SMART NOTES
FOR;
2nd Annual Exam 2025
(Biology Chapter:05)
(FSc Classes )
Composed By;
Noor Zaman Khan
Smart Science Academy Mianwali
SMART SCIENCE ACADEMY MIANWALI
11th Biology Chapter:05 Selective Questions
Short Questions:
[Link] polymorphism? What is the generic name for Portuguese man of war?
Polymorphism:
Polymorphism means the occurrence of different types of individuals in the same species or
colony, each having a special function.
Generic name of Portuguese man-of-war:
Its generic name is Physalia.
[Link] is notochord? Give it's function.
Notochord:
The notochord is a long, flexible rod-like structure present in the embryos of all chordates. It
lies between the nerve cord and the digestive canal.
Function:
It provides support to the body and helps in the movement of the animal. It also forms the
basis for the development of the vertebral column in vertebrates.
[Link] between anabolism and catabolism?
Anabolism:
Anabolism is the process in which simple molecules combine to form complex molecules,
using energy.
Catabolism:
Catabolism is the process in which complex molecules are broken down into simple
molecules, releasing energy.
[Link] form of anaerobic respiration occurs in human muscle cells during sprinting?
Also represent it by equation.
Answer:
The form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in human muscle cells during sprinting is
lactic acid fermentation.
Equation:
C6H12O6 ……> 2C3H6O3 + Energy
[Link] is the chemical composition of bacterial cell wall?
Answer:
The chemical composition of a bacterial cell wall is peptidoglycan , which is made up of
polysaccharides and amino acids.
[Link] would you differentiate between fungus and fungus like protists?
Fungus:
Fungus is a eukaryotic organism that has a cell wall made of chitin and obtains its food by
absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying matter.
Fungus-like Protists:
Fungus-like protists are eukaryotic organisms that have a cell wall made of cellulose and live
as decomposers, similar to fungi.
[Link] functions are performed by micronulei and macronuclei in ciliates?
Answer:
In ciliates, micronucleus controls reproduction (sexual processes like conjugation),
Macronucleus controls day-to-day metabolic activities and growth of the cell.
[Link] Euglenoids are placed in algae as well as in protozoans?
Answer:
Euglenoids are placed in both algae and protozoans because they make their food like algae
when light is present and eat food like protozoans when there is no light.
[Link] does temperature affect the oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin?
Answer:
When temperature increases, the oxygen-carrying capacity of haemoglobin decreases
because haemoglobin releases oxygen more easily at higher temperatures.
[Link] does skin of earthworm is kept moist for exchange of gases?
Answer:
The skin of an earthworm is kept moist by slimy mucus secreted by epidermal glands and
by body fluid released through dorsal pores, which helps in the exchange of gases.
[Link] between antigen and antibody?
Antigen:
An antigen is a foreign substance that enters the body and stimulates the production of
antibodies.
Antibody:
An antibody is a protein produced by white blood cells that recognizes and neutralizes
antigens.
[Link] between single circuit and double circuit heart?
Single Circuit Heart:
A single circuit heart pumps blood only once through the heart in each complete circulation,
as in fish.
Double Circuit Heart:
A double circuit heart pumps blood twice through the heart in each complete circulation —
once to the lungs and once to the body, as in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
[Link] between archaebacteria and eubacteria?
Archaebacteria:
Archaebacteria are ancient bacteria that live in extreme environments such as hot springs
and salty areas, and their cell wall lacks peptidoglycan.
Eubacteria:
Eubacteria are true bacteria found everywhere, and their cell wall contains peptidoglycan.
[Link] plants are called supermatophytes?
Answer:
Plants that produce seeds are called spermatophytes. These include
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
[Link] are hunger pangs? When do they begins?
Answer:
Hunger pangs are the painful contractions of the stomach that occur when it is empty.
They usually begin 12 to 24 hours after the last meal.
[Link] between septate and non septate hyphae?
Septate Hyphae:
Septate hyphae have cross walls (septa) that divide the hyphae into separate cells.
Non-septate Hyphae:
Non-septate hyphae lack cross walls and form a continuous tube with many nuclei.
[Link] obligate parasites and facultative parasites?
Obligate Parasites:
Obligate parasites can live only on or inside a host and cannot survive without it.
Facultative Parasites:
Facultative parasites usually live freely but can become parasitic when they find a suitable
host.
[Link] between polyps and Medusae?
Polyps:
Polyps are sessile (fixed), tubular forms of cnidarians with the mouth facing upward, e.g.,
Hydra.
Medusae:
Medusae are free-swimming, umbrella-shaped forms with the mouth facing downward,
e.g., Jellyfish.
[Link] pelomyxa palustris may be the most primitive of all eukaryotic life forms.
Answer:
Pelomyxa palustris may be the most primitive eukaryotic organism because it lacks
mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum, showing that it has a very
simple cell organization similar to the earliest eukaryotes.
[Link] is pericardium? Give it's functions.
Pericardium:
The pericardium is a double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart.
Functions:
1. It protects the heart from shocks and friction.
2. It holds the heart in position within the chest.
3. It secretes fluid to reduce friction during heartbeats.