Fluids
10 - 14% of the exam
Flint Tutor
8.1: Internal
Structure & Density
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Fluids
● A fluid is any gas or liquid that ‘flows’, so we exist in a fluid
○ Watch 3Blue1Brown’s ‘Visualizing turbulence’ at some point today
● Yes there are differences between liquids and gasses
○ This unit will focus on how they are similar
○ All states of matter behave differently due to their different atomic and molecular makeups
● Define an ideal fluid as one that has no fixed shape, is incompressible (this is
defined in section 8.2), and has zero viscosity
○ Viscosity is basically how ‘sticky’ something is
■ Water is much less viscous than honey for example
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Fluids
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Density
● In fluid mechanics, density is more important than mass
● Density (volumetric) is represented by the Greek letter
‘rho’ (𝜌)
○ Volumetric density is defined as mass per unit of volume, so it has
units kg/m3
1. Non-AP Example: If 10-3 m3 of oil has a mass of 0.8 kg,
what is its density?
8.2: Pressure
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Pressure
● Pressure is defined as the amount of perpendicular force
applied per unit of area, so has units of N/m2
○ This unit ratio is shortened to ‘pascals’, or Pa
○ Pressure is a scalar value (magnitude of the force per unit area)
○ An incompressible fluid will not change volume or density when pressure
is exerted on it
● Note: Although acceleration is usually shown with units m/s2,
an equivalent version is easier to work with in fluid dynamics
is N/kg
● Non-AP Examples
1. A vertical column made of cement has a base area of 0.5 m2. If its height is
2 m, and the density of cement is approximately 1500 kg/m3, how much
pressure does this column exert on the ground?
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Fluid Incompressibility & Practical Applications to
Hydraulics (Pascal’s Principle)
● “A change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to
all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container.”
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Absolute Pressure
● Pressure exerted on an object by the resting fluid around
it is hydrostatic, or absolute pressure
○ See section 11.4 of the OpenStax text for a very good derivation of
this expression
● The absolute pressure is the sum of gauge and
miscellaneous pressures
○ These miscellaneous other pressures can just be atmospheric if the
container holding the liquid is open to the air
● Define gauge pressure as the pressure exerted by a
vertical column of fluid
● See equations on the next slide
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Hydrostatic Pressure Equations
Absolute pressure
(N/m2 or Pa)
Product of density
(kg/m3), gravitational
Miscellaneous field strength (N/kg),
pressures (N/m2 or Pa) and height of fluid
Gauge pressure column (m)
(N/m2 or Pa)
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Manometers
● These tools measure pressure (images are of different
types, both digital and analogue)
○ Just don’t forget to use the proper units for a specific problem
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Non-AP Examples
1. A large tank is filled with water to a depth of 6 m. If point x is 1 m
from the bottom and point y is 2 m from the bottom, how does px,
the hydrostatic pressure due to the water at point x compare to py,
the hydrostatic pressure due to the water at point y?
2. A small, uniform density box with dimensions x, y, & z (where z is the
vertical direction) is sunk to the bottom of a large tank filled to a
depth D with a liquid of density ⍴. If the tank is open to the
atmosphere, what is the force on the top of the box (with
dimensions x & y)?
Assignments
● Primary
○ APCRs: 8.1 & 8.2 ←Prioritize these
○ Daily Videos: 8.1 & 8.2
● Secondary
○ [Link] independent practice
○ Units 1 - 7 APCRs
○ Units 1 - 7 Progress Checks
● Tertiary
○ OpenStax problems/notes
○ Q3 KA Bonus: 75% completion
○ Mousetrap car work
8.3: Fluids &
Newton’s Laws
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Buoyancy (The Archimedes Principle)
Buoyant
Force (N) ● The buoyant force (Fb) is a net upward force on an object
in a fluid
○ Note that this is a net force, as there are forces exerted on every
side of an object in a fluid
○ The strength of this force (N) is equal to the weight (N) of the
amount of fluid displaced by the object in the fluid
Mass of the
Grav field
fluid displaced
strength (N/kg)
(kg)
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Free Body Diagrams
● Treat these the same as free body diagrams from past
units, except that now you need to think about the
buoyant force on them
○ It is similar to the normal force in that it is variable (a floating object
versus the same object pushed completely under a fluid)
■ It also acts in direct opposition (opposite direction) to the
gravitational force applied to an object
○ It is different from the normal force in that it has a maximum value
(as determined by how much of the object is submerged)
■ Although, technically the normal force has a max value
also...the point where the surface being rested on breaks
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Floating and Sinking
● Objects will float if, negating surface tension, Fb ≥ Fg on an object
● Define the following…
○ Vob is the volume of an object
○ Vs is the volume of the submerged section of the object
○ g is the acceleration due to gravity
○ 𝜌ob is the density of the object
○ 𝜌f is the density of the fluid
● These last two lines tell us two things
1. If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid
then the object will float
2. The density ratio is equal to the fraction of the object
submerged
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Non-AP Examples
1. An object has a density of 750 kg/m3 and it is placed in a vat of
water (density of 1 g/(cm)3).
