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Fundamentals of Chemistry Overview

Module 1 of Engineering Chemistry covers the fundamentals of chemistry, including atomic models, electronic configuration, and the periodic table. It discusses the evolution of atomic theory from Dalton to the quantum mechanical model, as well as the principles governing electron arrangement in atoms. Additionally, it categorizes elements into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their distinct properties.

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6 views2 pages

Fundamentals of Chemistry Overview

Module 1 of Engineering Chemistry covers the fundamentals of chemistry, including atomic models, electronic configuration, and the periodic table. It discusses the evolution of atomic theory from Dalton to the quantum mechanical model, as well as the principles governing electron arrangement in atoms. Additionally, it categorizes elements into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their distinct properties.

Uploaded by

madurureddy3222
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

MODULE 1:
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
PRE LEARNING ACTIVITY
FREE WRITING
WRITE 400 words on Module 1
INTRODUCTION:
composition, structure, properties, and the changes it undergoes, often involving energy
interactions Chemistry is a branch of science and the scientific study of matter,
examining its.

Atomic Models:
The earliest was Dalton's atomic theory (1808), which proposed that atoms were
indivisible spheres. This was challenged by J.J. Thomson’s plum pudding model
(1904), which suggested the atom was a positively charged sphere with electrons
embedded within it, like plums in a pudding. A major breakthrough came with Ernest
Rutherford’s nuclear model (1911). Through his gold foil experiment, Rutherford
discovered that an atom's mass is concentrated in a dense, positively charged nucleus,
with electrons orbiting it. This model was refined by Niels Bohr in his Bohr model
(1913), which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells.
The modern understanding, the quantum mechanical model, developed in the 1920s,
describes electrons as existing in orbitals, which are regions of probability rather than
fixed paths.

Electronic Configuration:
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals. It's
dictated by three main principles. The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill orbitals
of the lowest energy first. The Pauli exclusion principle states that an orbital can hold
a maximum of two electrons, and they must have opposite spins. Finally, Hund's rule
states that every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any
orbital is doubly occupied. The configuration is written using a notation that includes the
principal energy level (n), the orbital type (s,p,d,f), and a superscript indicating the
number of electrons in that orbital. For example, the electronic configuration for carbon is
1s22s22p2. This arrangement determines the chemical behavior of an element.
Periodic Table:
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of elements, ordered by increasing atomic
number. It was developed primarily by Dmitri Mendeleev and is a powerful tool for
predicting and understanding element properties. The table is organized into periods
(rows) and groups (columns). Elements in the same period have the same number of
electron shells, while elements in the same group share similar chemical properties
because they have the same number of valence electrons (electrons in the outermost
shell).

PROPERTYS AND TYPES OF ELEMENTS:


There are three main types of elements: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Each
type has distinct properties. Metals are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and
electricity, and are malleable and ductile. Nonmetals are poor conductors, and are often
brittle and dull. Metalloids share properties of both metals and nonmetals.

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