C or μsiemens/cm Source: [Link]
Last Accessed: July, 2018

Source:
[Link]
arameters/ConductivityMeters/[Link]
Last Accessed: July, 2018

13
 Salinity

• Classification of Ground Water

• Composition Based on Total
Dissolved Solids Content
Type of Water Dissolved salt content (mg/l)
Fresh water < 1,000 mg/l
‘
Brackish water 1,000 - 3,000 mg/l
Moderatly saline 3,000 - 10,000 mg/l
water
Highly saline 10,000 - 35,000 mg/l
water
Sea water > 35,000 mg/l Source: [Link]
RTEmagicC_potassium_sea_water_04.[Link] Last Accessed: July, 2018

14
 Dissolved Oxygen
• Amount of gaseous oxygen
(O2) dissolved in water
• Oxygen gets into water by
diffusion from the
surrounding air, by aeration,
and through photosynthesis ‘
• DO range from 0-14 mg/l
• Need 5-6 mg/l to support a
diverse population
• DO < 2 mg/l - Hypoxia

Source: [Link]
1_10 Last Accessed: July, 2018 15
 Turbidity
• Measured in
Nephelometric
Turbidity Units (NTU)
• Estimates light
scattering by
suspended particles
‘
• Photocell set at 90o to
the direction of light
beam to estimate
scattered rather than
absorbed light
• Good correlation with
concentration of
particles in water Source: [Link] [Link] Last
Accessed: July, 2018

16
 Turbidity

A nephelometer measures scattered light at right angles

to the source.

Pure water Cloudy water

Detect Detect

light light

17
 Dissolved Constituents

• Major Constituents (> 5 mg/L)

– Ca
– Mg
– Na
– Cl ‘
– Si
– SO42- - sulfate
– H2CO3 - carbonic acid
– HCO3- - bicarbonate

18
 Dissolved Constituents

• Minor Constituents (0.1 - 5 mg/L)

– B
– K
– F
– Sr ‘
– Fe
– CO32- - carbonate
– NO3- - nitrate

19
 Dissolved Constituents

• Trace Constituents (< 0.1 mg/l)

– Al – Pb
– As – Mn
– Ba – Ni
‘
– Br – Se
– Cd – Ag
– Co – Zn
– Cu – others

20
 Water Classification

• How?
– Compare ions with ions using chemical
equivalence
– Making sure anions and cations balance
– Use of diagrams and models ‘
• Why?
– Helps define origin of the water
– Indicates residence time in the aquifer
– Aids in defining the hydrogeology
– Defines suitability

21
 Chemical Equivalence

• Chemical analysis of water samples

– Concentrations of ions are reported by
• weight (mg/L)
• chemical equivalence (meq/L)
• Takes into account ionic charge
‘

• Equivalent Concentration

22
 ‘

Source: [Link] Last Accessed: July, 2018

 Chemical Equivalence

Going from mg/L (ppm) mmoles/L meq/L for ion X

__ mg X 1 mmole X Z meq X
= __ meq/L of X
1 L ATW mg X 1 mmoles
‘ X

Where:
ATW = the atomic weight of the ion from the periodic
table.
Z = the absolute value of the charge of the ion.

24
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska
 Chemical Equivalence

For a 10 mg L-1 solution of Sodium: Na+

10 mg Na 1 mmole Na 1 meq Na
= 0.4 meq/L Na
1 L 23 mg Na 1 mmole ‘Na

Where:
ATW is the atomic weight of sodium = 23.

Z is the absolute value of the charge of the ion = 1.

25
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska
 Chemical Equivalence

For a 10 mg L-1 solution of Sulfate: SO42-

10 mg SO4 1 mmole SO4 2 meq SO4

= 0.2 meq/L SO4
1L 96 mg SO4 1 mmole ‘SO4

Where:
ATW is the atomic weight of sulfate = 96

Z is the absolute value of the charge of sulfate = 2.

