`kg Aa¨vq

LwbR m¤ú` : avZz-AavZz

Mineral Resources : Metals-Non

LECTURE SHEET

 f‚Z¡‡Ki Dcv`vb : c„w_exi Dcwifv‡Mi gvwUi AveiY n‡jv

f‚Z¡K| f‚Z¡K bvbv cÖKvi LwbR Dcv`v‡b MwVZ| Aw·‡Rb
46%, wmwjKb 27%, A¨vjywgwbqvg 8%, Avqib 5%,
K¨vjwmqvg 4%, cUvwmqvg 3%, †mvwWqvg 3%,
g¨vM‡bwmqvg 2% G Dcv`vb¸‡jv Øviv f‚Z¡K MwVZ|
 avZz : †hme †gŠwjK c`v_© (1) D¾¡j I PKP‡K, (2)
mvaviY Ae¯’vq KwVb, (3) IR‡b fvix, (4) AvNvZ Ki‡j avZe
kã Drcbœ nq, (5) Zvc I we`y¨‡Zi cwievnx †mme †gŠwjK
c`v_©‡K avZz e‡j| †hgb : K¨vjwmqvg, †mvbv, iæcv,
Zvgv BZ¨vw`| cÖvq me avZzB mvaviY Ae¯’vq KwVb
_v‡K| Z‡e cvi` avZz n‡jI ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Zij|
 AavZz : †hme †gŠwjK c`v_© (1) mvaviY Ae¯’vq KwVb,
Zij ev M¨vmxq, (2) IR‡b nvjKv, (3) D¾¡j ev PKP‡K bq, (4)
mn‡R †f‡O hvq, (5) AvNvZ Ki‡j avZe kã Drcbœ nq bv,
(6) Zvc I we`y¨‡Zi Acwievnx †mme †gŠwjK c`v_©‡K
AavZz e‡j| †hgb : nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, mvjdvi, Kve©b
BZ¨vw`| Kve©b Ges mvjdvi AavZz n‡jI KwVb| Kve©b
Avevi Zvc I we`y¨r cwievnx| Av‡qvwWb AavZz n‡jI
PKP‡K|
 wkjv : wkjv g~jZ †hŠwMK c`v_©| c„w_ex hLb DËß
Ae¯’vq wQj ZLb c„w_exi †gŠwjK c`v_©¸‡jv Avjv`v wQj|
c„w_ex ax‡i ax‡i kxZj nIqvq G †gŠwjK c`v_©My‡jv
wg‡jwg‡k `vbv †eu‡a bvbv iKg †hŠwMK c`v_© ˆZwi K‡i|
Gme `vbv‡K †Kjvm e‡j| Gme `vbv Pvc †eu‡a wkjv MVb
K‡i‡Q|
 Av‡Mœq wkjv : DËß Zij Ae¯’v †_‡K Zvc wewKi‡Yi d‡j
kxZj I KwVb nIqvi mg‡q c„w_exi Af¨šÍ‡i †h wkjvi m„wó
 nq Zv‡K Av‡Mœq wkjv e‡j| Av‡Mœq wkjv †KjvwmZ Ges
G wkjvi ùwUK †`Lv hvq| G wkjv mn‡R ÿqcÖvß nq bv|
 cvjwjK wkjv : mgy`ª, b`x ev n«‡`i Zj‡`‡k ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i cwj
mwÂZ n‡q RgvU †eu‡a †h wkjvi m„wó nq Zv‡K cvjwjK
wkjv e‡j| G wkjvq ùwUK _v‡K bv| nvjKv I mn‡R ÿqcÖvß
nq| ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi Rxevk¥ cvIqv hvq|
 LwbR : wewfbœ cÖKvi wkjvi MVb Dcv`vbB LwbR|
LwbR n‡”Q GKwU †hŠwMK c`v_© hvi m„wó n‡q‡Q
f‚Z¡‡K cÖvß `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ¯^vfvweK †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi
ivmvqwbK ms‡hv‡M| Z‡e Ggb LwbRI Av‡Q hv GKwU gvÎ
†gŠwjK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi| †hgb : nxiv, †mvbv, MÜK,
Zvgv BZ¨vw`| cÖK…wZ‡Z nxiv I †mvbv †gŠwjK
Ae¯’v‡ZB cvIqv hvq| mvjdvi, Zvgv BZ¨vw` †gŠwjK I
†hŠwMK Dfq Ae¯’v‡ZB cvIqv hvq|
 mwµqZvµg : me‡P‡q †ewk Zwor abvZ¥K avZz¸‡jv Dc‡i
Ges Zv A‡cÿv Kg mwµq avZz‡K wb‡P ewm‡q avZzi
GKwU msL¨vµg cvIqv hvq| G‡K avZzmg~‡ni mwµqZvµg
ejv nq| mwµqZvµ‡gi Dc‡ii w`‡Ki avZz cUvwmqvg,
K¨vjwmqvg, †mvwWqvg, g¨vM‡bwmqvg I
A¨vjywgwbqvg cÖf„wZ Zxeª Zwor abvZ¥K Ges AwaK
mwµq| G avZz¸‡jv cÖK…wZ‡Z gy³ Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq bv|
G‡`i †hŠM †_‡K Zwor we‡kølY Øviv gy³ Kiv nq|
g¨v½vwbR, wRsK, †µvwgqvg I Avqib avZzmg~n ga¨g
mwµq| cÖK…wZ‡Z Giv A·vBW, Kve©‡bU ev mvjdvBW
wn‡m‡e _v‡K| Gme avZz‡K †KvK Kqjv ev Kve©b
g‡bv·vBW Øviv weRvwiZ K‡i wb®‹vkb Kiv nq|
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wb‡Pi avZzmg~n †hgb Kcvi I wmjfvi Kg
mwµq e‡j cÖK…wZ‡Z Zv‡`i †gŠj Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq|
G¸‡jvi wb®‹vkb mnRmva¨|
 AvKwiK : †hme LwbR †_‡K jvfRbKfv‡e avZz wb®‹vkb
Kiv hvq Zv‡K AvKwiK e‡j| †hgb : A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi
AvKwiK e·vBU (Al2O3, 2H2O), `¯Ívi AvKwiK wRsK †eøÛ
(ZnS)|
 avZz wb®‹vkb : AvKwiK †_‡K gy³ avZz Drcbœ Kivi
c×wZ‡K avZz wb®‹vkb ejv nq| avZz wb®‹vkb cÖK…
Zc‡ÿ GKwU weRviY cÖwµqv|
 Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ avZz wb®‹vkb : †h
cÖwµqvq MwjZ A_ev `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv Zwor
we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Zwor Pvjbv Ki‡j c`v_©wUi
ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b N‡U Ges bZzb ag©wewkó c`v_©
Drcbœ nq Zv‡`i‡K Zwor we‡kølY ejv nq| me‡P‡q †ewk
Zwor abvZ¥K avZz †hgb : cUvwmqvg, †mvwWqvg,
K¨vjwmqvg, g¨vM‡bwmqvg I A¨vjywgwbqvg Zwor
we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wb®‹vkb Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z Zwor
we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jv †f‡O c‡RwUf Ges †b‡MwUf
Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| c‡RwUf Avqb‡K K¨vUvqb Ges †b‡MwUf
Avqb‡K A¨vbvqb ejv nq| K¨vUvqb Zwor ivmvqwbK
†Kv‡li K¨v‡_v‡Wi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zwor
wbi‡cÿ cigvYy ev g~j‡K cwiYZ nq| A¨vbvqb Zwor
ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li A¨v‡bv‡Wi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m B‡jKUªb
eR©b K‡i Zwor wbi‡cÿ cigvYy ev g~j‡K cwiYZ nq|
 Kve©b weRvi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ avZz wb®‹vkb : Kve©b
weRvi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ ga¨g mwµq avZz g¨v½vwbR, wRsK,
†µvwgqvg I Avqib wb®‹vkb Kiv nq| mvaviYZ avZzmg~n
cÖK…wZ‡Z A·vBW ev jeY wn‡m‡e _v‡K| Gme A·vBW ev
jeY AvqwbK †hŠM, hvi g‡a¨ avZz K¨vUvqb wn‡m‡e
_v‡K| A·vBW ev jeY n‡Z avZz wb®‹vk‡bi mgq avZz
cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zwor wbi‡cÿ
cigvYy‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Avgiv Rvwb, B‡jKUªb MÖnY n‡”Q
weRviY; †Kv‡bv weRviK B‡jKUªb cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb : wRsK
cÖK…wZ‡Z wRsK mvjdvBW ZnS ev Zn2+S2, wRsK
Kve©‡bU ZnCO3 ev Zn2+CO32Ges wRsK A·vBW ZnO ev
Zn2+O2 wn‡m‡e _v‡K| wb®‹vk‡bi cÖ_g w`‡Ki avcmg~‡n
Zv‡`i wRsK A·vB‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| AZtci, Kve©b Øviv
weRviY K‡i wRsK avZz gy³ Kiv nq|
 avZzmg~‡ni cÖavb AvKwiK
avZ AvKwi‡Ki bvg
z
Na Lvevi jeY (NaCl), mëwcUvi (NaNO3), mvwRgvwU
 (Na2CO3)
Al e·vBU (Al2O3.2H2O), Wvqv‡¯úvi (Al2O3.H2O),
†KIwjb (Al2O3. 2SiO2. 2H2O), †dj¯úvi (K2O2. Al2O3.
