.Bneathing, owth, mouement and Atorotophic Nutritun ?

e som ctoias sed "Type of tuition whene an

h doide wthen amythin is aliz aganám depends diely o
. Suinale- Celled arganisms spuific ndinactly au autotophs fan then utition
Exaple: fungi (Bread mowld, eaat, mualoom), seta (amas
bel), tieks, ie, leches 2 Jape -wms
. Mult'-celudan ganilm - ned speifie ngans as cellu
al he cells NurRITION IN AMOESAaudopadia. Food Vaeuale
may nat be in Cantat with he eionmeut Nucdus

NUTRITION food
Pantile
Food
Patiele
2 othe ital utnts "In Aramseuiun (unicelladard, cell
by te
Ba dafinita akape
the movment ot ilia
foad is
Tuoypes : Autatrophic and ketestophie 'nutitian
Jaken in at a apeeifie apat
Autotophic Nutitian: · proces oy which aucttoplu NyTRITION TN HuMAN BEINGS
Oujanimd take n cahan d'oxida & watu caot Thraugh alinentasy anal ( Joug tuhe extuding fom wouth do
he 'aus)
Pheceas af digestian in humansi Mouth
1. Food ngeated in mouth, ushed witHh (Bueea
taeth 'watted with dalina Canity
6 0, t L2 H,0 Clouopbul GsH2, t 60, + 6H,0 2 Salia -Aenoted by Aaliuary glaud Tonque
Sundigl (Gueeae) Contains Aalívany alan (brakdown tOuophagus
Diaplag
by, chlavaphyll 3 iansfen of food t atomaeh Live
tyoigl food pipe at oetophagus Bide
ot wate mäleus sito ty dbroger &oxygen 4. Stommsdh -gati-glauds whie Duet
B. Reduetion af canban dioride to canbodnate! raleale Hà, pepain (pratin Gall
Bloddr
plauts take up ca at wght an
prepare temediat digeatug eusme) mueus
the day Lawa an Midib 5. He aetats pepain 2 muus Pauereas
Vein preteetnen inug o atomach Small
Tteat
PAloem
Xyem 6 Food ente small"inteutie lage
Cutiele -An
Jakes plaea n the couialt digeutiin ot cabldatd Human Alimeutany Canal
stomatal pared Chlanaplat Epidumis
prateis at
Opening & cleing o tomatal pones Spa
Ain quond
Cells
Lowe
Epidanis fanenati jue (Pauerea) -
Croas -Setion bk Alea Iypson diat prabin
’ ltomatal pae ops Gund leuie (Jnallietin)- diguti pretine to amiuo auide, complx
" uasd cellu alink (in absse of watv) lauteariooydratu ito glucae' fdt ito ftty aeidu 2 gyceral
’ Somatal pe elses Stomat! Pae Dizested' tod id abuddbed by vili (figer prajetior)" ot
" Wator is taken up pom the AQil bt Aiall itetue (outaus blood easels)
olog with some miuisals ike N, P, Fe Ma Open And loand Stont [Link] tood-longe testia(water abaarptian)-eLOVed wa avus
TRANSPORTATION OOnssS
TRANSPORTATION TN HUMAN BEINGS
D TRANSPORTATION TN PLANTS
"Fay pat, ol is tuemeaeat
watials
Blood anspanta tood, oxygen waste mateials
lud anineetiue tisue'y coniati of plasa and celu
- Plasma "Xyem taninont watey wineal ohtained rom. Aail
-Red blood anpota,food,
conpuscles
sal, , 2 nitogznous waates
"n xylum tiaue, Vesals 2 trhid1 af te Soat,
Musla anan as aun tem2 a s toum a coutuiuous wato conduchiug
Ayatem heaching all parti the plant
--chambered heart- fakes Human Heat Ateady movinet of watu to soat xam
Depxanated, Vena Ca. whicd ceates a' caumn af watu Hat id ateodly pud
Heant
bload fram Uppe Aaxta Pumonay upwands - Koat peAe e (impartaut atng)
body
bodyeOygenatud lbland " Lo at watr n Hu tarm of vapou fsm aeial patts Wat Evaponatu
parta Veins
- 3- chambed heast - amphihian! Vea Cae
Left Atium " Tiaukaiaton cous abserphon
(Mixed bload) Fram low
Body ooti to the
-4- chambeed heat bids & Right Ventida -Let 2 mineas fram
Vetrice
mamal
Septum daes-thadpiratian pull
-Pulnonay Vein (Diwi ding ldal) (major deati) Cimpotänt duning
Fham laugs -Human kunt- 4chambers
Vea lata EAarta 1. kight atuim Tocated abeve
Wate
Ho Body 3. eiatvanticleocated belo) "Paloem tiauspats fod, cnino aad, Trough
4 et entde & athrsubatue to Atoaae