26
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska
 Chemical Equivalence

• If all ions are correctly determined by a lab

– sum of cations should equal sum of anions (all
in meq/L)
• Errors in analysis and chemical reactions in
samples ‘

– 5% difference is considered acceptable

– > 5%, question the lab results

27
 Chemical Equivalence
Sandstone Aquifer
Parameter Example:
mg/L meq/L
Na+ 19 0.827 The atomic wt. of Sodium
Cl- 13 0.367 (valence of one) = 22.989
SO4
2-
7 0.146 and its charge is one
Ca2+ 88 4.391 Dividing the concentration of
Mg2+ 7.3 0.6 sodium in‘ the sample (19 mg/L)
HCO3 - 320 5.245 by its “combining wt.” = 0.827
meq/L or its equivalent
Total Anions 5.758
concentration.
Total
5.818
Cations
%
1%
Difference

28
 Chemical Equivalence

There numerous types of diagrams on which

anions and cations (in meq/L) can be plotted.
These include:
– Piper
‘
– Stiff
– Pie
– Depth Profile

29
 Piper Diagrams
• Two ternary diagrams
• Projected on quadralinear
diagram
• Very useful figure for comparing
concentrations of numerous
water samples
‘
• Convert concentrations to meq/L
• Calculate %’s of each element on
ternary diagram
• Plot %’s on ternary diagrams
• Project each % onto diamond
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska

diagrams

Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska

 Piper Diagram
All values are in mg/L

Water Ca Mg Na K HCO3 SO4 Cl

1 83 24 95 5.0 135 270 82

1. Convert the data in the table above to meq/L using the previously provided
formula. ‘

Water Ca Mg Na K HCO3 SO4 Cl

1 4.14 1.97 4.13 0.13 2.21 5.62 2.31

Cations (+ charged) Anions (- charged)

31
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska
 Piper Diagram
Water Ca Mg Na K HCO3 SO4 Cl
1 4.14 1.97 4.13 0.13 2.21 5.62 2.31

2. Normalize each value to the total by dividing each value by

the total X 100 percent. (Remember to combine Na and K)
Total Cations = 10.37 Total‘ Anions = 10.14
Charges should balance so these should be close

Water Ca Mg Na + K HCO3 SO4 Cl

1 40 19 41 22 55 23

= (4.14/10.37)*100
= 39.92
= 40
Must add up to 100% Must add up to 100%
32
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska
 Piper Diagram
3. Plot the normalized

80
80

Ca
lciu 60
values on the piper

)
(Cl

m(C
ride

a)+
60
diagram by plotting

hlo

Ma 40
)+C
120,000

150,000
30,000

60,000

90,000

gn
O4
cations on the left,

esi
0

e(S
40

um
Total Dissolved Solids

lfat

(Mg
anions on the right,

Su
(PartsPer Million)

)
20
20
and then projecting up
into the diamond. ‘
Mg SO 4

20

20
4. Classify each water

)
O3
So
20

80
80

20
(HC
40
using the Classification

on 40
diu

ate
m( 40
g)

Na
(M

Su
System

arb

60
60

40
)+P
um

60

lfat
3)+ 60
Bic
esi

ota 60

e(S 40
gn

ssi

O4
CO
Ma

um

60

)
40

te(
80
(K)

rbo 80
na
Ca
80

20
20

80
Ca 80 60 40 20 Na+K HCO +CO
3 3 20 40 60 80 Cl
Calcium (Ca) Chloride (Cl)
C A T I ON S %meq/l A NI O NS 33
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska
 Stiff Diagrams

• Concentrations of cations
are plotted to the left of the
vertical axis and anions
are plotted to the right
(meq/L).
‘
• The points are connected
to form a polygon.

• Waters of similar quality

have distinctive shapes.

Source: [Link]
Last Accessed: July, 2018
34
Pie Diagrams

Source:
[Link]
Appalachian_Plateaus5.html Last Accessed: July,
2018 35
 Pie Diagrams

Parameter Sea water Example River

(mg/L) water (mg/L)
Na 10,500 20 ‘
Cl 19,000 24
SO4 2,700 51
Ca 410 38
Mg 390 10
HCO3 142 113

36
Courtesy: Daene C. McKinney, University of Texas
 Groundwater Quality
Parameter Sandstone Limestone Igneous/ Shale with Alluvium
Aquifer Aquifer Volcanic Salts (Farmland)
Aquifer
pH 7.5 7.8 6.5 7.1 7.4

Na 19 29 184 1220 114

Cl 13 53 6 1980 30

SO4 7 60 7 ‘ 1000 74

Ca 88 144 34 353 64

Mg 7.3 55 242 159 19

HCO3 320 622 1,300 355 402

NO3 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.4 60

37
 Hardness
• Hardness in water is typically defined as the
presence of divalent cations (Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Sr+2,
Ba+2 & Ra+2).

