By: Balana, Jessey S.

• Consequences – kapag hindi naayos yung ganitong

problem.
NURSING RESEARCH 1 • Knowledge Gaps – mention relevant studies
reviewed with good arguments.
MODULE 2 • Proposed Solution

Content/Topics: Statement of Purpose: Quantitative

The Research Problem: • Identifies key study variables

• Identifies possible relationships among variables
• Conceptual phase is the initial phase of research and • Indicates the population of interest
involves the intellectual process. • Suggest using verbs, nature of the inquiry (to test
- These activities include reading, conceptualizing, to compare to evaluate)
theorizing, and reviewing ideas with colleagues or
advisers. Statement of Purpose: Qualitative
- During this phase, researchers call on such skills as
creativity, deductive reasoning, and firm grounding • Identifies central phenomenon
in previous research on the topic of interest. • Suggests the research tradition
• Indicates the group, community, or setting of
Faces and Places of Research: interest
• Suggests using verbs, the nature of inquiry (to
• Study (investigation) – addressing a research describe to discover to explore)
question.
• Study Subject or Participant – people being studied Research Questions #1
or cooperating in quantitative study.
• Informants – people cooperating in qualitative study - Sometimes direct rewordings of statement of
• Study Site – overall location for a study purpose, worded as questions.
- Multisite Studies – tend to yield more diverse group - Sometimes used to clarify or lend specificity to the
of study participants, potentially enhancing purpose statement
generalizability of findings. - In quantitative studies, typically pose queries about
the relationship among variables.
Concepts – abstractions of particular aspects of human
behavior or characteristics (pain or weight) in Research Questions #2
quantitative studies.
- In qualitative studies, research questions often pose
Phenomena – abstracts in qualitative studies. queries link to the research tradition:
a. Grounded theory – process questions
Constructs – slightly more complex abstracts (self- b. Phenomenology – meaning questions
care) c. Ethnography – cultural description questions

Theories – knit concepts into a coherent system. Research Hypotheses #1

Variable – characteristic or quality that takes on - States an expectation, a predicted answer to the
different values, that is, that varies from one person to research question
the next associated with quantitative studies. - Should almost always involve two or more variables
- Suggest the predicted relationship between the
- Blood type, Weight, etc. independent variable and the dependent variable.
- Used almost exclusively in quantitative studies.
- Nababago na parang emotions Research Hypotheses #2

Phases of the Nursing Research: - Must contain terms that indicate a relationship
- Articulated almost exclusively in quantitative studies
Quantitative Research: - Tested through statistical procedures
- Numerical Valie, Quantifiable. EX. Pain
- Deductive: General to Specific, Abstract to Concrete. Null Hypothesis – expresses the absence of a
(PABAWAS) relationship.
- Linear Study
- Concepts that are well developed and for which Directional Hypothesis – expected direction of the
methods of measurement have been developed. relationship between variables.

Components of a Problem Statement: - Increase or decrease

• Identification of the problem – bakit lagi pa ring Nondirectional Hypothesis – existence of a relationship,
may ganitong problem even though may not its direction.
interventions na?
- Similar to research hypothesis
• Background – ano ang nature ng ganitong
problem?
• Scope – ilang tao ang affected?
Phase 1: Conceptual Phase Step 8: Identifying the Population to be Studied:

Step 1: Formulating and Delimiting the Problem: • Quantitative researchers need to clarify the group to
whom study results can be generalized- that is, they
• Quantitative researchers begin by identifying an must identify the population to be studied.
interesting, significant research problem and • Population - all the individuals or objects with
formulating research questions. common, defining characteristics.
Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature: Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan:
• Quantitative research is typically conducted in the • Researchers collect data from a sample, which is a
context of previous knowledge. subset of the population.
- A thorough literature review provides a foundation - Using samples is more practical than collecting data
on which to base new evidence and usually is from an entire population.
conducted before data are collected.
Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure
Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork: Research Variables:
• Clinical fieldwork can provide perspectives on recent • Based on the conceptual definitions, researchers
clinical trends, current diagnostic procedures, and identify appropriate methods to operationalize
relevant healthcare-delivery models. variables and collect data.
- It can also help researchers better understand - Measuring research variables and developing a data
clients and the settings in which care is provided and collection plan are challenging activities.
this is valuable in gaining access to an appropriate
site or in developing methodologic strategies. Step 11: Developing Methods to Safeguard
Human/ Animal Rights:
Step 4: Defining the Framework and Developing
Conceptual Definitions: • Adhere to ethical principles.
- Each aspect of the study plan needs to be
• Theory is the ultimate aim of science. scrutinized to determine whether the rights of
- It transcends the specifics of a particular time, place participants have been adequately protected.
and group and aims to identify regularities in the
relationships among variables. Phase 3: Empirical Phase
- Researchers should have a conceptual rationale and
conceptual definitions of key variables. Step 13: Collecting the Data:

Step 5: Formulating Hypotheses: • The plan specifies where and when the data will be
gathered, procedures for describing the study to
• Hypothesis - statement of the researcher’s participants, and methods for recording information.
expectations or predictions about relationships
among study variables. Step 14: Preparing the Data for Analysis:

Types/Characteristics of Variables: • Data collected in a quantitative study are rarely

amenable to direct analysis - preliminary steps are
• Independent – presumed cause (of dependent needed.
variable) - One such step is coding, which is the process of
• Dependent – presumed effect (of independent translating verbal data into numeric form.
variable)
- Outcome Variable Phase 4: Analytic Phase:
- Depends on the use
Step 15: Analyzing the Data:
Independent and Dependent can be used to indicate
• Quantitative researchers analyze their data through
direction of influence rather than cause and effect.
statistical analyses, which include simple procedures
Gender – can be dependent or independent variable. as well as ones that are complex.

Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase: Step 16: Interpreting the Results:

Step 6: Selecting a Research Design: • Interpretation - making sense of study results and
examining their implications.
• Research design - overall plan for obtaining answers - Researchers attempt to explain the findings in light
to the research questions. of prior evidence, theory and their own clinical
experience and in light of the methods they used in
Step 7: Developing Protocols for the the study.
Intervention:
Phase 5: Dissemination Phase
• Intervention Protocol for the study must be
developed, specifying exactly what the biofeedback Step 17: Communicating the Findings:
treatment would entail and what the alternative
condition would be. • A study cannot contribute evidence to nursing
practice if the results are not shared.
- Another and often final task of the study, therefore, Qualitative Research:
is the preparation of a research report that - Flexible approach.
summarizes the study. - It is impossible to define the flow of activities in a
study precisely.
Step 18: Utilizing the Findings in Practice: - The flow varies from one study to another, and the
researchers themselves do not know ahead of time,
• The concluding step of a high-quality study is to plan
- Textual in Nature
for the use of evidence in practice settings.
- Researchers want to develop a rich, context-bound
Conceptual – abstract or theoretical meaning of a understanding of a poorly understood phenomenon.
concept being studied. - Verbatim, Words or Narrative
- Inductive: Specific to General
- Dictionary definition - Respondents are Informants

Operational – operations (measurement) a researcher Conceptualizing and Planning a Qualitative Study

must perform to measure the concept and collect the
desired information. Identifying the Research Problem:

- How you concept your study • The general topic area maybe narrowed and clarified
on the basis of self-reflection and discussion with
Data (singular = datum) – pieces of information others, researchers may proceed initially with a
researchers collect in a study
fairly broad research question.
- Quantitative researchers collect numeric (quantity)
data Doing a Literature Review:
- Qualitative researchers collect narrative (verbal)
• In any case, qualitative researchers typically find a
data
fairly small body of relevant previous work because
Exclusion Criteria – for example, if target population ay of the types of questions they ask.
mga Hypertensive patients lang pero nakapag
interview ng hindi naman hypertensive patient, Selecting and Gaining Entrée into Research Sites:
excluded siya.
• Gaining entrée typically involves negotiations with
Relationships – bond or connection between gatekeepers who have authority to permit entry into
phenomena. their world.
- Cause and Effect – causal relationship (smoking) Developing an Overall Approach in Qualitative
- Associative – functional (life expectancy) Studies:
- Qualitative Study of Pattern – researchers may seek
patterns of association as a way of illuminating the • Certain design features maybe guided by the
underlying meaning and dimensionality of qualitative research tradition within which the
phenomena or interest. researcher is working.
Experimental – researchers actively introduce an CONCEPTUAL PHASE: RESEARCH PROBLEM
intervention or treatment most often to address
therapy questions • Research problem is an enigmatic or troubling
condition that a researcher wants to address
- Clinical Trials in medical research through discipline inquiry.
- Test causal relationship - Troubling conditions (labor pain)
• Problem statement articulates the problem and
Nonexperimental – researchers collect data without describes the need for a study through the
intervening or introducing treatments. development of an argument.
- Observational studies in medical research - Statement articulating the research problem and
making an ARGUMENT to conduct a new study.
Disciplinary Traditions: - Why is it important to conduct?
• Research questions are the specific queries the
• Grounded Theory – seeks to understand KEY researchers want to answer in addressing the
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSESS that are problem.
grounded in reality. - Concise interrogative statement that is worded in
• Phenomenological Research – focuses on the the present tense and includes one or more
LIVED EXPERIENCES of humans. variables or concepts.
• Ethnographic Research – patterns and lifeways of a - Interrogative term
CULTURAL GROUP and strive to learn from • Hypotheses are specific predictions about answers to
members of a cultural group to understand their the research questions.
worldview and to describe their customs and - YOU CANNOT HAVE A HYPOTHESIS IF YOU ONLY
norms. HAVE 1 VARIABLE
- Supported, or rejected, by the study data
- Never proved or disproved
- Probably correct (or not)
- Predictions about relationships among variables. 6 Components of Problem Statement in a
• Statement of purpose or purpose statement Quantitative Study:
summarizes the study goals.
- Establishes the study’s general direction and 1. Problem Identification
captures its essence. 2. Background
- Worded declaratively. 3. Scope of the Problem
- Identifies the key study variables and their possible 4. Consequences of the Problem
relationships, as well as the population of interest. 5. Knowledge Gaps
- To determine, evaluate, describe, it depends on your 6. Proposed Solution
study.
- Only one verb (determine or describe, etc.)
- 1st part of the statement of the problem
- Declarative or patanong

Sources of Research Problems:

1. Clinical Experience
2. Quality Improvement Efforts
3. Nursing Literature
4. Social Issues
5. Theories
6. Ideas from External Sources

Developing and Refining Research Problem:

1. Selecting a Topic - creative process.

- Jot down areas of interest as they come to mind.
2. Narrowing the Topic - you can begin to ask
some broad questions that can lead to a
researchable problem.
3. Evaluating Research Problems - no rules for
making a final selection of a research problem, but
some criteria should be kept in mind.
• Significance of the Problem - Evidence from the
study should have potential to contribute
meaningfully to nursing practice.
• Researchability of the Problem - Not all problems are
amenable to research inquiry.
- Questions of a moral or ethical nature, although
provocative, cannot be researched.
• Feasibility of Addressing the Problem - Not all
following factors are universally relevant, but they
should be kept in mind:
- Money
- Availability of the given time
- Cooperation of others
- Facilities and equipment
- Money
a. Personal costs
b. Participant’s cost
c. Supplies
d. Printing and duplication costs
e. Equipment
f. Laboratory fees
g. Transportation cost
• Research Experience - problem should be chosen
from a field about which you have some prior
knowledge or experience.
• Ethical Considerations - A research problem may be
unfeasible if an investigation of the problem would
pose unfair or unethical demands on participants.
• Researcher Interest - Genuine fascination with the
chosen research problem is an important pre-
requisite in a study.