6SiO2)
Zn wRsK †eøÛ (ZnS), K¨vjvgvBb (ZnCO3), wRsKvBU
(ZnO), d«v¼wjbvBU (ZnO. Fe2O3)
Ca Pzbvcv_i (CaCO3), wRcmvg (CaSO4. 2H2O),
dm‡dvivBU Ca3(PO4)2
Mg W‡jvgvBU (MgCO3. CaCO3), g¨vM‡bmvBU
(MgCO3), KvB‡mivBU (MgSO4.H2O)
Pb M¨v‡jbv (PbS), Avs‡jmvBU (PbSO4), †jW IKvi
(PbO)
Fe g¨vM‡bUvBU (Fe3O4), †ngvUvBU (Fe2O3),
wj‡gvbvBU (Fe2O3.3H2O)
Cu Pvj‡KvmvBU (Cu2S), Kcvi cvBivBUm (CuFeS2),
wKDcÖvBU (Cu2O), †Pj‡KvmvBU (Cu2S)
 msKi avZz : `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK avZz mgmË¡ ev
AmgmË¡ wgkª‡Y †h KwVb c`v_© ˆZwi nq Zv‡K msKi
avZz e‡j| msKi avZz Zvi Dcv`vb †gŠj¸‡jv †_‡K †ewk
bgbxq, NvZmn Ges ÿq Kg nq| avZz A‡cÿv avZz msKi
A‡bK †ewk e¨envi Dc‡hvMx|
 K‡qKwU msKi avZzi bvg, Dcv`vb Ges e¨envi
msKi Dcv`vb I kZKiv e¨envi
av cwigvY
Zz
wcZj Cu  65%, Zn  35% evmbcÎ, g~wZ©, bj
ev BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z
eªv
m
Kuvmv Cu - 90%, Sn  10% evmbcÎ, gy`ªv, g~wZ©
ev cÖf„wZ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z
 †eª
vÄ
w÷j Fe - 99%, C - 1% Qywi, KuvwP, hvbevnb,
RvnvR, K…wl hš¿cvwZ,
BwÄb BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z
Wyivjv Al - 95%, Cu - 4% wegvb I †gvUi Mvwoi
wg Mg, Mn I Fe - 1% wewfbœ Ask Ges hš¿vsk
b ˆZwi‡Z
†÷Bb‡j Fe-74%, Cr18%, iæcvi g‡Zv PKP‡K G avZz
m Ni8% msKi evmbcÎ, Qywi, KuvwP
w÷j cÖf„wZ ˆZwi‡Z
bvB‡µ Ni  60%, Fe  25%, Cr ˆe`y¨wZK wnUvi,
vg  15% ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿ ˆZwi‡Z
¯^Y© 24 K¨v‡iU100% Au; AjsKvi ˆZwi‡Z|
21 K¨v‡iU  87.5% Au
I 12.5% Cu; 22
K¨v‡iU 91.67% Au I
8.33% Cu
¥ †R‡b ivL
 c„w_exi Dcwifv‡Mi gvwUi AveiY n‡jv f‚Z¡K|
 f‚Z¡‡K Dcw¯’Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †gŠjmg~n n‡jv Aw·‡Rb
(46%), wmwjKb (27%), A¨vjywgwbqvg (8%), Avqib
(5%), K¨vjwmqvg (4%), cUvwmqvg (3%), †mvwWqvg
(3%) I g¨vM‡bwmqvg (2%)|
 G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖavb `ywU Dcv`vb AavZz Avi evwK¸‡jv
avZz|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß avZzmg~n gy³ Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq bv|
Giv †hŠM wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z mwµq avZzmg~‡ni †hŠM cÖPzi Av‡Q Avi Kg
mwµq avZzi †hŠM Lye Kg cvIqv hvq|
 Ag, Cu, Zn, Sn, Pb Kg mwµq avZz Ges G¸‡jv g~j¨evb|
 wbw®Œq avZz ¯^Y©‡K cÖK…wZ‡Z gy³ Ae¯’vq cvIqv
†M‡jI Zv cÖvq weij|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z cvIqv hvq Ggb 98wU †gŠ‡ji Pvi fv‡Mi wZb
fvMB avZz|
cÖK…wZ‡Z avZzi g‡Zv AavZzmg~nI †hŠM wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb
K‡i| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AavZz †hgb mvjdvi gy³ †gŠj
wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq|

¥ †R‡b ivL
 AwaKvsk wkjv KZ¸‡jv k³ KYvi wgkª‡Y m„wó n‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ LwbR c`v_© wgwkªZ n‡q GB KYv¸‡jv ˆZwi
n‡q‡Q|
 wkjv memgq GK iKg _v‡K bv| AvenvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_
A_©vr ZvcgvÎv, e„wó, Kzqvkv, So, evqycÖevn BZ¨vw`
Kvi‡Y wkjv ÿqcÖvß nq|
 Pzbvcv_i e„wói cvwb‡Z ay‡q mvM‡i hvq| †mLv‡b Zjvwb
R‡g Pzbvcv_i I †e‡jcv_i m„wó nq|
 Zjvwb wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Rgv nq| GRb¨ wkjv‡Z wewfbœ ¯Íi
†`Lv hvq|
 wm‡g›U RvZxq c`v_© CaCO3 ¶z`ª KYv¸‡jv‡K k³ K‡i a‡i
†i‡L cv_i ev wkjvq cwiYZ K‡i| GB wkjv cvjwjK wkjv|
 g„Z mvgyw`ªK cÖevj ev wSbyK-kvgy‡Ki †Lvmv Zjvwb‡Z
R‡g Pzbvcv_‡i cwiYZ nq|
 f‚M‡f©i D”P Zv‡c wkjv M‡j hvq| GB MwjZ Ae¯’v‡K
g¨vMgv e‡j|
g¨vMgv VvÊv n‡j KwVb wkjvq cwiYZ nq| GB wkjv‡K
Av‡Mœq wkjv e‡j|

¥ †R‡b ivL
 f‚c„‡ô ev f‚M‡f© †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkjv¯Í~‡c cÖPzi