Veun Llapillaxis Movemant 0f Watue Duoing
dLOxygenated blood
preaentthat ewe
Happsns, Hhsoughaiee tubes
Cmpanuen cel Tranapinatian In ATree
phateynthaia -Ianuloatas
tae heat
ATP hud,
blead vRAsels 4. Asteias- lasi bload
(hick , elasti walled) xeNs carboydate bud
2. Verns- Cai laed tewards te heart btuen (wbtue
Lea GWatr &
mineal
3. Capillari Smalet ueaal, exchang of mateial
cells n taet or ateu Stem
Bloed platelty, bleod cell Hat helo to fam elat is tranperted do the
buds hid nida enehgt
Lymph Aluo known as tisue f u Soil down
ontas plasma, blosd celli paten (leas)
iutvelulas spaces
-Drains into ymphatii capillanies fromthn ATP D- Energy cuherey au taken up by rasta
Opens ts lingk ympl vessels ts Large vens Thanspont fod
-laies digeuted 2 banbed fate trom itutine ADP +® ’ADPP= ATP During Thanilecatian
teelilar space back to the klad Phosphate
Drad exlers eutd Bam
RESPIRATION sosEXCRETION
of
Paoes of eliminatian the
waste poduets ram
lbady
uskdawn o glucatt by vanigs pathsaei ExCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Iu Ineudes a pai a kiduys, a pais a wetus,
(in ett Renal Vin
uytoplaam Leck (2- cabon) K'dnys - deated in abdamen, ue -t
>Pyunte Lati acid +
(6-arban) (3arban) \(in musea cella (3- arbon) Enen u eitho Aide af baekbane
Neahon- tiatian wite pAent
cin mitochoudo+EnogH Vena laa
It exuetu nitugenaus Arduy
RESPURATLON IN PLANTS
PLant exehage gaas trougl atomota " Past at nephhon - Bowmans capue
.Dulwa aught, co' elinnation te ajox atfuty (no (up- shápd end af uthd tube) ' Bloddar
tubuar 'pat -Uet
buxng A, 0, Heln the ajax atiuiy Lupue laad entes the glomerus
oklten aut te nitrogenous uoaste HuwAn Exatay Syaten
ResPIRATON IN ANIMALS " Inal iltrate such as cose, Braneh BouJma's Capiul
buinoa , salt watu ae Ranal
"Aquatii animals bueathe ate feater ate than hu teetial heabsanbed as te we Hows Atoy
uinal
aleng a tube Glomuluy
Aouut o diasalwed oxygeu inn wateu
wateu a ow as comparee " Mouawment at ne
kidney
- To weet te Oxygen saquinewant, agute aniuala breathe Capilarit
faato tb itake mare
Nesal
*Ruatatien in buan baings Pasage -Thaeha
inany bladde (mseulai)
"Mechanim f aerpiatien i Phag bianehi
- Uune atod here til
t t
1. A taken n to
-Alreal' Calleting Dut
Hhe thoat
-lupihatay Unetal tube taat baniporti
Branchieles Bxaneial
(hings of catilage tat praent Diapkram te ataide af the body)
anpaisae Hunan Reupinatay Syom
[Link]’'broweli bauelioles aweali (ballaau ike) xeRETION IN PLANTS
s. Alueal-in waled, caed with blood caplaris " Gaeaus exehangs tirougl Atomatal pake
"Exess wateu tough oanaiatian
6- halatn- diaphaam io dausn, chet cauy expands - Oe sich Many wate poduett atred n wllalan Vasuales
int [Link] - diaphag w selare, chest cawit
maes baek - u, ieh ain io explled' ut af te body Some waste peodueta 'ae ented ito tue soi
"Hamoglahin- epinatay pigment preont n KGCa
 HUMAN BRAIN
Moin coadinatig cunbu of tae
body
" Brain + Spinal and Cesuta! Newous
Syaten (CNS)
NERVOUS SYSTEM - ANIMALS Comcatan betwn
CNS other poste af ’ Pouiphal Nowous
-Conbeal oud e0ardnatian aHe pouided by REFLEX AcTION the body. Sytm (PNS)
PNS wnts a anial mes (ariwiug
Redexi Sudden movenent in rsponse fam bran) spinal mewes (ariaing e
o newe cels 0t mehon to a patieulan atinudi te Apinal cand)
wionment Bnain
inlormation wia elecbial inque fam Retbx anei fath folloud by iapula. Midbain Hindbran
Fonebuain
part of te body to auote Repts men 1. Cenebum 4. Cevebellwn
Mato neen e Spinal eand 2. Medulla
-Dendaita 2 Hypathalaws
Musces 3. Thalaus 3 Pens
Nucug Cerabn
Axan Newe Craniun Hypothalamas
heaetian t tnthing (Skull)

lell
Cudin 3-Blinking a eye whn corna is
body Nene touehed Fae brain
" Sanse angus hawe Heeaptas do detect tae Spinal lard Measog
to MJd
Snsosuy Neunan bain bnain
Gutatoy eeepta- deteet tast Pony
detetsbmell Rexsptan =Heat Matos
o Pain keAaptan})|Newnen Hindbrain Medula
in Skin Kelay Neunan
Cerebellum -Spina!God
NERVE TMPULSE TRAVEL Human Buain
by dendrit tip ofa
reeivedeell
Infnmatian 4newe Etetn =Musee in Aum " Bbrain coveing - Cranwum (bory box)
Spinal cod oring - Vetebal'alumn
Reflx Are " Fumetn
Seta heica eaehan heastu n Newomwcuh 1 fahebron Main tiwking pat; speialaed
JAxon
eletial mgue Tetian tan heaing, smal,aght,et;Aes al
inpotaut ifoaton, contrds movemnt
Ingud tavels hom neutan cul bady to ot vautay mseles; As
ending Musele satiety (ypahalam)
ibe a meeemts
Midbai Reloy cente, iwaluntut
Inupule caes slase of checas by Cagillasy Mitochonda
3. Hindbain i Contals blood Aalivatan
NeuomWseuJwnetien
The chuicala paas trough e agnapte astian, ointalnia body poatu &balawte
Mucda cells, have special pratuis Hhat (cenehellun);
change ahape & uaugemut n panie
WTOAnRDNao
PLANT COORDINATION
ANTHAL
HORMONES Hoxumane huieols sated
vaniaus endoine qlands
Banding f. ito the blaed thaupastd to ugans whee
TMMEDIATE RESPONSE To STIMULUS plant Jowids diuetly
.ue eletuial dhy at by suqlatug weabalic puaeses
puam c to celu
Jsqulated by
"No spueiised tiue npdantt fon candution of infornatian eedbak machanisw Pineal Gland Hypadhalanu Pieal Glad
. plast celle change ahapa lby changing teehe amount af watu
(cell Awelling ax skrinking) Hypathalanu -Rikuttoy Gdand
Rihuiy Gend
furathyaid Glande Glad
MovEMENT DuE To GROwTH -Tlayraid Gland
"EnDnmutal Jatas Aueh a ight, at qravity will Thymus PorathynaidA
change he diatian that plaut ymaw d Gands
"Can 'be either towards he atiuus ar away ram it Adwnal Glaude Aduenal
Shaat - bend towards Light Negetiey Paneeas Gands
Reat - bnds away om the gatnapia
Geatiaptami Upwand'g' douwnard giowt Tuti
(a) (b)
eupane to te graity Poaitiey Endocis CGlands in Hwman Beins (a) Male;(b) Pemae
geotrapie" ENDOCRINE DISEASES
HORMONE FUNCTIONS
PLANT HoRMONES DoANCyGEAMINAYMArutITYFLANGRPEN INGAssassioN GLAND
1 Auxin" Syntheaised when grong plants detiet ight [Link] Pihuitay
"Syntheised a the dhoattihs Houmane Gand Gigantism
Hs ehe eelle to grow ang Tayreid Requlata anbalydat haitbe(Swolln
towands the ahady at the haet Aide Hoene Glaud pratin 2 at matabaliam neck) Toduie

Aheat which is away Bsn ight 3. Inauli Poeas Requlats blaod suga Didbetes
Jirel
" Plant appeans ts bund towds iht 4. Textosterone Teates Derelopmt of wale
2 Gibbeellini" Hlp in the Ax Ogaus) ete

3. ytokinini Paomats cel diuiaian s.0utnogoe Ovavias

Aeeda
Menatal uyca, ete
cell diiaian Aeh as in buit [Link] Adanal Gland Boapares body tan
4Abacinte Aeid ?-Tihiti osth. Tiu efct ineude
Houeny
HypoBhalamus Stmulatu' pituituy
 DNA n tue cel wleus she inkoMton 3. REGENERATION
sOuNLL Jor making poates "In td, braken piecas ol an ndiuidual
piotins will be made Jending to atoud how no Aparat ndividals
bedy deaigns "Pydra 2 Planana - Ahs egenenaton
bait event in reprodution - eatian af Bnaxy Fisian In Amoeba Apecialiued
DNA OPY "Theu cells palifoati
"ADNA'’
xepnodieng ell - builds copis af thes
diuidas nto two celll 2 make a waas |---1

BRAA
cells
"lopiu at DNA ae fomed ith ome vatiatins
"DGA wpis genratd will be ainuilas, but ay changs o become variouis typu
nat be iduital to the origial cell Planaia
. Vauation: Diferand betseen te indinidual "Ohangu tate plaee in u ngaried
sequine (Develapmut
Ewironmeuntal fautas Aueh as tunpenatue, binauy Ficaien n Leiulmaia
watu Jewels oi a matearite hit can dhratially [Link]
"Planeodium malanial pahauite - dáaids üta Regeate eds kuaun as buds develop
populatian ould be wped out many daugle
augt ell aimultaneoualy (Mul
elld Ainaltaneoual, (Mutile a an autaronth
glae thn
ould gtue thum
Vaniatin in feus indiniduals woutd Theu buds davelap io ty indiduals
Nucaus byut detach am Jha pakeut 'body to fonu
Mews indiidual
Apeees ower tne

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Pannt lel Mauy mudai containad Gyut breoki 2

dauakter ells
Bud

"Mode of epnoductn in which a new Multie fiasian In Plasodium

a laaed
Budding In Hydre
produced by a aingle pakent 5. VEGaETATIVE PRORAGATION Buds
"Yeaat - Awall buds hat aspanata qrsur "Dcews in plauts jin whi a new
[Link]
"Oecwu in unicelllos organms plant gransi fum a fragment
2. FRAGMENTATION
Doent pattns of fitan kone bun
obsewed "In multielluar osganiams uita mes plant
"bacterie 2 protozoa. Amply aplit wito aingle body qanishtian
Spinogyha -Simgly bruaks 6 SPORE FORMATION spaxs
Hiuoeba- Spltting of tuo ella taked plare ito inal pieei up
Septum sparangia, whish when
LadhnaalCas'Kala-aza)- wip ke matunit disperad Ýeate a neus indinidual
Atruetune - dinion in a defiti oietatien Spixoqya Exampla ?Rhizopus
 - add
" lands : Praotat 2 Aeminal wessds

grain, ca be ateky prouides wututin do thu spem

-Pyaduetian af
at mew aganisme by the dong til
Sperm - lautais qute natuial 2 acell
COnhinatian quatie mateia BOvay -swalen bos, contais ovude fr nonenent toward Jenak gehun
JMdiniduals
kout dexes germ cell )
Vas
Qlodde Seuinal
Vealele
astat
huiduet Fallepian Tube

aond -Utuus
('uproductie oxgan) Male hem Syratum Ovoy
Cel Teatis
Jhe Aame owe Tube Peuis
elanasomes half te anouut ot DNA(maidais) Cras pollinaton: [Link] Orany
female
-Uneta
Female Reeroduetine
"Male geo cell swall motle
female germ cell -lange, han- matide 2 eantaanu
Male Repnoduetlue
Aguta of paluatin: akd, Sytn
stod fod. waten o auials
Pellen Gewinatian Fumale Resoduetie yateni Located u
1.S¬XUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLowERING the abdoina cauty
[Link] diids ARnal times ta fon "Female qon cells (e)ae made novatias
PLANTS
Repuoduetiu agen - e flowen 2.0vae duelops a tou coat 2 caet Upon puboty , egg caied framm ovy to Jae
utous (wowb) va te falopan tube (ouiduc
FutuM
Atamns 2 pitl [Link] uipens do form a fuit Ahaat)
Duing iterebu, Spem Erte vaginal
Radila
"Flowes be
Lontains eith Atamen
"Ewbruyo uwdr apoiat cauditians
pasdage (Futue
haat)
-wiAeKual davelaj iato e aillig (quwinatin) "ftelied egg (Zygti) fams
piatil.g Papaya , watomalan Embyo Tglands Ütous deps Foet
-biauxual catas bett atamen e putil [Link] RERRODUCTION IN HUMANS Llazenta:Speial tiaana whid lelas the enbryo
eq: Hibus, matad
*Pubutyi Peied dunng adalesewe when the qet nuttton, gaseaus echong, 2 waate
Anthe
down 2 upsoduutie taus begn to matu" Gheatation peiadli 9 manths
Paati Shyle Petal Mau Repwduete kytni Located in the he eg¡ ia nat fetilsed -utouu linig
albdomial cowiky Vagina a lwleed and mueeu (Menutation)
"Fouumatoin ot gon clls (sprm) n teutes "Menstuatin- d o 8 days
Sepal "Teates s loeatd autde the abdoinal
Repxodustie HealteiContrarept matheds
HLquias dowu tpatuu ae deuced to aald
Longitudinal Section 97 flouwen "TeutostMe Jugulatud formatian f apoum -Mechaueal buwex -Ceyo
"Male rupductu pant stamen Acomday aia chaiatoy in biys - Contracepbiz pilla
prodces - pollen aain yelouah daferu -bnbaceptie deuic
"Spous ae' daliarud thnaugh vas dafevan -The dap, copper -T
denices -The
Powden - cantin wale gom cells ’ wnta (comnn passage for aperm Sungial mathadi - Cutting 2 tig ves
*Fomale supnoduetie pat- iitl
hade af tivee parts
VARIATION qm c l wil hane Que chomoAame

.he differenes in the chanate a. tuait WeRED will atoe R

cells canaine , h
oweames in the pogentt
(Tis ensuwes the Atabili DNA nApecis!)
Dnigunal anganism (A (6 Paneut Sex Dotumination
(C) Gatan YYRR
Uildren ok A with " Genes heited lrem awn paeti deude
subtla dfnees Gants whethen we will' be a male ar a fewale
" Al uman chOmaons ae wt pad
(ALl are dienent) Fhut -Tatal coOmesames in bumans = 46
Geneatn = 23 pas
AWval ha enirmment 556 aedi
a3 paiu - 22 paüu t t, pai
Secand Yelow- ownd (Bomati (Sex
Gumstian clonasoe) coonosomea)
HEREDITY YYRRYYRsYuRRyuRun
315

