MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-I

MODULE-7
DEFLECTIONS IN BEAMS
PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR
 2 CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Deflection Methods
• Double Integration Method
• Derivation
• Examples/Problems

• Area-Moment Method
• Derivation
• Examples/Problems

• Conjugate Beam Method

• Derivation
• Examples/Problems
 3 INTRODUCTION
• Strength is not the only requirement in the design of a structure. A strong structure may not
necessarily be stiff.
• Besides the strength requirement, deflections in a structure should also be kept less than certain
limits depending upon the following serviceability requirements:
• Aesthetic requirement. A structure with high deformation at service loads may not look good.
• Vibration: Excessive vibration may produced in a less stiff structure.
• Non-structural elements (glazed windows, wooden partition walls, etc.) constructed below beam/slab with
large deformation may get damaged.
• Floor finish/roof treatment may get damaged due to excessive deflection of floor/roof slabs.
• Ponding may occur at the top of roof slab with large deformation.
• Large deformations in equipment of precision work (lathes/milling machine) may result in malfunctioning.
• Large deflection in two adjacent structures may result in pounding

• Determination of deformation in a structure is also required in the analysis of indeterminate

structures.
 4 DEFLECTION METHODS
• Several methods exist for the determination of deflections in a structure.
• Theses methods are based almost same principles but following different techniques.
• Some of the methods, applicable to beams, are:
• Double Integration Method
• Area-Moment Method
• Conjugate Beam Method
• Unit Load Method
• Castigliano's 2nd Theorem

