}2 ACIDS, BA96S WD SALT ~ so \. 2 Desalter watery *Carbort_acid (a1 Propertics of acids bases Defnitions' hystal propor ty A= Gubstone that producon 1" ion of Sue it is gil psitve 12m oben ih vp: 0Gk<7 AissoWwedit wotw /] __gorrosive |B Proton donor J |itrnus parte + hive 7 red Le lestronpulr acceptor, Examples: @ MINERAL Ac1bs ue ee = wires etre __-badergen Fe Migs dat Ma Sulfurie add + Reditm hylrovide * sedi sulfate © DeoAn]e ALO) + Methane c add COOH i ete “Ethanaic acid, CHsCOOH HaSdy .% 2NaoH > Na,S04 t 24:0 | emsemnranernmpememnameauceneamapald Fro panoit add Cats COOH / phospho te ~ wnoter Prosphone aad ty Cae CLASSIFICATION OF ACIOS “Cains corbenate + carkon _divnide Dasa ~ 30lO 2 Cash + 34,048¢0, () Monopyon_auidt Froduco_\enal_H™ ions Som | mal of Witt the presence ot HT) np ouidic | oqueen avid, C69, HCI. HNOy) _popectio. @ Dipror_ acids Without H,0, acids cansor jonife no Ht _ Froduce 2ewl H™ ions trom | ma of Orig the _motecule leh —aguenus acid (ty Had, H2605) [Deg HCI (a), ocPozc Het dissolved in ©) Thipeehe ovide. ne dow not show Geidi Produce Smal HY ions from | mal of aquees tad (Ey _H5lOs). teri 2 ae ee @).Metal ioe 7 Locale matal hydorsde + atte Aveo albels = Ac Ar Std ydoogadt * ramypeciin, ton 1 Bronsted -Lowega barn trypan bet mayen, melonide 7 ser - u 7 ee INO + Ma Withnct OH in salwar a7atzonr = 0 alleline/ qropertte bate Fini og ye a A Physic, prope orn ee om cn? lite YpH gek sit aS pees VY corrosive V litrus paper: red > blue, Protea 8ceptor Electron pair donor, Examples Q@ ALKALI - substance that prodwed OH" jons “wher dissolved innate and iS Soh Nh; Alkalis \ ; Na, Noo y Lt woter + @Mmonia _ KO: [ KOH \ | | Sodium hydronida + anmoniun su\fare (a0 coor, ‘| — 7 i | A sodium sulfite tuater tarmonia tt Nec mr se __| 2NooH- Cnty Ye 80, -* Nay S04 *2Hy O-t 20H |e 8.1B.2 The role of wate in acids and _alkalis ps { TNORGAMGeSOWENT ————HORG ANRC wateris _* HUGE) loniser into HT and fat HCl lee) is covalent in Meet eu ~ ions, whee dissolved A ea ethene! 7 TB | water Kc [| + Non ~weidi hcl Cag) Ht Cay) +0 (aq] © eae * Acidic [ Acids dissociate in water. Alkalic dissoc‘ato in ster HUI (ag—>_H* + C1" No OH [ag) > Na® +04” HNO (ag) > HY + NOs KOH (29) >t FON" Faso, Gu > 2H*+ Sa Cal fe HO Ca? + 20H" NH, (29) NHy* +0H~ +20 | | 5 C3el = how easy or the deyean cb aisodaton of fad >. a a_i —_ Oe “ere lomenteasn " Ht ions ess lt mathe a HCI (ae) 2 HT Cag) + C1" (og) mol = Imo a H2504 (60 > 24" (aq) + S04 * lu). [mol = 2mol 7 SSS pains ,c0,_cncoom, Hoo ids which ion ise or dissovitte partioly ih woter te produa a low “Cohlertrorin oF i =] Ch COOM (ag = (H3600 7 (ag) er HT (oa Q. [In Solution s of wend, SKM mdecula ionice, Prepobe Tn solutions of weak adds only some da. 'So strong acidt conduct better becouke mote viond present — lower pH. H | 4. (SIRONGMAMALE - NaOH, CafpH),, Maton), —koH |Alkalis whith iontse o dissectate completely mn water to produce high | conizarrarion of OH ions, NoOK fag) +> Na™ (aq) + O7 (ag) 10, | MERRAUKALD -— NH, | WHYOH Alkalis wk at | conontration of OH” ions Nia (a * HO (1) > NHu* Cay) * BO OW” Lag) Hore or dissociate partially th wate to produp ‘Tow I1-|Un solutions oF stro alkali, all the molecules fos fae (In solutes of weak ahall , only some do, ~ ‘So. stroug aol conduet beer due to ne is precet —_egher pid G+ -igherconcentration of H” ions, teeglowe- pH, higher pO __ Tighe conaatmtren ef OH” ions, higher pH, lowe- pOW. H<1 Ht 70H” > pH 21 > HT OH eH >t H* < 0H” : z gE z = ae a — § = Eos et i —_ Inbleators : Dyer oe micture of dyee that cheage eolour aged én pH leve) of substance V | Indicatore Acids Neutral Alkali | Wiversal indicator | Rede storg woe] O22 isc oa a [Methyl oconge Redd Orange Yellow —[Thuymelphthaten | Celoerlees Colourless Blue 7 | Pherolph trate Colour loss _| Gloortess Pink/ pucple ____[Litmu per | 97 O00 2 © [OF 09 20 1020070 A values | Oe kT kT, 7Sk Sit + |I2.5 Concentration of _ solutions Do not Confuse _ STRENGTH ond CONCENTRATION of colu ton. ‘Strong and weak’ —? eks extent of dissociation of solute Concentrated’ and ‘dilyte'.