a. Ignoring surface tension, will the object sink or float?
b. If it floats, what percentage of the object will be above the water when it stops
moving?
2. An object with a mass of 150 kg and volume of 0.75 m3 is floating in
ethyl alcohol, whose density is 800 kg/m3. What fraction of the
object’s volume is above the surface of the fluid?
3. A brick with a density of 2000 kg/m3 and volume of 1.5 x 10-3 m3, is
dropped into a swimming pool full of water.
a. Briefly explain why the brick will sink.
b. When the brick is at the bottom of the pool, what is its apparent weight?
8.4: Fluids &
Conservation Laws
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Pressure & Flow
● If a difference in pressure exists between two points,
fluid will flow between those points
○ Fluid flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
● At this point we are only considering laminar flow
○ Think clear lines of flow
○ Turbulent flow is the opposite of laminar
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Flow Rates
● Volume flow rate
○ This rate remains constant
○ It is defined as the volume of fluid passing through a section of pipe
per unit of time (m3/s)
■ Since V = Ax, and x/s = v, volume can be rewritten as Av
■ Between point 1 and point 2 in a closed pipe, A1v1 = A2v2
● Mass flow rate
○ Since the volume flow rate is constant, the mass flow rate is also
constant
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Bernoulli’s Equation
● Some assumptions (besides ideal fluids)
○ The flow is streamline (also called laminar)
■ The opposite of laminar is turbulent
○ The flow rate is steady
● Bernoulli’s Equation states that the quantity below is constant for any point
along a specific streamline (fluid flowing in a pipe)
● P is pressure energy per unit of volume, the middle term is potential energy per unit
of volume, and the last term is kinetic energy per unit of volume
● The red border is dashed because it is on your formula sheet in a more explicit
statement of conservation of energy (per unit of volume)
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Consequences of Flow Rates
w/Bernoulli’s Equation
● If the cross sectional area (A) of a pipe decreases, then the speed (v) of the fluid
through the pipe increases, and the pressure (P) decreases
○ The opposite is also true: If A increases, then v decreases, and P increases
● Non-AP Example: Use BE to show why pressure is inversely related to speed
The Bernoulli Effect
● One of the explanations behind why airplane wings allow
them to fly is due to Bernoulli’s Equation applied to the
geometry of the wing
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Torricelli's Theorem
● Consider the diagram to the left and assume the
following
○ The diameter of the holes on the side are significantly smaller than
the opening at the top of the tank
○ The speed that the water is coming out of the hole is significantly
greater than the speed that the water level is dropping
● The water coming out traces out a trajectory that can be
modeled with kinematics
● Non-AP Example: Use BE to write the velocity of the
water coming out of any hole on the side in terms of the
height of the water in the tank and assumed constants
Non-AP Examples
1. A circular pipe of non-uniform diameter carries water. At one point in the
pipe, the radius is 2 cm and the flow speed is 6 m/s. What is the volume
flow rate?
2. The pipe then constricts to a 1 cm diameter.
a. What is the volume flow rate?
b. What is the flow speed at this point?
3. The side of an above-ground pool is punctured, and water gushes out
through the new hole. If the total depth of the pool is 2.5 m, and the
puncture is 1 m above ground level, what is the efflux (exit) speed of the
water?
4. A pump forces water at a constant flow rate through a pipe whose cross
sectional area, A, gradually decreases to ⅓ its original area at its exit. If the
exit is 60 cm higher than the pump, and the water leaves the pump at 1
m/s, what is the gauge pressure at the point right after the pump?
Assignments
● Primary
○ APCRs: 8.3 & 8.4
○ Daily Videos: 8.3 & 8.4
○ Progress Checks
● Secondary
○ [Link] independent practice
● Tertiary
○ OpenStax problems/notes
Free
Response 8.1
● APCRs, U1 - 8
● Progress Checks, U1 - 8
● Mousetrap Cars
● Q3 KA Bonus (75%)
FR 8.1 Key