Environmental Science Notes
© 2025 — This material is 100% original and free for educational use.
Overview
Environmental Science is the study of the interactions between humans and the natural
environment. It combines biology, chemistry, physics, and social sciences to address
environmental issues.
Ecosystems
An ecosystem includes all living organisms (biotic) and their nonliving (abiotic)
environment. Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs, while nutrients
cycle through biogeochemical processes.
Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns. It is mainly
caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, which increase greenhouse gas
concentrations.
Sustainability
Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future
generations. It involves reducing waste, conserving resources, and promoting renewable
energy.