-> , haw much solute dissolved in solyeat ts:—____[fiavtor | Wet T 3 dial TY ph | hed 4-6) albati_ &10 [ RoR | Loin udu) Low (2G Uses of acids ond beset TL Acid or base Use [Sulfuric acid, HeSOe Fertilisers electrolyte n_car_battory _|Hydmehtora add, HCL | Te clean _metal surfacor Nitti acid, HNO? | erties and explosive Carboni, acids, 200s | Fiaay drinks Lact acid, CyHe 03 Citric acid. Cog 07 Lemons , lines, oranges Sour _mivk, anaerobic respiration [Recorohe ocd, Cee 0, | Vitamin C [Phosphovt acid, _HyP6s | Feri cod _gnti=nu gant [Beet fethoreie acid CH3000# | Vinegar [Forme Qa" acid HCOOH _|Sediam hydroxide, mae Potassium hydexile, KOH (“msi Art nettle shat, kettle descaler Nook Soap ard_paper Soft soap Cadcium oxide (qurkline), CaO Mogteriinn oxide] bybaide , Ma) /MgCOH), _[laciom ydoaste, CalOMls (84) [Nevtraltc aed soil end gore Newtrabc aetdi wil ed mate gemert end oat Artadd tablets [Ammonia solution _NH3 Fertitiser | ESET F PL ey—~ 4aq Oxides a Oxide © compourds gory, oa [pom Key TERMS: a ssolve io water to produce Lpeodua salt and neutralise No element 198 of pon metal which will react “with bee and acidic solu tions. AmmpwroreAemoKidern oxides that can pith both acide and alkalis to them. + [Reutealeowide : oxide that do not react with actdy or have tin 220 afrors de of a rmotal +h that will react with acd and neutralise ao ee ¢ Oxides v = L Metal oxides Non- metal oxides. basic _@ Amenorerac Q@weotaa _ @ acivie + Na,O 20 “40 "Co, I k,0 + AL, Oy “NO + 80, + C0 * PLO + CO + COz 7 + Mg T 2303 | Co Obpervation 503. + Fes, Grow 3 morale | onuger atom _u.[Link] Os I Cu, 0 per seule. £550, - + Feo — 20. | FORMING OXIDES” [S$ +0, 7, $0, CO +H,0 > Hy COs. far na => CO, + AlOg + GHCI > 2AICl, +3420 + [Pur 50, > Puig © Plz Og * 6NoOM 2 Nag AlOp~3H 0 * Na+ 0, > Nazd + lamgO+0. -> 2Mg0 | 4fe + 30, 2Fe, O * (Cod + 2HNO, >, Calvo), * HO €1id Rain. 8 8s day 5. i rah Fall belay S- 2502+ == 2805 Moe chagtor Wher pH of si 4 90;+ 4,0 4 H Soy A Salfor oxides A Mito oxides : a —~ 2 12.8 Neutrali sation reactions = et ak 21, ets so reacron betwean acid nd bat Yo_produ sel? nd tt —___ Reactions of bese and carbonates wees acide ace _neutrali satior ~ Lacid fs neutralised. Step Mtoe 28 ore proctical examples a4 = ce eh ett 8 eu traliee acide on Our f teeth 22. | [Tooth parte tanta “weak alholsHathelps fe bacteria wher they Feed on our step fod: The acid can corrode the a by a enamel (made of calcium phosphate). _s as - i a 23: Excess a8 in stomach — mdleprtin, heated with on-tacide such at milk of Magnesia ad fo Choi vm Pile ye Metharoic add (formic acs produced ly Sthgng bea» Me tHles det [be treated with anything allcaine ike cream, toStlemere lotion or handsoap | 2 25: | | Wasp stog i alkathe So use ethenoit acid Coinegor) to neutralise st eo base » 26 | Rust, hydnrted iron oxide ic omemede Tcl removal by lemon juite or [sulfite acid to noutralie the base | acaomate js weal 2 27. Calchi -enile—er—eotett: 1° Feduee the acidity of soil ueedty grew acops | 28° Foudered bnastone or slaked Ines wedte remove S02 from the -Feetory. | Known af flue gat desulfurisation. | [[2.9 Salts 24.