Everything that’s measurable ⇒ quantity
Basic quantity ⇒ mass = g,kg
⇒ length = cm,m
⇒ time = s,min, hr
SI unit ⇒ kg,m,s
Prefixes
kilo=10^+3
mega=10^+6
giga=10^+9
centi= 10^-2
mili= 10^-6
micro= 10^-6
nano= 10^-9
9.1 The idea of density
Density ⇒ A measure of how light or heavy a material is.
Density → mass/volume
Density = kg/m^3 | g/cm^3
Mass = kg/g
V = m^3/cm^3
–A “heavier” material is more dense than a “lighter” material. It has a
greater density.
–Air has a very low density, about 0.0013 g/cm^3. You can understand this
by thinking about the particle model of matter.
[Link] water boils,it becomes steam. Its particles spread out and
occupy a greater volume. Has its density increased or decreased? Explain
your answer.
The density of water has decreased when it becomes steam,occupies
a bigger volume so the density is less.
● Why is the density of lead greater than the density of air?
The density of lead is greater because its particles are packed
together closely and all the particles in lead have a greater mass than
a particle of the air’s particles.
9.2 Measuring density
Measuring mass ⇒ By using a balance.
Measuring volume⇒ Rectangular shape → measuring each side and
calculating its volume
Volume = length x width x height
⇒ Liquid → By pouring the liquid into a measuring cylinder.
Read the volume from the scale.
⇒Irregular solid object → submerging the object in water in a
measuring [Link] the increase in volume.
9.4 Pressure/9.5 Pressure Calculation
● Pressure is the quantity that tells us how concentrated a force is
when it presses on an area.
● Pressure is the force acting on a unit area.
● Pressure is caused when a force acts on an area.
● Formula ⇒ pressure = force/area
● Where Pressure ⇒ N/m^2,Pa
Force ⇒ N (newton)
Area ⇒ m^2
-A force is concentrated on a small area→ creating high pressure.
-The force is spread over a bigger area→ the pressure will be less.
2. a) A truck used in the desert has wide tyres.
The large force is spread over a big area so that the truck will not sink
into the sand. The pressure will be low for the large area.
b) A cricket stump has a sharp point at one end.
It will be easier to press the sharp end into the ground because the
pushing force acts on a smaller area, creating a greater pressure.
c) A drawing pin has a sharp point at one end and a large, flat head at
the other.
One point is sharp to get greater pressure. The other end of the
drawing pin has a large,flat head so that the force acts on this area,creating
less pressure.
9.6 Pressure in Gas and liquids
1. The photograph shows an experiment on water pressure. Water
squirts out faster from the hole at the bottom of the bottle than at the
top. Use the idea of pressure to explain why holes in the bottle allow
water to escape.
The water at the bottom of the bottle is under greater pressure
than the top because there is more water pressing down on it.
This means that the force pushing it out of the bottle is greater,
and so it has a greater speed.
At the bottle the areas for the holes are the same. But the
weight of water for the hole at the bottom is greater than the
other. The hole of the bottom has greater pressure and water
squirts out faster from it.
The pressure of the atmosphere
-The pressure of air is called atmospheric pressure.
Because the air is less dense at the top of a mountain,its pressure is
less.
-Atmospheric pressure is greatest at sea level.
Particles and pressure
The diagram shows the particles of a gas in a box.
The particles move around rapidly,bouncing off the walls of the box.
Each collision of a particle with the wall causes a tiny force on the box.
There are vast numbers of particles inside the box and there are
many,many collisions each second so all of these tiny forces add up to
cause the pressure on the wall of the box. The particles of a liquid cause
pressure in the same way.
● Liquids and gases can cause pressure.
● The pressure of a gas or liquid is caused by its weight pressing
downwards.
● The particles of a gas or liquid collide with the walls of its container;
this causes the pressure.
9.7 The turning effect of a force
Pivot⇒ The point about which an object is turned by a force.
-A beam is balanced at the pivot.
-The balance to tip downwards on the left, so that the beam turns
anticlockwise
-A force has a turning effect when it causes an object to turn about a pivot.
9.8 The principle of moments
# Moment /moment of force
-Moment of force (or torque) is a measure of the turning effect of a force.
-Moment of force is the product of the force ‘F’ and the perpendicular
distance ‘d’ from the pivot to the line of action of the force.
*** Formula⇒ moment of force = force x perpendicular distance from the
pivot
-Units ⇒ Force → N
Perpendicular distance from the pivot → M
Moment of force ⇒ Nm
-Moment of force depends on two things (turning effect of a force)
● The greater the force, the greater its turning effect (its moment of
force)
● The further the force from the pivot, the greater its turning effect
-Direction of moment
● Clockwise
● Anticlockwise
The principle of moments
● The principle of moments states that, for a bean to be balanced, the
clockwise moment of acting on it must equal the anticlockwise acting
on it.
● For a beam to be balanced, the clockwise moment on it must be
equal to the anticlockwise moment acting on it.
○ Clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment