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Applied Physics Tutorials for EEE Stream

The document contains tutorial solutions for numerical problems related to Applied Physics for the EEE stream at Global Academy of Technology. It covers various topics including lasers, optical fibers, quantum mechanics, electrical properties of materials, semiconductors, dielectric materials, and Maxwell's equations. Each module includes specific problems and calculations relevant to the respective topics in physics.

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harshitprasad09
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12 views24 pages

Applied Physics Tutorials for EEE Stream

The document contains tutorial solutions for numerical problems related to Applied Physics for the EEE stream at Global Academy of Technology. It covers various topics including lasers, optical fibers, quantum mechanics, electrical properties of materials, semiconductors, dielectric materials, and Maxwell's equations. Each module includes specific problems and calculations relevant to the respective topics in physics.

Uploaded by

harshitprasad09
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological


University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

APPLIED PHYSICS FOR


EEE STREAM(INTEGRATED)
BPHYE24101

TUTORIALS
SOLUTIONS TO NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

SEPTEMBER 2025

1
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

MODULE-1: LASERS & OPTICAL FIBERS

LASERS

1. A medium in thermal equilibrium at temperature 300 K has two energy levels with a
wavelength separation of 1 μm. Find the ratio of population densities of the upper and
lower levels.

2
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

2. The ratio of population of two energy levels is 1.059 x 10-30. Find the wavelength of
light emitted by spontaneous emissions at 330 K.

3. Calculate the number of photons emitted per pulse of duration 1 ms given the power
output of LASER 3 mW and the wavelength of laser 632.8 nm

3
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

4. The average output power of laser source emitting a laser beam of wavelength 632.8 nm is
5 mW. Find the number of photons emitted per second by the laser source.

Optical fibers

4
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

1. The refractive indices of core and cladding are 1.50 and 1.48, respectively, in an optical
fiber. Find the numerical aperture and angle acceptance.

2. The angle of acceptance of an optical fiber is 300 when kept in air. Find the angle of
acceptance when it is in the medium of refractive index 1.33.

5
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

3. Calculate the numerical aperture, V-number, number of modes in an optical fiber of core
diameter 50µm, core and cladding refractive indices 1.41 and 1.4 at wavelength 820nm.

4. The attenuation in an optical fiber is 3.6 dB/km. what fraction of its initial intensity
remains after i) 1 km, ii) after 3km?

6
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

5. Estimate the attenuation in an optical fiber of length 500 m, when a light signal of power
100 mW emerges out of the fiber with a power 90 mW.

MODULE-2: Quantum Mechanics

7
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

De-Broglie wavelength and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

1. Calculate the momentum of an electron and the de Broglie


wavelength associated with it if its KE is 1.5 keV.

2. The KE of an electron is equal to the energy of a photon with a wavelength of 560


nm. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron.

8
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

3. The speed of electron is measured to within an uncertainty of 2 × 10 4 ms−1 in one


dimension. What is the minimum width required by the electron to be confined in an
atom?

4. Compute the de Broglie wavelength for a neutron moving with one tenth part of the
velocity of light, given, mass of neutron = 1.674 X 10-27 kg.

9
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

Energy Eigen value of Particle in 1-D

1. An electron is bound in a one-dimensional potential well of the width 1 Å, but of


infinite wall height. Find its energy values in the ground state, and also in the first two
exited states.

2. An electron is bound in a one-dimensional potential well of infinite height of width


0.12 nm. Find its energy values in the ground state, and also in the first two exited
states.

10
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

3. An electron is trapped in a 1-dimensional potential well of infinite height of width 0.5


nm. If transition takes place from the first excited state to the ground state, then find
the wavelength of photon emitted.

MODULE-3: Electrical Properties of Materials

Quantum free electron theory

11
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

1. Calculate the probabilities of an electron occupying an energy level 0.02 eV above


the Fermi level and that in an energy level 0.02 eV below the Fermi level at 200
K.

2. Calculate the probability that an energy level at 0.2eV below Fermi level is
occupied at temperature 500K.

12
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

3. Find the temperature at which there is 1% probability that a state with an energy
0.5 eV above Fermi energy is occupied.

4. Calculate the probabilities of an electron occupying an energy level 0.02 eV above


the Fermi level at 200 K and 400 K.

13
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

Superconductivity

1. Lead has a superconducting transition temperature of 7.26 K. If initial field at 0 K is


50 × 103 Am−1, calculate the critical field at 6 K.

2. A superconducting transition temperature of lead is 7.26 K If initial field at 0 K is


64
× 103 Am−1 calculate the critical field at 5 K.

14
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

3. A superconducting tin has a critical temperature of 3.7 K at zero magnetic field and
a critical field of 0.0306 Tesla at 0 K. Find the critical field at 2 K.

4. The critical field for lead is 1.2 × 105 A/m at 8 K and 2.4 × 105 A/m at 0 K. Find
the critical temperature of the material.

15
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

MODULE-4: Semiconductors and Dielectric materials

Semiconductors

1. The electron and hole mobilities of silicon are 0.14m2V −1s−1 and 0.05m2V −1s−1
respectively at a certain temperature. If the electron density is 1.5x 1016electrons/m3.
Calculate the resistivity of silicon.
Ans: ρ = 2190Ωm

16
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

2. The resistivity of intrinsic silicon at 27oC is 3000Ωm. Assuming electron and hole
mobilities of 0.17 and 0.035 m2V −1s−1respectively. Calculate the intrinsic carrier
concentration at 27oC. Ans: ni= 1.015 ×1016m−3

3. The Hall coefficient of the material is -3.68x10-5m3/C. What is the type of charge
carrier? Also calculate the carrier concentration.
Ans: ne= 1.7 × 1023m-3

17
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

4. The Hall coefficient of a specimen of doped silicon is found to be 3.66x10-5 m3/C. The
resistivity of the specimen is 9.93x10-3Ωm. Find the mobility and density of the charge

Ans: ni =1.77× 1023m-3, 𝜇 = 3.7x10-3 m2v-1s-1


carrier, assuming single carrier concentration.

Dielectric materials

Formulae:
Electric moment of a molecule  = qd

Electronic Polarization e
0 (r 1)
 
e= 4πε0R3
Ionic Polarization i = iE
Polarization: P= ε0(εr - 1) E
Capacitance: C=Q/V
C= (ε0εrs)/d

18
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

1. The dielectric constant of Helium at 0oC is 1.000074. The density of atoms is


2.7x1025m-3. Calculate the dipole moment induced in each atom when the gas is in
a electric field of 3x 104V m-1.
Ans : Dipole moment = 7.27x 10-37Cm

2. A parallel plate capacitor has an area of 7.45x10 -4m2 and its plates are separated by a
distance of 2.45x10-3m across which a potential of 10 Vis applied. If a material with
dielectric constant 6 is introduced between the plates, determine the capacitance, the
charge stored in each plate and the polarization.
Ans : C = 16.147pF, Q = 16.147x 10-11C,P = 1.806x10-7Cm-2;

19
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

3. The dielectric constant of He gas at NTP is 1.0000684. Calculate the electronic


polarizability of He atoms if the gas contains 2.7x10 25 atoms perm3 and hence evaluate
the radius of Helium atom.
Ans :𝛼𝑒= 2.242x10-41F/m2

4. An elemental solid dielectric material has polarizability 7x10 -40Fm-2, calculate the
dielectric constant for the material if the material has 3x1028atoms/m3. Ans :𝜀𝑟 =
3.37

20
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

MODULE-5: Maxwell’s equations & EM waves

Formulae

𝐴⃗. 𝐵⃗⃗ = (Axâx + Ayây + Azâz). (Bxâx + Byây + Bzâz) = (AxBx + AyBy +
Scalar product

AzBz)

𝑎̂𝑥 𝑎̂𝑦 𝑎̂𝑧


Cross product

𝐶⃗ = 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧|
| 𝐴𝑥
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝐵 𝑦 𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Vector operation

∇= 𝑎̂ 𝑥 + 𝑎̂ 𝑦 + 𝑎̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑧

Gradient
𝑬⃗⃗ = −𝛁𝑽
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐸⃗⃗ = − [ 𝑎̂ + 𝑎̂ + 𝑎̂ ] 𝑉
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧
Curl

𝒂̂𝒙 𝒂̂𝒚 𝒂̂𝒛


𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝒐𝒇 ⃗𝑨⃗⃗⃗⃗ = | 𝝏 𝝏
𝝏 |
𝝏 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒙 𝒚
𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛

∇. 𝐷⃗⃗ = ρv
Maxwell’s equations
i.
𝛻 × 𝐸⃗⃗ = −
𝛛𝐵⃗⃗

𝛛𝑡
ii.

iii. ∇. 𝐵⃗⃗ = 0
𝛻 × 𝐻⃗⃗ = 𝐽⃗ +
𝛛𝐷⃗⃗

𝛛𝑡
iv.

21
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

Find the divergence of the vector field 𝐴⃗ given by 𝐴⃗ = 6𝑥2âx + 3𝑥𝑦2ây +


𝑥𝑦𝑧3âzat a point (1,3,6)
1.

Ans: 𝛁. 𝑨⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝟓𝟒

Determine the constant C such that the vector 𝐴⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦)âx + (𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧)ây +(𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑧)âz is solenoidal.
2.

Ans: 𝐜 = −𝟐

22
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

Given 𝐷⃗⃗ = (9𝑥3âx + 5𝑦2ây + 2𝑧âz)C𝑚−2. If the divergence of 𝐷⃗⃗


represents the charge density 𝜌𝑣, find 𝜌𝑣 at the point (1, 5, 9) m.
3.

Ans: 𝝆𝒗 = 𝟕𝟗𝑪𝒎−𝟑

4.
Given 𝐴⃗ = (3𝑥2 + 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)âx + (𝑏𝑥 − 5𝑦2 − 2𝑧)ây + (2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 +
3𝑧2)âz. For what values of a, b and c, the vector 𝐴⃗ is irrotational ?
Ans: a=2, b=1, c=-2

23
Tutorials Department of Physics
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological
University Approved by UGC, AICTE and Govt of
Karnataka

Calculate the curl of 𝐴⃗, given by 𝐴⃗ = (1 + 𝑦𝑧2)âx + (𝑥𝑦2)ây + (𝑥2𝑦)âz


there is a vector field defined by the equation 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥2𝑦âx + 2𝑧ây + 𝑥𝑦𝑧âz Find
5.

the curl of 𝐹⃗.

24
Tutorials Department of Physics

Common questions

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Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously measure the exact position and momentum (or velocity) of a particle with complete precision. The principle is often expressed as Δx * Δp ≥ ħ/2, indicating that increasing the precision in measuring one quantity (e.g., position) leads to increased uncertainty in measuring the other (e.g., momentum). This principle highlights fundamental limits in precision for microscopic particles, such as electrons, where attempting to measure velocity accurately means the position is correspondingly less certain .

Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact. These equations can be combined to derive wave equations for electric and magnetic fields, showing that they can travel as waves through different media. The speed and attenuation of these waves are influenced by the material's permittivity and permeability, affecting how electromagnetic waves spread or reflect in different media. This synthesis from Maxwell's equations explains the behavior of EM waves in varied environments, guiding the design of optical and electronic systems .

Divergence and curl are vector operations that reveal key characteristics of physical systems. Divergence measures a vector field's tendency to originate from or converge into a point, corresponding to sources or sinks such as charge density in electrostatics. Curl measures the field's tendency to rotate around a point, indicating rotational or non-conservative fields like those surrounding current loops in magnetostatics. These properties are crucial for understanding and quantifying electromagnetic fields and other vector field behaviors .

The population ratio of two energy levels in a medium at thermal equilibrium is dictated by the Boltzmann distribution, which decreases exponentially with the increase in energy separation and temperature. The ratio is given by e^(-ΔE/kT), where ΔE is the energy difference, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. This implies that higher temperatures will increase the population in the higher energy states relative to the lower one .

The angle of acceptance of an optical fiber depends on the critical angle for total internal reflection, which is determined by the refractive indices of the core and the surrounding medium. When an optical fiber is placed in a medium with a different refractive index, the numerical aperture changes, affecting the critical angle and, consequently, the angle of acceptance. A medium with a higher refractive index compared to air will reduce the angle of acceptance due to a smaller difference in refractive indices .

De Broglie's hypothesis introduced the concept that all matter exhibits wave-like properties, with a wavelength inversely proportional to its momentum (λ = h/p, where h is Planck's constant). This hypothesis implies that not only do particles like electrons have wave-like properties, but larger objects could too; however, their wavelengths are usually too small to be observed. This duality is fundamental in quantum mechanics, explaining various phenomena such as electron diffraction and interference, which cannot be described by classical mechanics alone .

The critical magnetic field of a superconducting material decreases with increasing temperature and approaches zero at the material's critical temperature. This relationship is often linear near 0 K, described by Hc(T) = Hc(0) * [1 - (T/Tc)^2]^0.5, showing that the critical field depends significantly on how close the temperature is to the transition temperature (Tc).

The energy eigenvalues in quantum wells are discrete due to quantum confinement. In a one-dimensional potential well with infinite walls, only certain wavelengths fit, leading to a quantization of energy levels that is described by En = (h²n²)/(8mL²), where n is an integer, m is the electron mass, and L the well width. This discrete nature of energy levels contrasts with the continuous spectrum in free space, illustrating how confinement within a potential well alters the quantum energy states available to particles .

Electronic polarization occurs when an external electric field displaces the electron cloud relative to the positive nucleus within an atom or molecule, creating a dipole moment. This reveals that dielectric materials contain atoms with electron clouds that can be distorted by external fields, indicating polarizability that is related to atomic size and structure. The extent of electronic polarization is quantified by the electronic polarizability, which contributes to the material's overall dielectric constant .

The resistivity of intrinsic silicon at a given temperature is determined primarily by the intrinsic carrier concentration, which depends on temperature, and the mobilities of the charge carriers (electrons and holes). Intrinsic silicon has equal electron and hole concentrations, and resistivity is inversely proportional to the product of carrier concentrations and their mobilities: ρ = 1 / (q(nμn + pμp)), where q is the charge of an electron .

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