|Salts_\oce ‘ionte » kom, Solty ace formed by [Salts are | witha \ \\.\ eq © \ as ) H,SOy + MgCd, > MgSd, +H,0 + CO, NaOH + NMxCi > Nact + Ho + NH; 31.| PROPERTIES OF A SALT _CR YSTAL. ___ 1 |Flat surface, stright sides, sharp vertices @QOGOVG CGE. | Fixed angle berwacrtwo adjacer sue fac. lelelecrelcyere) : ___* | Has a_specific geomerrical shope such as cube, a OOCLOOS GO _ —_Neatsotd, chombus ond prism ho 62060696 ____* |Specific_crystal shape + | Sane _coyttal > some shape: 32, APPLICATIONS OF SALT. 2 + [Agricultural NHu NOs and FeSOy fuse 2 + (Medicine. - CaSOy , KMn0y fea) cream, 1 [Food - Nacl_ NaHCds Sg 7 Preservation - CoHs COONa, NaNOg i) a Sasye. (12. 40 feeparation of _salts 33 |Two typer of salts. + |SotwistesaNt: cat Het con be dissolved a+ reom +empereture. + [Tivsolublensabty : salt that conmot be dissolved «+ room tempewture CY.~ 3h Whi ih eis | _—_> favor Oeid \ Salt produced wher reacts With * Hydric og ACL | hide, a Nat __|ASulfuric cid 1 H2S0¢ | Sodium sulfate, Nag SO4 Nitric eid, NOS Sodium Nitrate, Na N03 Phosphorie acid, H3PO4 ‘Sodium phosphate, POS Covkoniu acid, Hz C03 Godiun corbonute , NazlO, ER ia, CHa COOH Sodium ethanoate _) CH; COONe ——_[Metharaic_adid,M COOH Sodium methercete CFHCOONa | Sol+ Solubility in Water. [Soaiam, potas, and anmenivm | AMl are soluble igelty (Ney 7/7) Na") Nitrate salts (NOz7) | All are soluble te [Chloride Chalide) salts (C17) AM are Solsble EACEPT Pills Rall and 0 7:\- is \Sulfare salt (Sy?) [All are soluble EXCEPT PeS0y BaS0y ay) | (GoS04 — [carbonate salt (COs*) All are insoluble ExcerT Na3C03, KaCOy a = and (Hy), COs a ¢ | Hydroxia (OH) | AN ore insoluble EXCEPT CoCOH. Nigar, Ht wif KOH and NaOH ka \Onide ion (07) AN aie insdlugle EXCEPT CoO, E20 wd li a Soluble salt © GALT 2. Taschivle sete an |v X G & KN NK : a nt é 1 30hbe ation compound ~ | L - + ahi st oe ~sihenl fi Sole anton _vompount ~ i> cabinets “ad catbenate _* a we - PRECIPITATION al v acid + metal § TITRATION ees - 310 riom 26/9]2025. 4 )| 25 cm? of alkali iS measured with pipette dnd put “I inte a _corital flask Add two deops of phemrtthai in _pheselpthaltin, or methyl oraage, 2 ) Acid & titrated onto conical Floste while swirlieg the Flask otil srdicator tuene SWI or orange. | 3) Repeat the _experinert atlonst 3 tines to yet the ed to_inoprov _aceveacy & laverge volume of avd | a reliability of dote. “4D, YOU GN ELTHER. i Add carbon powde to OR. Repeat the experiment ap , ee salt sdativn to remove using the ones Vales aes the indicator, and volune of acid without I itor the mixture te the _indicortor ae NonOs (<) |t@move carbon, es 5)) The Salt solution st heated until cegtallisotion point and left aside to_wool- ©) Ceyptats ave formed ond filtered and shed With dO and dried with filter paper Gaweall ged Fully [Link] _spaivls Ma [PREPARING SOLVELE SALTS via. acid + [excasr] solid. = ie 36 1) Use a spatula, ‘solid added into warm acid while stoning tit, ees) | preferably in powdered form Zr 32) The pixture is filtered to remove the eXters solid. @D) The salt solution (filtrate), collec end herted until heme ley stallisation port end lett aside te col. eet) at $b) Gryetals formed ore filtered and _tinsed with distilled wete & Ay nd_dried with Fite paper Sen ei DI Stic until reaction Stops (ne more bubbling / effervescence} masa, a ne until no more solide dissolve). EH OO nt "84 o) 11LSFcd aud Stina the _misturdé votil 0 _preiitrte (insoluble selid) forme 3), Recigitate will sediment ond con bo fitoad ond 1 ——f Na, | ned wit dl,0 sédinagty cri 4). Dry yaw salt with dry filter paper ek \ Tee Be n