Applied Mathematics II Problem Set I
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202100036Applied Mathematics II Problem Set I
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202100036Common questions
Powered by AITo prove the parallelogram equality ∥x + y∥^2 + ∥x - y∥^2 = 2(∥x∥^2 + ∥y∥^2), expand both sides. The left side becomes (x + y)·(x + y) + (x - y)·(x - y). Expanding gives x·x + 2x·y + y·y + x·x - 2x·y + y·y, which simplifies to 2(x·x + y·y). The right side directly equals 2(∥x∥^2 + ∥y∥^2), which is the same expression, thus proving the equality.
The representation of a point in a different coordinate system is derived by applying a linear transformation matrix that maps from (y, z) to (u, v). For a specific example, consider matrices that describe such transformations, but the exact transformation matrix isn't given. The problem requires knowledge of matrix operations, potentially involving given bases or transformation rules. Without specific matrices given in the document, a generic answer can involve setting up equations based on (u, v) = A(y, z) for an arbitrary A derived from context (not specified here).
The cross product of two 3-dimensional vectors x = [4, -2, -5] and y = [1, 5, 2] is found using the determinant of a matrix with i, j, k unit vectors as the first row, x's components as the second row, and y's components as the third row: det([i, j, k; 4, -2, -5; 1, 5, 2]). The result is [(-2)*2 - (-5)*5, -((4)*2 - (-5)*1), (4)*(5) - (-2)*1] = [-4 + 25, -(8 + 5), 20 + 2] = [21, -13, 22].
Row-reduction techniques transform a matrix into an echelon form where dependencies among vectors become evident through zero rows. In part (a) with vectors x = [2, -1, 4], y = [0, 6, 2], z = [0, 0, -4] forming matrix M: [ [2, 0, 0], [-1, 6, 0], [4, 2, -4] ], row-reducing M may yield zero rows if there's a linear dependency. Upon reduction, reaching a row of zeros indicates that one vector is a linear combination of others, as nontrivial solutions exist for vector sums equal to zero.
A set of vectors is linearly dependent if there exists a nontrivial combination (other than all coefficients being zero) that makes the linear combination equal to the zero vector. For the vectors x = [2, -1, 4], y = [0, 6, 2], z = [0, 0, -4], form the matrix with these vectors as columns and row-reduce it: [ [2, 0, 0], [-1, 6, 0], [4, 2, -4] ]. Row reduction yields a row of zeros indicating linear dependence because there exists a nontrivial solution satisfying c1*x + c2*y + c3*z = 0, such as c1 = -1/3, c2 = -1/3, c3 = 1.
To verify if vectors [2, 1] and [-6, -3] form a complete basis in R², first check if they are linearly independent by setting up a matrix with them and reducing it: [ [2, -6], [1, -3] ]. Since det([2, -6; 1, -3]) ≠ 0, the vectors are linearly independent. To be a basis, the vectors must span R², which they do if they are independent. Linearly independent vectors spanning R² confirm the complete basis.
To compute the inner product, take the sum of the products of corresponding components of vectors x and y. For x = [1, 3, 5, 2, 7, 4] and y = [4, -2, -5, 3, 1, -1], the inner product is calculated as 1*4 + 3*(-2) + 5*(-5) + 2*3 + 7*1 + 4*(-1) = 4 - 6 - 25 + 6 + 7 - 4 = -18.
The norms are defined as follows: ∥x∥₁ is the sum of the absolute values of the components; ∥x∥₂ is the square root of the sum of the squares of the components; ∥x∥∞ is the maximum absolute value of the components. For x with components [y1, y2] or [z1, z2] in (y, z) system, ∥x∥₁ = |y1| + |y2|, ∥x∥₂ = √(y1² + y2²), and ∥x∥∞ = max(|y1|, |y2|). These norms capture different geometric interpretations of vector length.
The span of vectors [1, 2] and [-2, -4] is the set of all linear combinations of these vectors. Since [-2, -4] is a scalar multiple of [1, 2] (specifically -2 times [1, 2]), the span is essentially the line defined by any scalar multiple of [1, 2]. Therefore, the dimension of the span is 1, because only one vector is necessary to describe any vector in this line.
The cross product of vectors captures the area of the parallelogram that the vectors span in three-dimensional space, which is perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors. For vectors x = [4, -2, -5] and y = [1, 5, 2], their cross product, [21, -13, 22], is orthogonal to both, and its magnitude represents the parallelogram's area. This helps understand vector orientation and can be crucial in applications like computer graphics, physics simulations, and robotics, providing insights into spatial relationships and rotation aspects.