• In this course we will deal with first three methods. Other two methods which are applicable to
any structure (beam, frame, truss) will be discussed Structural Analysis Courses.
 5 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Derivation: Consider a beam AB subjected to some arbitrary load as shown in figure. Dashed line
shows the deflected shape of the beam. Let the left end of the beam “A” is the origin and “y” is the
deflection at any distance x, along the axis of the beam.
The deflections and slopes are assumed to be very small such that:
Slope, tanθ = θ = dy/dx - - - - (a)
=> dθ/dx = d2y/dx2 - - - - - - -(b)
Now dx = ds = ρ dθ
=> dθ/dx = 1/ρ
=> d2y/dx2 = 1/ρ (from equation-b) - - - - (c)
From the flexural formula 1/ρ = M/EI
(c) => EI (d2y/dx2) = M - - - - - - - (d)
This is the governing differential equation of the deflected shape (Elastic Curve) for small
deformation. EI is known as the flexural rigidity of the beam
 6 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Derivation (Cont..):
Integrating equation (d) one time will result is equation of slope given by:
EI θ = EI (dy/dx) = ∫ (M )dx + C1 - - - - (e)
Integration of equation (e) will result in equation of deflected shape given by:
EI (y) = ∫ (∫ (M dx + C1)dx + C2
EI (y) = ∫ (∫ M dx) dx + C1 x + C2 - - - (f)
Where C1 and C2 are constants of integration evaluated from the known boundary conditions of
the deflected shape.
The double integration method is based on Equation (f). As the equation include two time
integration of the moment equation, the name double integration is given to the method.
 7 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Application Example 1 :
As the loading condition along the length of beam changes, each segment of the beam
separated by change points will have different moment equation. Therefore, double integration
need to be performed for each segment which is a time consuming.
To overcome this problem, a single moment equation can be written in such a way that it
becomes applicable to the entire length of the beam.
Consider a beam as shown. Moment equation are:
M1 = 1125 x
M2 = 1125 x – 1000 (x – 1.5)
M3 = 1125 x – 1000 <x – 1.5> – 250 <x – 3.0>2
If we carefully observe the above three equations, M3 is applicable to the whole beam if terms in
angular brackets are taken zero when found negative.
 8 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Application Example 1 (Cont..):
Now using the double integration method:
EI d2y/dx2 = M = 1125 x – 1000 <x – 1.5> – 250 <x – 3.0>2
EI dy/dx = 1125 (x2/2) – 1000 <x - 1.5>2/2 - 250 <x – 3.0>3/3 + C1
EI θ = 562.5 x2 – 500 <x - 1.5>2 – 83.33 <x – 3.0>3 + C1 - - - - - (1)
EI y = 562.5 x3/3 – 500 <x - 1.5>3/3 – 83.33 <x – 3.0>4/4+ C1 x + C2
= 187.5 x3 – 166.67 <x - 1.5>3– 20.83 <x – 3.0>4+ C1 x + C2 - - - - - (2)
Apply the boundary conditions:
y = 0 at x = 0, Eq (2) => C2 = 0
y = 0 at x = 6, Eq (2) => 0 = 187.5 (6)3 – 166.67 <6 - 1.5>3– 20.83 <6 – 3.0>4+ C1 (6) + 0
=> C1 = - 4125 N-m2
 9 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Application Example 1 (Cont..):
Therefore, equations of slope and deflections are:
EI θ = 562.5 x2 – 500 <x - 1.5>2 – 83.33 <x – 3.0>3 - 4125 - - - - - (1)
EI y =187.5 x3 – 166.67 <x - 1.5>3– 20.83 <x – 3.0>4 - 4125 x - - - - - (2)
At point A, x = 0
EI θA = 562.5 (0)2 – 500 <0 - 1.5>2 – 83.33 <0 – 3.0>3 – 4125 = – 4125 N-m2
EI yA =187.5 (0)3 – 166.67 <0 - 1.5>3– 20.83 <0 – 3.0>4 - 4125 (0) = 0
At point C, x = 3.0
EI θC = 562.5 (3.0)2 – 500 <3.0 - 1.5>2 – 83.33 <3.0 – 3.0>3 – 4125 = – 187.5 N-m2
EI yC =187.5 (3.0)3 – 166.67 <3.0 - 1.5>3– 20.83 <3.0 – 3.0>4 - 4125 (3.0) = -7875 N-m3
10 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Application Example 2:
A single moment equation is applicable to the entire length of the beam only if the variable load