• Hardness causes water to form scales and a

resistance to soap. ‘Hard’ water doesn’t produce
lather with soap solutions, but instead produces
white precipitate.

38
Courtesy: F E Harvey, University of Nebraska
Hardness

Source: 39
[Link]
scale-solutions/ Last Accessed: July, 2018
 Hardness
• Hardness in most natural waters is caused primarily
by compounds of calcium (Ca+2) and magnesium
(Mg+2).
• Can be classified as carbonate hardness (Ca(HCO3)2,
Mg(HCO3)2, CaCO3, and MgCO3) or noncarbonate
hardness (CaCl2, MgSO4, and MgCl2).
‘
• Total hardness is the sum of carbonate and
noncarbonate hardness.
• Variety of other metals at lesser concentrations can
also contribute to the total hardness.

40
 Hardness
Methods of Determination

1. Complete Cation Analysis

• Most accurate
• Calculation of the hardness caused by each divalent
cation is performed by use of the general formula:
‘

Hardness (mg/L) as CaCO3 = M2+(mg/L) X 50

EW of M2+

where M2+ represents any divalent metallic ion and EW

represents its equivalent weight

41
 Hardness
Example

Calculate the hardness (in mg/L as CaCO3) of a

water sample with the following analysis:

Cation Concentration Anion Concentration

(mg/L) (mg/L)
‘
Na+ 20 Cl- 40

Ca2+ 15 SO42- 16

Mg2+ 10 NO3- 1

Sr2+ 2 Alkalinity 50

42
 Hardness
Example

Cation EW Hardness, mg/L as CaCO3

Ca2+ 20.0 (15)(50)/(20.0) = 37.5

‘
Mg2+ 12.2 (10)(50)/(12.2) = 41.0

Sr2+ 43.8 (2)(50)/(43.8) = 2.3

Total hardness = 80.8

43
 Hardness
2. Titrimetric Method
• The titration method is based on a colorimetric reaction that
occurs when all hardness ions have been removed from
the solution.
• Initially, the pH of the sample is adjusted to >10 using an
ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride buffer. Next, an
indicator solution (Eriochrome Black T‘ or calmagite) is
added.
• Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is titrated into the
sample until a colour change occurs.
• When all of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ have been removed by
EDTA, the dye changes from wine-red to blue.

44
 Hardness
2. Titrimetric Method

Source:
[Link]
Last Accessed: July, 2018

End point for the titration of hardness with EDTA using calmagite as an indicator;
the indicator is: (a) red prior to the end point due to the presence of the Mg2+–
indicator complex; (b) purple at the titration’s end point; and (c) blue after the end
point due to the presence of uncomplexed indicator.
45
 Alkalinity and Hardness

So, if Alkalinity is mostly bicarbonate and carbonate…

And, Hardness is mostly calcium and magnesium…
The end result is that these variables largely track each other under most
conditions in nature

‘
An analysis of a sample of water results in the following: alkalinity = 220
mg/L; hardness = 180 mg/L; Ca2+ = 140 mg/L; OH-, insignificant. All
concentrations are expressed as CaCO3. (a) what is the noncarbonated
hardness? (b) What is the Mg2+ content in mg/L?

46
 Temperature
− Optimum temperature for drinking water is around 10 -
15°C.
− DO concentrations are more in colder water.
− At higher temperatures, the rate of biological activity is
higher if organics are present in water.
− Temperature affects various treatment‘ processes,
especially during wastewater treatment.

Landsat image of Lake Trawsfyndd, Wales

illustrating color differentiation of temperature
differences induced by power plant thermal
pollution. Source: NASA

Source:
[Link] Last
Accessed: July, 2018
47
 Taste and Odor
− Important aesthetic parameters.
− Can also indicate contamination as these are the indicators
of organics and inorganic compounds.
− Odor is measured in terms of the Threshold Odor Number
(TON).
− TON is the ratio by which sample has to be diluted for the
odor to become undetectable to human ‘ nose.