cwigv‡Y †hŠM A_ev gy³ †gŠj wn‡m‡e g~j¨evb avZz ev
AavZz cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv‡K LwbR e‡j|
 †gŠj I †hŠM we‡ePbvq LwbR c`v_© `yB cÖKvi|
h_v : †gŠwjK LwbR I †hŠwMK LwbR|
 ¯^Y©, nxiv, MÜK BZ¨vw` c`v_©‡K cÖK…wZ‡Z †gŠwjK
c`v_© iƒ‡c cvIqv hvq| GRb¨ G¸‡jv †gŠwjK LwbR| Avi
evwK mKj LwbR †hŠwMK LwbR|
 †fŠZ Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq LwbR wZb cÖKvi| h_v : KwVb, Zij I
M¨vmxq LwbR|
g¨vM‡bUvBU, e·vBU, mvjdvi ev MÜK KwVb Lwb‡Ri D`vniY|
gvK©vwi ev cvi`, †c‡Uªvwjqvg Zij Lwb‡Ri D`vniY| cÖvK…
wZK M¨vm M¨vmxq Lwb‡Ri D`vniY|
¥ †R‡b ivL
 LwbR m¤ú` f‚M‡f,© f‚Z¡‡K ev f‚c„‡ô Ae¯’vb K‡i|
 †b·Kvbvi weRqcy‡ii mv`v gvwU ev †KIwjb f‚c„‡ô
wUjviƒ‡c we`¨gvb|
 K·evRvi mgy‡`ª DcK‚‡ji evwj †_‡K wRiKb-wRi‡Kvwbqv‡gi
AvKwiK, iæUvBj-UvBUvwbqv‡gi AvKwiK Ges
†gvbvRvBU-†_vwiqvg AvKwiK BZ¨vw` LwbR c`v_©
AvniY Kiv nq|
†jvnv ev Avqi‡bi LwbR †ngvUvBU, A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi LwbR
e·vBU ev Kqjvi g‡Zv LwbR f‚Z¡‡K cvIqv hvq|

¥ †R‡b ivL
 †h mKj LwbR †_‡K jvfRbKfv‡e avZz wb®‹vkb Kiv hvq
Zv‡K AvKwiK e‡j|
 cÖK…wZRvZ AvKwi‡Ki ˆewkó¨ n‡jv G‡`i ivmvqwbK
Dcv`vb mywbw`©ó|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z g¨vM‡bUvBU me©`vB weï× _v‡K Avevi
e·vB‡U Av`ª©Zv _v‡K|
Lwb‡Z AvKwi‡Ki mv‡_ evwj, cv_i, Kv`vgvwU I Ab¨vb¨
AcÖ‡qvRbxq c`v_© Ac`ªe ev †fRvj wn‡m‡e _v‡K| GB
Ac`ªe‡K LwbRgj e‡j|

¥ †R‡b ivL
 AvKwiK †_‡K avZz wb®‹vkb mvaviYZ cuvPwU av‡c
m¤úbœ nq| h_v- 1. AvKwiK weP‚Y©b, 2. AvKwi‡Ki
NbxKiY, 3. NbxK…Z AvKwiK‡K A·vB‡W iƒcvšÍi, 4. avZe
A·vBW‡K gy³ avZz‡Z iƒcvšÍi I 5. avZz we‡kvab|
 AvKwiK weP‚Y©b Kivi mg‡q cÖ_‡g †Rv µvkv‡i †QvU
†QvU UzKiv Kiv nq Ges c‡i ej µvkv‡i cvDWv‡i cwiYZ Kiv
nq|
 AvKwiK †_‡K LwbRgj `~i Kivi c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv- K. AwfKl©
e‡ji mnvqZvq c„_KxKiY, L. †Zj †dbv fvmgvb c×wZ, M.
†PŠ¤^Kxq c„_KxKiY I N. ivmvqwbK c×wZ|
 NbxK…Z AvKwiK‡K A·vB‡W iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv- K.
f¯§xKiY I L. ZvcRviY|
 AvKwiK n‡jv avZe A·vBW Ges GB avZe A·vBW‡K
Kve©bmn Zvc w`‡j avZz gy³ nq, GB cÖwµqv‡K Kve©b
weRviY e‡j|
 avZzi AvKwi‡Ki mv‡_ †klch©šÍ wKQz LwbRgj †_‡K hvq| GB
LwbRgj `~i Kivi Rb¨ AvKwi‡Ki mv‡_ d¬v· ev weMvjK †hvM
Kiv nq|
 weMjb cÖwµqvq cÖvß avZz‡K Avi weï× Kivi Rb¨ Zwor
we‡kvab Kiv nq|
AwaK mwµq avZz †hgb : wjw_qvg, cUvwmqvg,
K¨vjwmqvg, †mvwWqvg, g¨vM‡bwmqvg Ges
A¨vjywgwbqvg avZzi jeY ev AvKwi‡Ki Zwor we‡køl‡Y
avZz gy³ nq| GRb¨ jeY ev AvKwiK‡K Mjv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv|

¥ †R‡b ivL
 mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m wLªóc~e© 5000 †_‡K 3000 ch©šÍ
mgqKvj‡K Zvgª hyM ejv nq|
 wLªóc~e© 3000 †_‡K 1000 ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K †eªvÄ hyM
ejv nq|
 MwjZ Ae¯’vq GKvwaK avZz‡K wgwkªZ K‡i avZz msKi
ˆZwi Kiv nq| avZz A‡cÿv avZz msKi A‡bK †ewk e¨envi
Dc‡hvMx|
 avZe †jvnv Ges AavZz Kve©‡bi wgkªY n‡jv w÷j| †jvnvi
mv‡_ Kve©b, wb‡Kj I †µvwgqvg wgwk‡q gwiPvwenxb
B¯úvZ (†÷Bb‡jm w÷j) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| †jvnv †_‡K w÷j ev
†÷Bb‡jm w÷j A‡bK †ewk e¨envi Dc‡hvMx| †Kv‡bv avZz
ev avZz msKi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb, †hgb- Aw·‡Rb I cvwbi
mv‡_ ivmvqwbK wµqvq ÿq nq| GB ÿq nIqvi nvi wbf©i
K‡i avZzi mwµqZvi Ici|
 bZzb Zvgvi ev Kcv‡ii eY© †Mvjvwc ev Zvgv‡U|
wKQzw`b †i‡L w`‡j Gi eY© ev`vwg n‡q hvq| KviY Gi Dci
Kcvi A·vB‡Wi AveiY ˆZwi nq|
 Zvgªgj n‡jv [Link](OH)2| G¸‡jv ˆRe Gwm‡W `ªexf‚Z
nq| ZvB G¸‡jv (†ZuZzj, KvgivOv) Øviv wcZj ev Kcv‡ii
mvgMÖx cwi®‹vi Ki‡j nviv‡bv †mŠ›`h© wd‡i Av‡m|