is starting from the left end of the beam.
Consider the beam shown. Moment equations are:
M1 = 1500 x
M2 = 1500 x – 1000 (x – 1.5) – 250 (x – 1.5)2
M3 = 1500x – 1000 (x – 1.5) – 1500 (x – 3.0)
Equation M3 is not applicable to the entire length of the beam. The problem can be overcome if
the UDL is extended to the left end of the beam.
M = 1500 x – 1000 <x – 1.5> – 250 <x – 1.5>2
+ 250 <x – 4.5>2
11 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Application Example 2 (Cont..):
Now using the double integration method:
EI d2y/dx2 = M = 1500 x – 1000 <x – 1.5> – 250 <x – 1.5>2 + 250 <x – 4.5>2
EI dy/dx = 1500 (x2/2) – 1000 <x - 1.5>2/2 - 250 <x – 1.5>3/3 + 250 <x – 4.5>3/3 + C1
EI θ = 750x2 – 500 <x - 1.5>2 – 83.33 <x – 1.5>3 + 83.33 <x – 4.5>3 + C1 - - - - - (1)
EI y = 750 x3/3 – 500 <x - 1.5>3/3 – 83.33 <x – 1.5>4/4+ 83.33 <x – 4.5>4/4 + C1 x + C2
= 250 x3 – 166.67 <x - 1.5>3– 20.83 <x – 1.5>4 + 20.83 <x – 4.5>4 + C1 x + C2 - - - - - (2)
Apply the boundary conditions:
y = 0 at x = 0, Eq (2) => C2 = 0
y = 0 at x = 6,
Eq (2) => 0 = 250 (6)3 – 166.67 <6 - 1.5>3– 20.83 <6 – 1.5>4 + 20.83 <6 – 4.5>4 + C1 (6) + 0
=> C1 = - 5062.5 N-m2
12 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Application Example 2 (Cont..):
Therefore, equations of slope and deflections are:
EI θ = 750x2 – 500 <x - 1.5>2 – 83.33 <x – 1.5>3 + 83.33 <x – 4.5>3 -5062.5 - - - - - (1)
EI y = 250 x3 – 166.67 <x - 1.5>3– 20.83 <x – 1.5>4 + 20.83 <x – 4.5>4 -5062.5 x - - - - - (2)
At point A, x = 0
EI θA = 750 (0)2 – 500<0 - 1.5>2 – 83.33<0 – 1.5>3+ 83.33 <0 – 4.5>3 - 5062.5 = – 5062.5 N-m2
EI yA = 250 x3 – 166.67 <0 - 1.5>3– 20.83 <0 – 1.5>4 + 20.83 <0 – 4.5>4 -5062.5 (0) = 0
At mid point , x = 3.0
EI θmid = 750 (3)2 – 500<3 - 1.5>2 – 83.33<3 – 1.5>3+ 83.33 <3 – 4.5>3 - 5062.5 = 281.25 N-m2
EI ymid = 250 (3)3 – 166.67 <3 - 1.5>3– 20.83 <3 – 1.5>4 + 20.83 <3 – 4.5>4 -5062.5 (3) = -9070.3
13 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Problem 605: Determine the maximum deflection “” in a simply supported beam of length “L”
carrying concentrated load P at midspan.
Solution: Analyze the beam to calculate the support reactions.
Write moment equation for the right most segment:
M = (P/2) x – P <x – L/2>
Now EI d2y/dx2 = M = (P/2) x – P <x – L/2>
=> EI dy/dx = (P/2) (x2/2) – P <x – L/2>2/2 + C1 = (P/4) (x2) – (P/2) <x – L/2>2 + C1 - - - - (1)
=> EI y = (P/4) (x3/3) – (P/2) <x – L/2>3/3 + C1 x + C2
EI y = (P/12) (x3) – (P/6) <x – L/2>3 + C1 x + C2 - - - - (2)
Apply the boundary conditions, at x = 0, y = 0, Eq (2) => C2 = 0
At x = L, y = 0, Eq (2) => 0 = (P/12) (L3) – (P/6) <L – L/2>3 + C1 L + 0 => C1 = -PL2/16
Eq (2) => EI y = (P/12) (x3) – (P/6) <x – L/2>3 – PL2/16 (x)- - - - - (3)
At Mid span, x = L/2, Eq (3) => EI y = (P/12) (L/2)3 – (P/6) <L/2 – L/2>3 – PL2/16 (L/2) = -PL/48
14 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 605: Find equation of elastic curve for the cantilever beam shown in figure.
Solution:
M = - woL2/3 + (woL/2) x – ((wo/2L) x2) (x/3)
Now EI d2y/dx2 = M = (- woL2/3) + (woL/2) x – (wo/6L) x3
=> EI dy/dx = (- woL2/3)x +(woL/2) (x2/2) – (wo/6L) x4/4 + C1
=> EI dy/dx = (- woL2/3)x + (woL/4) (x2) – (wo/24L) x4 + C1- - - - (1)
=> EI y = (- woL2/3) x2/2 + (woL /4) (x3/3) – (wo/24L) x5/5 + C1 x + C2
=> EI y = (- woL2/6) x2 + (woL /12) x3 – (wo/120L) x5 + C1 x + C2 - - - - (2)
15 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 605 (Cont..):
Apply the boundary conditions,
At x = 0, y = 0, Eq (2) => C2 = 0
At x = 0, dy/dx = 0, Eq (1) => C1 = 0
Eq (2) => EI y = (- woL2/6) x2 + (woL /12) x3 – (wo/120L) x5 - - - - - (3)
At free end B, x = L,
EI yB = (- woL2/6) L2 + (woL /12) L3 – (wo/120L) L5 = -11woL4 /120
EI θB = (- woL2/3) (L) + (woL/4) (L2) – (wo/24L) L4 = -woL3 /8
