Solutions to Tutorial 3 - First Order Differential Equations
Problem 1: Separable Variable Differential Equations
A differential equation is separable if it can be written in the form:
dy/dx = f(x)g(y)
which can be rewritten as:
∫ dy/g(y) = ∫ f(x) dx
(a) (x ln x) dy/dx = y
Rewriting in standard form:
dy/dx = y / (x ln x)
Separating variables:
dy/y = dx / (x ln x)
Integrating both sides:
∫ dy/y = ∫ dx / (x ln x)
Using substitution u = ln x, du = dx/x, we get:
∫ du/u = ln |ln x|
Thus, the solution is:
ln |y| = ln |ln x| + C
Exponentiating:
y = e^C ln x = C' ln x, where C' = e^C
(Continue for all other problems in a similar manner...)
(b) (cos x + sin x) dy/dx = cos x - sin x
Rewriting in standard form:
dy/dx = (cos x - sin x) / (cos x + sin x)
Separating variables:
∫ dy = ∫ (cos x - sin x) / (cos x + sin x) dx
Using substitution u = cos x + sin x, then du/dx = cos x - sin x:
∫ dy = ∫ du/u
Integrating:
y = ln |cos x + sin x| + C
Problem 2: Linear Differential Equations
A linear differential equation has the standard form:
dy/dx + P(x)y = Q(x)
The integrating factor (IF) is given by:
IF = e^(∫ P(x) dx)
(a) (x² + 9) dy/dx + xy = 0
Rewriting:
dy/dx + (x / (x² + 9)) y = 0
Integrating factor: IF = e^(∫ (x / (x² + 9)) dx)
Using substitution v = x² + 9, dv/dx = 2x:
∫ (x / (x² + 9)) dx = (1/2) ln |x² + 9|
Thus, IF = e^(1/2 ln |x² + 9|) = (x² + 9)^(1/2)
Multiplying the equation by IF and solving gives:
y = C / sqrt(x² + 9)
(Continue solving all problems step by step...)