 ¯^Y© I cøvwUbvg wbw®Œq avZz| nvRvi eQ‡iI ÿq nq
bv|
†jvnv ev w÷j wKQzw`b †i‡L w`‡j Gi Ici Rs ev gwiPv a‡i|
GwU g~jZ Av`ª© Avqib (II) A·vBW [Fe2O3. nH2O]| †jvnv ev
w÷‡j gwiPv aivi Rb¨ cvwb I Aw·‡Rb `ywUB cÖ‡qvRb|
GKwU Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j Avi gwiPv a‡i bv|

¥ †R‡b ivL
 c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZwU †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cwigvY wbw`©ó|
bZzb K‡i †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK c`v_© m„wó Kiv m¤¢e bq|
 eZ©gvb nv‡i avZz e¨envi Ki‡Z _vK‡j G ch©šÍ c„w_ex‡Z
Avwe®‹…Z avZzi LwbR AvMvgx 120-150 eQ‡i †kl n‡q
hv‡e|
 avZzi cybtcÖwµqvRvZKiY cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vi mgvav‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡Z A_© I R¡vjvwb mvkªq nq|
 Al wb®‹vk‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq R¡vjvwbi gvÎ 5% LiP K‡i
mgcwigvY Al avZz cybtcÖwµqvRvZ Kiv hvq|
 cÖavbZ Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb BZ¨vw` cybtcÖwµqvRvZKiY Kiv nq|
 hy³iv‡óª e¨eüZ †gvU Cu Gi 21% cybtcÖwµqvRvZK…Z
BD‡iv‡c e¨eüZ Al Gi 60% cybtcÖwµqvRvZK…Z|
Ilya †Kv¤úvwbi U¨ve‡j‡U Al avZzi w÷ªc _v‡K| G‡K
cybtcÖwKqvRvZ K‡i Al avZz cvIqv m¤¢e|

¥ †R‡b ivL
 cÖvK…wZK LwbRmg~n †_‡K †Kej avZz bq AavZzI cvIqv
hvq| †hgb : Kve©‡bi LwbR Kqjv, wmwjK‡bi LwbR
wmwjKv, dmdiv‡mi LwbR dm‡dU BZ¨vw`|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z mvjdvi gy³ Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq e‡j G‡K Lwb
†_‡K mivmwi AvniY Kiv nq|
 mvjdv‡ii Lwb †_‡K Avni‡Yi Rb¨ wZbwU GK‡Kw›`ªK bj
mvjdvi ¯Í‡ii Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| me©ewn¯’ bj w`‡q
D”P Pv‡c 1800C ZvcgvÎvq Rjxqev®ú cÖ‡ek Ki‡bv nq|
†K›`ªxq bjwU w`‡q D”P Pv‡c Mig evqy cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq|
Pv‡ci cÖfv‡e MwjZ mvjdvi gv‡Si bj w`‡q †ewi‡q Av‡m|
G‡K d«vk c×wZ e‡j|
 mvjdv‡ii Mjbv½ 1190C| hv 1800C ZvcgvÎvq Rjxqev‡®úi
ms¯ú‡k© M‡j hvq|
 H2SO4 ivevi fjKvbvBwRs, mvjdvWªvM, w`qvkjvB, eviæ` I
d‡UvMÖvwd‡Z e¨eüZ nvB‡cvmn wewfbœ Avek¨Kxq
†hŠM cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z mvjdvi e¨eüZ nq|
 S evqyi Aw·‡R‡b †cvov‡j SO2 M¨vm cvIqv hvq| GB M¨vm
GwmW e„wói Ab¨Zg KviY| GwU GKwU cÖavb evqy `~lK
c`v_©|
 wcuqv‡R i‡q‡Q mvjdv‡ii †cÖvcvBj †hŠM| wcuqvR KvUvi
mgq GB †hŠM we‡hvwRZ n‡q SO2 Drcbœ K‡i hv †Pv‡Li
cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© H2SO3 †Z cwiYZ nq Ges †PvL R¡vjv K‡i|
 GKwU †`‡k H2SO4 Drcv`b I e¨env‡ii cwigvY‡K H †`‡ki A_©
‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv ev wkívq‡bi gvb`Ê wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
 we‡k¦ H2SO4 e¨eüZ nq ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨ 21%, iÄK c`v‡_©
19%, mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›U 19%, K…wÎg myZvq 6%,
cøvw÷K 2.5%, mvi KviLvbvq 2% I w÷j Drcv`‡b 1.5%|
 ¯úk© †P¤^v‡i 400-4500C ZvcgvÎvq cøvwUbvg P‚Y© ev
V2O5 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q SO3
Drcbœ K‡i| G SO3 †K 98% H2SO4 -G †kvlY K‡i a~gvqgvb
H2SO4 Drcbœ Kiv nq| G‡K Iwjqvg ejv nq|
H2SO4 GwmW, RviK I wbiæ`K wn‡m‡e ivmvqwbK wewµqvq
Ask †bq

 Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi 

cÖkœ \ 1 \ avZz Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : †h mKj c`v_© NvZmnbxqZv, bgbxqZv, D¾¡jZv,
cwievwnZv, avZe kã BZ¨vw` ˆewkó¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i, Zv‡`i
avZz e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 2 \ cÖK…wZ‡Z avZz I AavZz mvaviYZ Kx
wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i?