16 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 605: As shown in figure a simply supported beam carries symmetrically place two
concentrated loads. Compute the maximum deflection  and compare one half this result with
mid span deflection  of case 6 Table 6-2, page 233. Check your answer by letting a = L/2 and
comparing with answer to problem 605.
Solution: writing moment equation for the right most segment:
M = P x – P <x – a> - P <x – (L-a)>
Now EI d2y/dx2 = M = P x – P <x – a> - P <x – (L-a)>
=> EI dy/dx = P x2/2 – P < x – a >2/2 - P <x – (L-a)>2/2 + C1
=> EI θ = (P/2) x2 – (P/2) < x – a >2 - (P/2) <x – (L-a)>2 + C1 - - - - (1)
=> EI y = (P/2) x3/3 – (P/2) < x – a >3/3 - (P/2) <x – (L-a)>3/3+ C1 x + C2
=> EI y = (P/6) x3 – (P/6) < x – a >3 - (P/6) <x – (L-a)>3+ C1 x + C2 - - - - (2)
17 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 605 (Cont..):
Apply boundary conditions
At x = 0, y = 0
=> 0 = (P/6) 03 – (P/6) < 0 – a >3 - (P/6) <0 – (L-a)>3+ C1 (0) + C2 => C2 = 0
At x = L, y = 0
=> 0 = (P/6) L3 – (P/6) < L – a >3 - (P/6) <L – (L-a)>3+ C1 (L)
=> C1 = (P/6) (- L2 + (L – a)3/L + a3) = (P/6L) (- L3 + L3 - a3 -3L2a + 3La2 + a3)
=> C1 = (-Pa/2) (L – a)
Eq. (2) => EI y = (P/6) [x3 –< x – a >3 - <x – (L-a)>3 - 3 (L a– a2) x]
At Mid span EI  = (P/6) [(L/2)3 –< L/2 – a >3 - <L/2 – (L-a)>3 - 3 (L a– a2) (L/2)]
=> EI  = (P/6) [L3/8 – (L3/8 – a3 – 3 L2 a/4 + 3L a2/2) – 0 – 3L2a/2 + 3La2/2]
=> EI  = (P/6) [a3 – 3 L2 a/4] = (P/24) [4a3 – 3 L2 a]
18 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 605 (Cont..):
For a = L/2 (when both loads (2P) are applied at the mid span)
EI  = (P/24) [4(L/2)3 – 3 L2 (L/2)] = PL3/24 (1/2 – 3/2) = - PL3/24
For case 6 (when P load is applied at the mid span) of table 6-2
EI  = - PL3/48
The deflection in this problem is double than that in case 6 of table 6-2.
19 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 613: Compute the mid span value of EI  for the beam loaded as shown in figure.
Solution: writing moment equation for the right most segment:
M = 1050 x – 600 <x – 1>2 /2 + 600 <x – 4>2 /2
Now EI d2y/dx2 = M = 1050 x – 300 <x – 1>2 + 300 <x – 4>2
=> EI dy/dx = 1050 x2/2 - 300 <x – 1>3/3 + 300 <x – 4>3 /3 + C1
=> EI θ = 525 x2 - 100 <x – 1>3 + 100 <x – 4>3 + C1
=> EI y = 525 x3/3 - 100 <x – 1>4/4 + 100 <x – 4>4/4 + C1x + C2
=> EI y = 175 x3 - 25 <x – 1>4 + 25 <x – 4>4 + C1x + C2
Boundary conditions: at x = 0, y = 0 => C2 = 0
At x = 6.0, y = 0 => 0 = 175 63 - 25 <6 – 1>4 + 25 <6 – 4>4 + C1(6) + 0 => C1 = - 3762.5
20 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 613 (Cont..):
EI y = 175 x3 - 25 <x – 1>4 + 25 <x – 4>4 – 3762.5 x
At mid span, x = 3
EI  = 175 (3)3 - 25 <3 – 1>4 + 25 <3 – 4>4 – 3762.5 (3)
EI  = -6962.5 N-m3
21 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 613: determine the value of Eiy midway between
the supports for the beam loaded as shown in figure.
Solution:
M = 300 x – 1800 <x – 2>0 – 200 <x – 4>2 + 500 <x – 6>
Now EI d2y/dx2 = M = 300 x – 1800 <x – 2>0 – 200 <x – 4>2 + 500 <x – 6>
=> EI dy/dx = 300 x2/2 – 1800 <x – 2>1 – 200 <x – 4>3/3+ 500 <x – 6>2/2 + C1
=> EI θ = 150 x2 – 1800 <x – 2>1 – 66.67 <x – 4>3+ 250 <x – 6>2 + C1
=> EI y = 150 x3/3 – 1800 <x – 2>2/2 – 66.67 <x – 4>4/4 + 250 <x – 6>3/3+ C1 x + C2
=> EI y = 50 x3 – 900 <x – 2>2 – 16.67 <x – 4>4 + 83.33 <x – 6>3+ C1 x + C2
Boundary conditions: at x = 0, y = 0 => C2 = 0
At x = 6.0, y = 0 => 0 = 50 (6)3 – 900 <6 – 2>2 – 16.67 <6 – 4>4 + 83.33 <6 – 6>3+ C1 (6) + 0
=> C1 = 644.44 N-m3
22 PROBLEMS: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (CONT..)
Problem 613 (Cont..):

=> EI y = 50 x3 – 900 <x – 2>2 – 16.67 <x – 4>4 + 83.33 <x – 6>3+ 644.44 x
At midway between supports, x = 3.0
EI y = 50 (3)3 – 900 <3 – 2>2 – 16.67 <3 – 4>4 + 83.33 <3 – 6>3 + 644.44 (3)
EI y = +2383.33 N-m3