− TON = (Volume of sample + Volume of pure water added to

make the sample odor free) / Volume of sample
− TON should be 1 for public water supplies.

48
Solid measurement
Drying/evaporation at 103-105 °C in porcelain
Total Solids
drying dish
(TS)
(Fig. 8-2)

Glass fiber filter

Filtration
(Fig. 8-3) Total
Total Dissolved
Suspended
Solids (TDS)
‘ Solids (TSS)

Igniting at 550 °C

Volatile Non-volatile Volatile Non-volatile

Dissolved Dissolved Suspended Suspended
Solids (VDS) Solids Solids (VSS) Solids
Fixed Fixed

An overview of the solid measurement in a waster sample

49
Solids
• Total Solids
Total solids
Total volatile
Solids Wv

at 105 °C for 8 hr
> 1 hr
‘

Figure 8.2

(TS) (TVS)

Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M., & Chadik, P. A.

(2014). Water supply and pollution control, Eighth Edition.
 Solids
• Suspended Solids
Total Suspended solids

Figure 8.3 Total Suspended solids

(TSS) (VSS)

Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M., & Chadik, P. A.

(2014). Water supply and pollution control, Eighth Edition.
 Total solids data
weight of empty dish = 85.337 g
Solids weight of dish and dry solids = 85.412 g
weight of dish and ignited solids = 85.369 g
volume of wastewater sample = 100 ml
Example 1
Listed above are total solids and suspended solids data on an industrial
wastewater sample. Calculate the total and volatile solids, and non-volatile solids.

85.412 𝑔𝑔 − 85.337 𝑔𝑔
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ×
1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
× ‘
100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿 𝑔𝑔
= 750 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿

85.412 𝑔𝑔 − 85.369 𝑔𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = × ×
100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿 𝑔𝑔
= 430 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 750 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 430 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿

= 320 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
 Suspended solids data
weight of glass fiber filter disk = 0.1430 g
Solids weight of disk and dry solids = 0.1495 g
weight of disk and ignited solids = 0.1439 g
volume of wastewater filtered = 150 ml
Example 2
Listed above are total solids and suspended solids data on the same industrial
wastewater sample. Calculate the total suspended solids, total dissolved solids
and volatile suspended solids.

× ‘
0.1495 𝑔𝑔 − 0.1430 𝑔𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ×
150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿 𝑔𝑔
= 43.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

= 750 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿 − 43.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
= 706.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿

0.1495 𝑔𝑔 − 0.1439 𝑔𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = × ×
150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿 𝑔𝑔
= 37.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Significance
 Affect the dissolved oxygen in receiving waters
 Proxy measure of degradable organic matters

Typical municipal wastewater BOD ~ 200 mg/L

For industrial wastewater, BOD level could be very low… (non biodegradable!)

Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M., & Chadik, P. A.

(2014). Water supply and pollution control, Eighth Edition.
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Theoretical Oxygen Demand
 Biochemical oxygen demand curve

Quantity of oxygen used by microorganisms in the aerobic stabilization of wastewater and polluted water
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ~ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑂𝑂2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ~ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂

Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M., & Chadik, P. A. (2014).

Water supply and pollution control, Eighth Edition.
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

• Theoretical Oxygen Demand

 Biochemical oxygen demand curve BOD

For the carbonaceous part of the curved

‘
t
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿(1 − 10−𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 )
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑡𝑡 = BOD at time t, mg/L
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵, 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −1
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M., & Chadik, P. A.

(2014). Water supply and pollution control, Eighth Edition.
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Theoretical Oxygen Demand
 Biochemical oxygen demand curve
Example 3
Calculate the standard 5-day BOD, if the BOD2 is 125mg /L and the deoxygenation
rate constant is 0.10 day-1

‘
First determine BOD ultimate (L)

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑡𝑡 125 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿

𝐿𝐿 = = = 339 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
(1 − 10−𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ) (1 − 10−0.1×2 )
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵5 = 339 × (1 − 10−0.1×5 )
𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵5 = 232 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Theoretical Oxygen Demand
Example 4
Determine the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) for glycine (CH2(NH2)COOH).
[Metcalf and Eddy, Example 2-11]. The glycine concentration is 50 mg/L
3
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁3 + 2𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 Carbonaceous oxygen demand
2