DËi : cÖK…wZ‡Z avZz I AavZzmg~n mvaviYZ †hŠM
wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
cÖkœ \ 3 \ GKwU gy³ avZzi D`vniY `vI|
DËi : GKwU gy³ avZzi D`vniY n‡jv ¯^Y©|
cÖkœ \ 4 \ GKwU gy³ AavZzi D`vniY `vI|
DËi : GKwU gy³ AavZzi D`vniY n‡jv mvjdvi|
cÖkœ \ 5 \ cvjwjK wkjv Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : wm‡g›U RvZxq c`v_© K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU ¶z`ª
KYv‡K k³ K‡i a‡i ivLvi d‡j cv_‡ii b¨vq †h wkjv Drcbœ nq,
Zv‡K cvjwjK wkjv e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 6 \ Av‡Mœq wkjv Kx?
DËi : MwjZ g¨vMgv cybivq VvÊv n‡q †h KwVb wkjvq cwiYZ
nq Zv‡K Av‡Mœq wkjv ejv nq|
cÖkœ \ 7 \ wmivwgK KviLvbvq †Kvb ai‡bi gvwU
e¨eüZ nq?
DËi : wmivwgK KviLvbvq †KIwjb ev A¨vjywgwbqvg mg„×
gvwU e¨eüZ nq|
cÖkœ \ 8 \ Kx Kvi‡Y wkjv ÿqcÖvß nq?
DËi : ZvcgvÎv, e„wó, Kzqvkv, So, evqycÖevn BZ¨vw`i
Kvi‡Y wkjv ÿqcÖvß nq|
cÖkœ \ 9 \ avZzi mwµqZv µg Kx?
DËi : AwaKZi mwµq avZz‡K Dc‡i Ges Zv A‡cÿv Kg mwµq
avZz‡K wb‡P ewm‡q avZzi †h msL¨vµg cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K
avZzi mwµqZv µg e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 10 \ cÖK…wZ‡Z †j‡Wi cÖavb AvKwiK Kx?
DËi : cÖK…wZ‡Z †j‡Wi cÖavb AvKwiK M¨v‡jbv (PbS)|
cÖkœ \ 11 \ avZz wb®‹vkb Kx?
DËi : AvKwiK †_‡K Zwor we‡kølY, Kve©b weRviY, ZvcRviY
Øviv avZz gy³ Kivi c×wZ‡K avZz wb®‹vkb e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 12 \ avZzi Zwor we‡kvab Kx?
DËi : Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqvq AvKwiK †_‡K avZzi wb®‹vkb
cÖwµqv‡K avZzi Zwor we‡kvab e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 13 \ †¯§wës Kx?
DËi : †Kv‡bv avZzi AvKwiK‡K Mwj‡q Zv †_‡K avZzi
wb®‹vkb cÖwµqv‡K e‡j †¯§wës|
cÖkœ \ 14 \ M¨vjfvbvBwRs Kx?
DËi : †jvnvi ˆZwi †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi Ici wRsK I wUb w`‡q
cÖ‡jc †`Iqv‡K e‡j M¨vjfvbvBwRs|
cÖkœ \ 15 \ B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs Kx?
DËi : ˆe`y¨wZK c×wZ‡Z GKwU avZzi Ici Ab¨ avZzi cÖ‡jc
†`Iqv‡K B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 16 \ fvjKvbvBwRs Kx?
DËi : ivev‡ii ˆZwi wRwbmcÎ kw³kvjx I `xN©¯’vqx Kivi j‡ÿ¨
ivev‡ii mv‡_ mvjdvi wgkv‡bv‡K fvjKvbvBwRs e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 17 \ ZvcRviY Kx?
DËi : NbxK…Z AvKwiK‡K Zvc w`‡q A·vBW AvKwi‡K cwiYZ
Kiv‡K ZvcRviY ejv nq|
cÖkœ \ 18 \ d«vk c×wZ Kx?
DËi : Lwb †_‡K mvjdvi AvniY cÖwµqv‡K d«vk c×wZ e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 19 \ weiÄK Kx?
DËi : †hme c`v_© evqy ev cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z iwOb e¯‘‡K
eY©nxb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K weiÄK e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 20 \ Iwjqvg Kx?