108
Ond
3
- Sex ehomasomes n emae
(pufeet pain)
faaing of charaetns fram paonta to
genenation to auather 3
geneaton e-wnkld
Nosal-ahed
-1hhenitd thaity : anactes Jhat ae 32 1 Sex of the childen will be detvnined by
tranfeud by tue paenti to what' y inheit am tin athe
i, eudy Independent Tahenitae af Tauo &eparsta Hait

Mende's Contributiens "lellutan DNA JA the iufoumaion Male female

hdagan Joha Mendel (1822- 1884)
eell
ton making paatiins n he
pea. plant Paxental
Genation
Tus pratn dan be paut of abuutue,
wtnastig iaible "A Ation af DNA that poids Camates 8
Aharatesu'Ach as inlomatian"fox ne pten is caled
- Haud winkd Faeret
Auds Geuatype Al T
-tallahnt plaute Gameti, T& " Each chaate has two seti af al
- whitol violet gunes each pat contibutes a
tt

Hoa, "Eoh gene set

indeperident piee n chsonaomes Female Male
t= saine tait Thus, eah ell wil) hare two
Tr:Tt: tt = 1:2:1 Monobybnid Creus eheh elomoome, aue fuom male
Tall :Dusas 3:1 tram feuale parelt Sex Detninatan Lu Huwma Buwas
 Top CasunivCxes
Caivas
Hucblvaus
EcoSYSTEM) Poduens
Sunl'yht
Flow at enney is nidirectianal qea
tach step aN Jave of tae food chain fanus Energy'aaille
togeth wth the wen- iuing at each trophic Awd
Autotnopds JPaoduesst - iophic dwel dininiihed poeiey de to Lens f at eaeh lovel
L tof bidte CAmpenent - nedes Smal!
Aaaisms ahiatie compOavts (ENVIRONMENTAL POLUTIoN
Cauivoul
Tet consumNs - 4"thophic deel
paishall, wid, sel' minvals lavg:
Caivahel
Some haswkul chenieas Jike
peaticuides
Deree Ew hrougl te food hain
lakes
Naturl uosytene - foreat, ponds ae nat degadable
rop-fields Guatouany " hese ehicals at each trapie dvel
LAutihiad eeoaytems- Gardans Cansu Eagle
" They qet aceunulatd acwmlaton
Bialogial Magniliatáni lhses of
foct by phato Caniunes Suake
plat Aeme baetea. than Hhatocsig
Spaow Frog to a conentbuation igkerliing esianment
Consums snanganie, o - onsme - maxinwm
Rat

diutly un dhe being - top Juvl

'ay phoduers
fod produeadHeelvosad, eanivas, Omuvetes
Yyuiway /
Cansums/Butterl Ghashaoa Aut Caterpillbr &e
" Humau
aeumulatan of cheiials in our
bodis

bkeakdoun a PLat Con

Ozone Depletion i Ozons (0,) - Moleuula
Duopoaar Ohgaisms that
Te
rodues
Taphit lewels f aygen ldeadly pouson)
gani
ainple
Aubataweas to fore by thne adoms
atmaphu, 020ne shields
tonplex ubataued. Baeteria mgi. "lovds of

FooD CHaIN) (FooD Wee UV Ozone JOzon

hale

chains inteLOWneted t (Ozona) Depletuin

" Netwok of food Aruount oft ozone in tue atuasplee
begen
dnop shay. dealetan- Chlarouooanbos (CC)
to anothe
Maui sounce 8f
Waly " UV sadiation"i igkly damaging hLwan beinga)
(known tocaue Lkin cawee bxogyuanne
In fort Lion "198% - Uited Natisns Enusbonment
Dee CC poductian
Rat (UNEP) - complatay atopped
- Buoductio i " Nen- biodegradable
frag Snake Eagle Ganbage
substanes
(uhtanees that cannat Be
buoken
kawn
Gnesaland
Flowen
te
douon boy membens action o sapraphu) may
Mangaed Vaiaus of Be eroAyatem
(osun Lavonder
Smal Lag food web
Flowe
Food hain