Department of Physics
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Ceramics Biomaterials
Mata Kuliah: Material Biokompatibel/Biocompatible Material
Department of Physics
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Drug delivery
devices
Polymers Ocular implants
Orthopedic screws Bone replacements
Synthetic
Metals Ceramics Heart valves
biomaterials
Dental implants Dental implants
Composite
Drug delivery Bone graft
Bioinert ceramics
Bioactive ceramics
Biodegradable ceramics
Ceramics in medical engineering
• What are ceramics?
• What are the properties of ceramics?
• What are the types of ceramics?
• What are the applications of ceramics?
WHAT ARE CERAMICS ???
• Greek word “keramikos” which means “burnt stuff”
• Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements
• Predominantly ionic bonds
• Some have covalent bonds
Bioceramics are the class of ceramics used to repair and
replace the diseased and damaged parts of the body
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
• INORGANIC
• HARD AND BRITTLE
• HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS
• ORTHOPAEDIC LOAD-BEARING COATINGS
• DENTAL IMPLANTS
• BONE GRAFT SUBSTITUTES
• BONE CEMENTS
No one material is suitable for all biomaterial
application
Ceramics biomaterials are used to repair or replace skeletal hard
connective tissues due to a stable attachment to connective tissue
Ceramics biomaterials are fully oxidized materials
• chemically very stable
• less likely to elicit an adverse biological response than metals
Ceramics biomaterials are possessed to yield one of four general
types of surface and associated mechanisms of tissue attachment:
(1) Fully dense, relatively inert crystalline ceramics
(2) Porous, relatively inert ceramics
(3) Fully dense, surface-active ceramics
(4) Resorbable ceramics
Types of implant-tissue response
If the material is toxic, the surrounding tissue dies
If the material is nontoxic and biologically inactive (nearly
inert), a fibrous tissue of variable thickness forms
If the material is nontoxic and biologically active (bioactive),
an interfacial bond forms
If the material is nontoxic and dissolves, the surrounding
tissue replaces it
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Based on chemical activity and the mechanism of tissue attachment
Bioceramics
Bioinert Bioactive Biodegradable
ceramics ceramics ceramics
BIOINERT CERAMICS
• Biologically inactive
• No bonding interface chemically or biologically
• Relative movement and progressive development
of a fibrous capsule in soft and hard tissues
• Biological or morphological fixation
• Resist corrosion and wear
• Used as structural-support implant
• Alumina (Al2O3), Carbon, Zirconia
Carbons
• The carbons are inert ceramic materials.
• Carbon materials are widely used because it has
✓ good biocompatibility
✓ high strength
✓ elastic modulus close to that of bone
✓ carbonaceous materials do not suffer from fatigue
Alumina
• Alumina is Aluminium oxide
• High density and high purity polycrystalline alumina is used for
femoral stems, femoral heads and dental implants
• The main attraction for high purity alumina to orthopedic
surgeons is its
✓ high corrosion
✓ wear resistance
• The implant devices are prepared from purified alumina
powder by isostatic pressing and subsequent firing at 1500-17000C.
Alumina
• The important prerequisites for success of alumina implants
are,
✓ Surface finishing
✓ Small grain size
✓ Biomechanically correct design
✓ Exact implantation technique
Zirconia
• Yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) has been advocated
as an alternative to alumina
• Higher toughness than that of alumina
• Used in bulk form or as a coating
• The modulus of partially stabilized zirconia is approximately half that
of alumina
Critical properties of bioinert ceramics
• Wear resistance and minimal biological response
• For long-term efficacy: stiffness, strength, toughness
• For load-bearing biomaterials: structural integrity
• Mechanical integrity that depends on processing, size,
and shape
• Crack growth behavior that is predicted based on
stresses, size and shape
Solving problem to interfacial attachment ??
The use of bioactive materials
Intermediate between bioinert and
resorbable
Elicits a specific biological response
at the interface of the materials
Resulting in the formation of a bond
between the tissues and the material
BIOACTIVE CERAMICS
• Biologically active
• Direct and strong chemical bond with tissue
• Higher level of reactivity
• Low mechanical strength and fracture toughness
• Bioactive fixation
• Bioactive glass ceramics (bioglass), dense non-
porous glasses, porous glasses, hydroxyapatite
Critical properties of bioactive ceramics
• Characterization of surface activity
• Surface analysis, biochemistry, ion transport
• Physical chemistry
• Strength and degradation, stability of tissue-ceramic
interface, tissue resorption
• Biomechanics
• Strength, stiffness, design, wear, tissue remodelling
BIODEGRADABLE CERAMICS
• Calcium sulfate (plater of paris; PoP), Tricalcium
phosphate, Calcium phosphate
• Degrade gradually over a period of time
• Be replaced by the natural host tissue
• Higher level of reactivity
• Very thin or nonexistent interfacial thickness
• Consist of metabolically acceptable substances
Development resorbable bioceramics
• Maintenance of strength and the stability of the interface during the
degradation period and replacement by the natural host tissue
• Matching resorption rates to the repair rates of body tissues (some
materials dissolve too rapidly and some too slow)
Bioactivity spectra for various bioceramics implants
(A) relative rate of bioreactivity
(B) time dependence of formation of bone bonding at an implant
interface
Time dependence of interfacial bond strength
of various fixation systems in bone
Five cathegories of microstructure
Based on primary methods of processing
ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics
1. Glass
2. Cast or plasma-sprayed polycrystalline ceramic
3. Liquid-phase sintered ceramic
4. Solid-state sintered ceramic
5. Polycrystalline glass-ceramic
Depending
upon the
processing
method
APPLICATION OF BIOCERAMICS
NEARLY INERT CRYSTALLINE CERAMICS
• High density and high purity Alumina
( > 99.5%)
• Zirconia (ZrO2)
• Excellent corrosion resistance
• Good biocompatibility
• High strength
• Produce by pressing and sintering at
T = 1600-1700oC
TOTAL HIP JOINT
BIOACTIVE CERAMICS
• Hydroxyapatite
• Stable phase of calcium phosphate
• High stability
• Good biocompatibility and bioactivity
DENTAL CEMENT
BIODEGRADABLE CERAMICS
• Tricalcium Phosphate
• High biodegradability
• Higher degradation rate than
hydroxyapatite
• Mostly produce in high
sintering temperature
800 < T < 1125oC
TOOTH FILLER
OPTHALMOLOGY
ENDODONTIC
SEALER ROOT CANAL REPAIR
Physics IPB Achievement on Ceramics