DËi : a~gvqgvb mvjwdDwiK GwmW‡K Iwjqvg e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 21 \ cÖK…wZ‡Z A¨vjywgwbqvg Kx iƒ‡c
Ae¯’vb K‡i?
DËi : A¨vjywgwbqvg cÖK…wZ‡Z †hŠM wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb
K‡i|
cÖkœ \ 22 \ A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz wb®‹vk‡b
K¨v‡_v‡W Kx wewµqv msNwUZ nq?
DËi : A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz wb®‹vk‡Y K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY
wewµqv msNwUZ nq|
 Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ I DËi 
cÖkœ \ 1 \ evZ¨vPzwjø ej‡Z Kx †evS?
DËi : †jvnv wb®‹vk‡b e¨eüZ kZvwaK dzU `xN© bjvKvi
KvVv‡gv‡K evZ¨vPzwjø e‡j|
kZvwaK dzU `xN© G Pzwjøi gvSLvbwU A‡cÿvK…Z PIov,
B¯úv‡Zi †fZ‡ii w`‡K AwMœmn g„wËKvi cyiæ Av¯ÍiY †`qv
_v‡K| Pzwjøi wb‡Pi As‡k I Gi Pviw`‡K K‡qKwU k³ I †gvUv bj
_v‡K †h¸‡jv‡K UzB‡qi ejv nq|
cÖkœ \ 2 \ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K †Kb mwµqZv wmwi‡R ¯’vb
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q?
DËi : nvB‡Wªv‡Rb avZz bv n‡jI GwU Gwm‡W abvZ¥K
Avqb †`q Ges GwU B‡jKUªb Z¨vMx| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb weRviY
ÿgZv wn‡m‡e mwµqZv wmwi‡R ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ \ 3 \ AvKwiK gvÎB LwbR, wKš‘ me LwbR
AvKwiK bq †Kb?
DËi : AvKwiK gvÎB LwbR wKš‘ me LwbR AvKwiK bqÑ KviY
AvKwiK ej‡Z Avgiv wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv avZzi †mme LwbR‡K
eywS hv †_‡K mn‡R Ges myj‡f IB avZzwU wb®‹vkb Kiv
hvq| †hgb : A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi wZbwU LwbR h_vµ‡g- e·vBU,
†dj¯úvi Ges Wvqv¯úvi| G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kej e·vBU †_‡KB mn‡R I
Kg e¨‡q A¨vjywgwbqvg wb®‹vkb Kiv n‡q _v‡KÑ A_©vr G
LwbR wZbwUi g‡a¨ e·vBUB A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi AvKwiK Ges
Aci LwbR `ywU A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi AvKwiK bq|
cÖkœ \ 4 \ B¯úvZ †_‡K †÷Bb‡jm w÷j AwaK Kvh©Kix
†Kb?
DËi : B¯úvZ‡K me Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq bv KviY G‡Z gwiPv
a‡i| wKš‘ B¯úv‡Z hw` †µvwgqvg avZz wgwkªZ Kiv nq Z‡e
Zv gwiPv‡ivax †÷Bb‡jm w÷‡j cwiYZ nq| G B¯úvZ we‡kl
¸‡Yi AwaKvix nq| †÷Bb‡jm w÷j D¾¡j Ges G w`‡q Qywi,
KuvwP cÖf„wZ ˆZwi Kiv hvq hv B¯úvZ w`‡q m¤¢e bq|
cÖkœ \ 5 \ Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ K¨vjwmqvg
avZz cÖ¯‘wZi g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : MwjZ K¨vjwmqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi (CaCl2) Zwor we‡køl‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ Ca avZz gy³ Kiv nq| GKwU Zwor we‡kølY †Kv‡l
MwjZ CaCl2 wb‡q Gi g‡a¨ ZworØvi wn‡m‡e cøvwUbvg `Ê
Ges MÖvdvBU `Ê e¨envi Kiv nq| cøvwUbvg `Ê K¨v‡_vW
wn‡m‡e Avi MÖvdvBU `Ê A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GLb
MwjZ CaCl2-Gi g‡a¨ Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv Ki‡j Ca++ Avqb¸‡jv
K¨v‡_v‡Wi w`‡K AvK…ó nq Ges Avqb¸‡jv K¨v‡_vW †_‡K
B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i avZe Ca G cwiYZ nq Ges K¨v‡_v‡W Rgv
nq| Aciw`‡K, Cl Avqb¸‡jv A¨v‡bv‡Wi w`‡K AvK…ó nq Ges
Avqb¸‡jv A¨v‡bv‡W B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Cl cigvYy‡Z cwiYZ
nq Ges A¨v‡bv‡W gy³ nq|
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv : CaCl2 Ca++ + 2Cl
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv :
Ca2+ + 2e Ca; 2Cl 2e = 2Cl = Cl2
cÖkœ \ 6 \ A¨vjywgwbqvg A·vBW †_‡K
A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz wb®‹vk‡bi mgq µvB‡qvjvBU
†Kb wgkv‡bv nq?
DËi : Al2O3 Gi Mjbv¼ cÖvq 2050C| GZ D”P ZvcgvÎvq Al2O3
Mjv‡bv hvq bv| wKš‘ MwjZ Ae¯’v Qvov Zwor we‡kølY Kiv
hvq bv| ZvB Al2O3 Gi mv‡_ µv‡qvjvBU (Na3AlF6) LwbR
wgkv‡bv nq| Na3AlF6 Gi Mjbv¼ 1000C| Al2O3 Gi mv‡_
Na3AlF6 wgkv‡j Zv 900  950C-G M‡j hvq| AZtci G‡Z Zwor
we‡kølY Pvjv‡bv nq|
cÖkœ \ 7 \ weRviK wn‡m‡e Kve©b e¨eüZ nq †Kb?