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁3 + 2𝑂𝑂2 → 𝐻𝐻𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁3 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 Nitrogenous‘ oxygen demand

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2 32 𝑔𝑔 𝑂𝑂2

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 1.5 + 2.0 × = 112 𝑔𝑔𝑂𝑂2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2

𝑔𝑔 𝑂𝑂2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 112 × 50 × × × = 74.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐿𝐿 75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔 𝑂𝑂2
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Determining BOD – The BOD Test

BOD measurement procedures. (10 min)

[Link]

Figure 8.4
Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M., & Chadik, P. A.
(2014). Water supply and pollution control, Eighth Edition.
 Key steps of BOD5 measurement

1. Fill a glass bottle with 300 mL water sample.

2. Measure the initial dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the water sample DO0 (mg/L).
3. Add microorganisms (if needed) and micronutrients and seal the bottle with
stopper.
4. Incubate in the dark at 20 ℃ for 5 days. ‘
5. Measure day 5 dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the water sample DO5 (mg/L).
6. Compute BOD5.

60
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Determining BOD – The BOD Test

𝐷𝐷1 − 𝐷𝐷2 − 𝐵𝐵1 − 𝐵𝐵2 𝑓𝑓

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
𝑃𝑃
Where:
D1 = dissolved oxygen (DO) of diluted seeded wastewater immediately after preparation, mg/L
D2 = DO of wastewater after incubation, mg/L
B1 = DO of diluted seed sample immediately after preparation, mg/L
‘
B2 = DO of seed sample after incubation, mg/L
f = ratio of seed volume in seeded wastewater test to seed volume in BOD test on seed
P = decimal fraction of wastewater sample used

volume fraction of wastewater

=
volume of dilution water plus wastewater

Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M., & Chadik, P. A.

(2014). Water supply and pollution control, Eighth Edition.
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Determining BOD – The BOD Test
Example 5
The BOD test for treated wastewater were set up by pipetting 50.0 mL of treated wastewater and 0.5 mL
seed water (untreated wastewater) into a 300 mL BOD bottle. For this bottle, the initial DO was 7.6 mg/L
and the final (5 day) DO was 2.9 mg/L.
The seed water was tested by placing 5.0 mL of raw wastewater into a 300 mL BOD bottle. The initial DO
was 8.4 mg/L and the final DO was 3.7 mg/L ‘
Seed volume in seeded WW
0.5
𝑓𝑓 = = 0.1
5.0
Seed volume in BOD test on seed
50.0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑃 = = 0.167
300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

7.6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⁄𝐿𝐿 − 2.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⁄𝐿𝐿 − (8.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⁄𝐿𝐿 − 3.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⁄𝐿𝐿) × (0.1)

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵5 =
0.167
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵5 = 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⁄𝐿𝐿
An example of BOD measurement

are given

63
An example of BOD measurement

are given

64
An example of BOD measurement

are given

65
Total Maximum Daily Load Calculations
 Clean water act requires states to develop TMDL’s for all impaired water, for each
pollutant of concern.

TMDL = maximum amount of pollutant a stream can receive and still meet
water quality criteria
‘

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = ∑𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + ∑𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

∑𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒. 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠s)
∑𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒. 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
 Total Maximum Daily Load Calculations

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = ∑𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + ∑𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 3.78 × 106 𝐿𝐿 2.2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 𝑔𝑔 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

= × × × = 8.34
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 1000 𝑔𝑔 1,000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙�

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2 × 30 × 8.34 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 500 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 500 − 75 − 50 = 375 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑑𝑑
Total Maximum Daily Load Calculations

• Figure out the reduction requirement with TMDL requirement

Total Maximum Daily Load Calculations
• TMDL for Peconic River
 Use an implicit MOS such that
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = ∑𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + ∑𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 504 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑁𝑁/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (May 1st to Sep 30th )
 The current sources include
Source Daily Avg. Baseline
Atmospheric deposition 152 lb/day
‘
Groundwater 331 lb/day
Little river 14 lb/day
Peconic River 256 lb/day
Stormwater 9 lb/day
Riverhead STP 130 lb/day

892 − 504
% 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = × 100%
892
= 43%