DËi : Kve©b cÖK…wZ‡Z mnRjf¨ I m¯Ív| Kve©b Zn, Pb I Fe
avZz¸‡jvi †P‡q kw³kvjx weRviK| Kve©b Gme avZz‡K mn‡R
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB weRviK wn‡m‡e Kve©b e¨eüZ
nq|
cÖkœ \ 8 \ †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW †_‡K †mvwWqvg
wb®‹vk‡bi mgq CaCl2 †Kb wgkv‡bv nq?
DËi : Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq †hŠM‡K cÖ_‡g Mjv‡Z nq| wKš‘
NaCl-Gi Mjbv¼ 801C nIqvq Zv Mjv‡bv LyeB e¨qeûj| NaCl-Gi
m‡½ CaCl2 wgkv‡j G wgkªY 600C-G M‡j hvq| G Kvi‡Y CaCl2
wgkv‡bv nq|
cÖkœ \ 9 \MÖvdvBU‡K A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e †Kb e¨envi
Kiv nq?
DËi : MÖvdvBU Avq‡bi m‡½ †Kv‡bv wewµqv K‡i bv Ges GwU
we`y¨r mycwievnx e‡j Zwor we‡køl‡Y MÖvdvBU‡K A¨v‡bvW
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ \ 10 \ avZz wb®‹vkb‡K weRviY cÖwµqv †Kb
ejv nq?
DËi : mvaviYZ avZzmg~n cÖK…wZ‡Z avZzi A·vBW ev
avZzi jeY wn‡m‡e _v‡K| Gme jeY ev A·vBWmg~n AvqwbK
†hŠM, hv‡`i g‡a¨ avZzmg~n K¨vUvqb wn‡m‡e _v‡K| Gme
†hŠM †_‡K avZz wb®‹vk‡bi mgq avZzi Avqb cÖ‡qvRbxq
msL¨K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zwor wbi‡cÿ gy³ avZz‡Z cwiYZ
nq| AvaywbK gZev` Abyhvqx Avgiv Rvwb B‡jKUªb MÖnY
n‡jv weRviY|
AZGe, avZz wb®‹vkb GKwU weRviY cÖwµqv|
cÖkœ \ 11 \ wRsK avZz †h Kcvi avZzi †P‡q †ewk
mwµq Zv Kxfv‡e eyS‡e?
DËi : Kcvi je‡Yi `ªe‡Y wRsK avZz cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j Zv jeY †_‡K
Kcvi‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i| wKš‘ wRsK je‡Yi `ªe‡Y Kcvi avZz
†hvM Ki‡j Zv jeY †_‡K wRsK‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu
Cu + ZnSO4 = wewµqv nq bv
myZivs, wRsK avZz Kcvi A‡cÿv †ewk mwµq|
cÖkœ \ 12 \ imvqb Aa¨q‡b mwµqZv wmwi‡Ri
¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL Ki|
DËi : imvqb Aa¨q‡b mwµqZv wmwi‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv :
1. mwµqZv wmwiR †_‡K GKwU avZz Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡bv
avZz A‡cÿv †ewk mwµq Zv mn‡R Rvbv hvq| †hgb :
mwµqZv wmwi‡Ri Ic‡ii w`‡Ki avZz †mvwWqvg (Na)
wb‡Pi w`‡Ki avZz A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al) A‡cÿv †ewk
mwµq|
2. †Kvb †Kvb avZz cÖK…wZ‡Z gy³ Ae¯’vq cvIqv
hv‡e Zv G µg †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
3. mwµqZv µg n‡Z avZzmg~‡ni wb®‹vkb c×wZ
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
cÖkœ \ 13 \ H2SO4 †K wbiæ`Kiƒ‡c e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi : cvwbi cÖwZ Zxeª Avmw³ _vKvi Rb¨ Mvp H2SO4
wbiæ`Kiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| GRb¨ wPwb, KvMR, ÷vP© cÖf„wZ
ˆRe c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Mvp H2SO4 †hvM Ki‡j H2SO4 c`v‡_©i AYy
†_‡K cvwb †kvlY K‡i c`v_©wU‡K we‡hvwRZ K‡i †`q| d‡j
cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î Gme c`v_© Kv‡jv Kve©‡b cwiYZ nq|
C12H22O11 + [Mvp H2SO4] = 12C + 11H2O + [H2SO4]
cÖkœ \ 14 \ †K¬vwib‡K AavZz ejv nq †Kb?
DËi : †K¬vwib GKwU AavZz| KviY-
i. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq †K¬vwib †gŠjwU M¨vmxq|
ii. †K¬vwib B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i FYvZ¥K Avqb ev A¨vbvqb
(Cl-) Drcbœ K‡i|
iii. nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi m‡½ wewµqvq †K¬vwib nvBWªvBW
†hŠM MVb K‡i|
iv. Aw·‡R‡bi m‡½ wewµqvq A¤øagx© A·vBW Cl2O7
(†nÞv·vBW) Drcbœ K‡i|